Details

<p>Preface to Fourth Edition xv<i><br /></i></p> <p><b>1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 2</p> <p>1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 3</p> <p>1.2 Standards 4</p> <p>1.3 Transmission Speeds 5</p> <p>1.4 The Signaling System Number 7 6</p> <p>1.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack 7</p> <p>1.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM 10</p> <p>1.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack 11</p> <p>1.5 The GSM Subsystems 12</p> <p>1.6 The Network Subsystem 12</p> <p>1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server, and Gateway 13</p> <p>1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 16</p> <p>1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 17</p> <p>1.6.4 The Authentication Center 21</p> <p>1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 23</p> <p>1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 24</p> <p>1.7.1 Frequency Bands 24</p> <p>1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 26</p> <p>1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 28</p> <p>1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 35</p> <p>1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 39</p> <p>1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 43</p> <p>1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 45</p> <p>1.7.8 Modulation 48</p> <p>1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 48</p> <p>1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 50</p> <p>1.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 50</p> <p>1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 51</p> <p>1.8.3 Handover Scenarios 54</p> <p>1.9 The Mobile Device 56</p> <p>1.10 The SIM Card 58</p> <p>1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 63</p> <p>Questions 65</p> <p>References 66</p> <p><b>2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE </b><b>69</b></p> <p>2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 69</p> <p>2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 70</p> <p>2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 72</p> <p>2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 72</p> <p>2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 74</p> <p>2.3.3 Coding Schemes 75</p> <p>2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 76</p> <p>2.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 79</p> <p>2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 80</p> <p>2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 81</p> <p>2.4 The GPRS State Model 84</p> <p>2.5 GPRS Network Elements 87</p> <p>2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 87</p> <p>2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 88</p> <p>2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 90</p> <p>2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 91</p> <p>2.7 GPRS Interfaces 95</p> <p>2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 99</p> <p>2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 100</p> <p>2.8.2 GPRS Session Management 103</p> <p>Questions 105</p> <p>References 106</p> <p><b>3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) </b><b>107</b></p> <p>3.1 Overview 107</p> <p>3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 108</p> <p>3.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 111</p> <p>3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 111</p> <p>3.1.4 3GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 112</p> <p>3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 113</p> <p>3.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 113</p> <p>3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 114</p> <p>3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 114</p> <p>3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Non-Access Stratum 115</p> <p>3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 116</p> <p>3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 116</p> <p>3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate, and Process Gain 119</p> <p>3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 120</p> <p>3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 122</p> <p>3.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 123</p> <p>3.3.5 The Near–Far Effect and Cell Breathing 124</p> <p>3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 126</p> <p>3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 128</p> <p>3.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane 128</p> <p>3.4.2 Common and Dedicated Channels 128</p> <p>3.4.3 Logical, Transport, and Physical Channels 129</p> <p>3.4.4 Example: Network Search 133</p> <p>3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 135</p> <p>3.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack 137</p> <p>3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 142</p> <p>3.5.1 Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP, and FP 142</p> <p>3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP, and RNSAP 143</p> <p>3.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) NB and WB Codecs for Voice Calls 148</p> <p>3.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 150</p> <p>3.6 Core Network Mobility Management 155</p> <p>3.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 156</p> <p>3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State 156</p> <p>3.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 165</p> <p>3.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States 166</p> <p>3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 168</p> <p>3.9 UMTS Security 172</p> <p>3.10 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA+ 174</p> <p>3.10.1 HSDPA Channels 174</p> <p>3.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 176</p> <p>3.10.3 Node-B Scheduling 178</p> <p>3.10.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates, and Multicarrier Operation 179</p> <p>3.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection 181</p> <p>3.10.6 HSDPA Mobility Management 182</p> <p>3.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 183</p> <p>3.11.1 E-DCH Channel Structure 184</p> <p>3.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality 187</p> <p>3.11.3 E-DCH Scheduling 189</p> <p>3.11.4 E-DCH Mobility 191</p> <p>3.11.5 E-DCH-Capable Devices 192</p> <p>3.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC 193</p> <p>3.12.1 A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format 193</p> <p>3.12.2 Reporting Reduction 194</p> <p>3.12.3 HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception 195</p> <p>3.12.4 HS-SCCH-less Operation 195</p> <p>3.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell/URA-PCH States 196</p> <p>3.13 Radio Resource State Management 197</p> <p>3.14 Automated Emergency Calls (eCall) from Vehicles 198</p> <p>Questions 199</p> <p>References 200</p> <p><b>4 Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced Pro </b><b>203</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction and Overview 203</p> <p>4.2 Network Architecture and Interfaces 206</p> <p>4.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface 207</p> <p>4.2.2 The eNB and the S1 and X2 Interfaces 210</p> <p>4.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME) 213</p> <p>4.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW) 215</p> <p>4.2.5 The PDN-Gateway 215</p> <p>4.2.6 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 217</p> <p>4.2.7 Billing, Prepaid, and Quality of Service 218</p> <p>4.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network 219</p> <p>4.3.1 OFDMA for Downlink Transmission 220</p> <p>4.3.2 SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission 222</p> <p>4.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Subchannels 223</p> <p>4.3.4 Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks, and Frames 225</p> <p>4.3.5 Reference and Synchronization Signals 226</p> <p>4.3.6 The LTE Channel Model in the Downlink Direction 227</p> <p>4.3.7 Downlink Management Channels 228</p> <p>4.3.8 System Information Messages 229</p> <p>4.3.9 The LTE Channel Model in the Uplink Direction 230</p> <p>4.3.10 MIMO Transmission 233</p> <p>4.3.11 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms 236</p> <p>4.3.12 PDCP Compression and Ciphering 238</p> <p>4.3.13 Protocol Layer Overview 239</p> <p>4.4 TD-LTE Air Interface 240</p> <p>4.5 Scheduling 242</p> <p>4.5.1 Downlink Scheduling 242</p> <p>4.5.2 Uplink Scheduling 246</p> <p>4.6 Basic Procedures 247</p> <p>4.6.1 Cell Search 247</p> <p>4.6.2 Attach and Default Bearer Activation 250</p> <p>4.6.3 Handover Scenarios 254</p> <p>4.6.4 Default and Dedicated Bearers 259</p> <p>4.7 Mobility Management and Power Optimization 260</p> <p>4.7.1 Mobility Management in RRC Connected State 260</p> <p>4.7.2 Mobility Management in RRC Idle State 263</p> <p>4.7.3 Mobility Management and State Changes in Practice 265</p> <p>4.8 LTE Security Architecture 267</p> <p>4.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM 268</p> <p>4.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS 268</p> <p>4.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect from LTE to GSM/UMTS 270</p> <p>4.9.3 Handover from LTE to UMTS 271</p> <p>4.9.4 Returning from UMTS and GPRS to LTE 271</p> <p>4.10 Carrier Aggregation 272</p> <p>4.10.1 CA Types, Bandwidth Classes, and Band Combinations 273</p> <p>4.10.2 CA Configuration, Activation, and Deactivation 275</p> <p>4.10.3 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 278</p> <p>4.11 Network Planning Aspects 279</p> <p>4.11.1 Single Frequency Network 279</p> <p>4.11.2 Cell-Edge Performance 279</p> <p>4.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality 281</p> <p>4.11.4 Cell Site Throughput and Number of Simultaneous Users 282</p> <p>4.12 CS-Fallback for Voice and SMS Services with LTE 283</p> <p>4.12.1 SMS over SGs 284</p> <p>4.12.2 CS-Fallback for Voice Calls 285</p> <p>4.13 Network Sharing – MOCN and MORAN 288</p> <p>4.13.1 National Roaming 288</p> <p>4.13.2 MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network) 289</p> <p>4.13.3 MORAN (Mobile Operator Radio Access Network) 290</p> <p>4.14 From Dipoles to Active Antennas and Gigabit Backhaul 290</p> <p>4.15 IPv6 in Mobile Networks 292</p> <p>4.15.1 IPv6 Prefix and Interface Identifiers 293</p> <p>4.15.2 IPv6 and International Roaming 295</p> <p>4.15.3 IPv6 and Tethering 296</p> <p>4.15.4 IPv6-Only Connectivity 297</p> <p>4.16 Network Function Virtualization 298</p> <p>4.16.1 Virtualization on the Desktop 299</p> <p>4.16.2 Running an Operating System in a Virtual Machine 299</p> <p>4.16.3 Running Several Virtual Machines Simultaneously 300</p> <p>4.16.4 Virtual Machine Snapshots 300</p> <p>4.16.5 Cloning a Virtual Machine 301</p> <p>4.16.6 Virtualization in Data Centers in the Cloud 302</p> <p>4.16.7 Managing Virtual Machines in the Cloud 303</p> <p>4.16.8 Network Function Virtualization 303</p> <p>4.16.9 Virtualizing Routers 305</p> <p>4.16.10 Software-Defined Networking 305</p> <p>4.17 Machine Type Communication and the Internet of Things 306</p> <p>4.17.1 LTE Cat-1 Devices 307</p> <p>4.17.2 LTE Cat-0 Devices and PSM 307</p> <p>4.17.3 LTE Cat-M1 Devices 308</p> <p>4.17.4 LTE NB1 (NB-IoT) Devices 308</p> <p>4.17.5 NB-IoT – Deployment Options 309</p> <p>4.17.6 NB-IoT – Air Interface 309</p> <p>4.17.7 NB-IoT – Control Channels and Scheduling 310</p> <p>4.17.8 NB-IoT Multicarrier Operation 311</p> <p>4.17.9 NB-IoT Throughput and Number of Devices per Cell 312</p> <p>4.17.10 NB-IoT Power Consumption Considerations 312</p> <p>4.17.11 NB-IoT – High Latency Communication 313</p> <p>4.17.12 NB-IoT – Optimizing IP-Based and Non-IP-Based Data Transmission 314</p> <p>4.17.13 NB-IoT Summary 316</p> <p>Questions 316</p> <p>References 317</p> <p><b>5 VoLTE, VoWifi, and Mission Critical Communication </b><b>321</b></p> <p>5.1 Overview 321</p> <p>5.2 The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 322</p> <p>5.3 The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and VoLTE 326</p> <p>5.3.1 Architecture Overview 326</p> <p>5.3.2 Registration 328</p> <p>5.3.3 VoLTE Call Establishment 330</p> <p>5.3.4 LTE Bearer Configurations for VoLTE 332</p> <p>5.3.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup with Preconditions 334</p> <p>5.3.6 Header Compression and DRX 336</p> <p>5.3.7 Speech Codec and Bandwidth Negotiation 337</p> <p>5.3.8 Alerting Tone, Ringback Tone, and Early Media 340</p> <p>5.3.9 Port Usage 340</p> <p>5.3.10 Message Filtering and Asserted Identities 341</p> <p>5.3.11 DTMF Tones 342</p> <p>5.3.12 SMS over IMS 343</p> <p>5.3.13 Call Forwarding Settings and XCAP 344</p> <p>5.3.14 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 346</p> <p>5.3.15 Radio Domain Selection, T-ADS, and VoLTE Interworking with GSM and UMTS 349</p> <p>5.3.16 VoLTE Emergency Calls 350</p> <p>5.4 VoLTE Roaming 352</p> <p>5.4.1 Option 1: VoLTE Local Breakout 353</p> <p>5.4.2 Option 2: VoLTE S8-Home Routing 354</p> <p>5.5 Voice over WiFi (VoWifi) 356</p> <p>5.5.1 VoWifi Network Architecture 356</p> <p>5.5.2 VoWifi Handover 359</p> <p>5.5.3 Wi-Fi-Preferred vs. Cellular-Preferred 360</p> <p>5.5.4 SMS, MMS, and Supplementary Services over Wi-Fi 360</p> <p>5.5.5 VoWifi Roaming 361</p> <p>5.6 VoLTE Compared to Fixed-Line IMS in Practice 362</p> <p>5.7 Mission Critical Communication (MCC) 363</p> <p>5.7.1 Overview 363</p> <p>5.7.2 Advantages of LTE for Mission Critical Communication 364</p> <p>5.7.3 Challenges of Mission Critical Communication for LTE 365</p> <p>5.7.4 Network Operation Models 367</p> <p>5.7.5 Mission Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT) – Overview 368</p> <p>5.7.6 MCPTT Group Call Establishment 370</p> <p>5.7.7 MCPTT Floor Control 371</p> <p>5.7.8 MCPTT Group Call Types 372</p> <p>5.7.9 MCPTT Configuration and Provisioning 372</p> <p>5.7.10 eMBMS for MCPTT 373</p> <p>5.7.11 Priority and Quality of Service 376</p> <p>Questions 376</p> <p>References 377</p> <p><b>6 5G New Radio (NR) and the 5G Core </b><b>379</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction and Overview 379</p> <p>6.1.1 Reasons for Initially Launching 5G as a Hybrid Solution 380</p> <p>6.1.2 Frequency Range 1 and 2 381</p> <p>6.1.3 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in Low- and Mid-Bands 381</p> <p>6.1.4 Network Deployments and Organization of this Chapter 382</p> <p>6.2 5G NR Non-Standalone (NSA) Architecture 382</p> <p>6.2.1 Network Architecture and Interfaces 382</p> <p>6.2.2 3GPP 5G Deployment Options 1–7 and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing 385</p> <p>6.2.3 Options 3, 3A, and Option 3X 387</p> <p>6.2.4 Fronthaul Interface 388</p> <p>6.3 5G TDD Air Interface 388</p> <p>6.3.1 Flexible OFDMA for Downlink Transmission 390</p> <p>6.3.2 The 5G Resource Grid: Symbols, Slots, Resource Blocks, and Frames 392</p> <p>6.3.3 Synchronization and Reference Signals 393</p> <p>6.3.4 Massive-MIMO for Beamforming and Multi-User Data Transfer 395</p> <p>6.3.5 TDD Slot Formats 398</p> <p>6.3.6 Downlink Control Channels 400</p> <p>6.3.7 Uplink Channels 401</p> <p>6.3.8 Bandwidth Parts 401</p> <p>6.3.9 The Downlink Control Channel and Scheduling 403</p> <p>6.3.10 Downlink Data Throughput in Theory and Practice 405</p> <p>6.3.11 Uplink Data Throughput 407</p> <p>6.3.12 TDD Air Interface for mmWave Bands (FR2) 407</p> <p>6.4 5G FDD Air Interface 409</p> <p>6.4.1 Refarming and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing 410</p> <p>6.5 EN-DC Bearers and Scheduling 415</p> <p>6.5.1 Split Bearers, Flow Control 416</p> <p>6.5.2 Two UE Transmitter Requirement for EN-DC 417</p> <p>6.6 Basic Procedures and Mobility Management in Non-Standalone Mode 418</p> <p>6.6.1 Establishment of an LTE-Only Bearer as 5G Anchor 419</p> <p>6.6.2 5G NR Cell Addition in Non-Standalone Mode 422</p> <p>6.6.3 When to Show a 5G Indicator 426</p> <p>6.6.4 Handover Scenarios 427</p> <p>6.6.5 EN-DC Signaling Radio Bearers 430</p> <p>6.6.6 5G Non-Standalone and VoLTE 430</p> <p>6.7 Network Planning and Deployment Aspects 431</p> <p>6.7.1 The Range of Band n78 431</p> <p>6.7.2 Backhaul Considerations 432</p> <p>6.8 5G NR Standalone (SA) Architecture and Basic Procedures 432</p> <p>6.8.1 5G Core Network Functions 432</p> <p>6.8.2 Network Interfaces 434</p> <p>6.8.3 Subscriber and Device Identifiers 435</p> <p>6.8.4 5G Core Network Procedures Overview 435</p> <p>6.8.5 Connection Management 436</p> <p>6.8.6 Registration Management Procedure 436</p> <p>6.8.7 Session Management 437</p> <p>6.8.8 Mobility Management 442</p> <p>6.8.9 New Security Features 444</p> <p>6.8.10 The 5G Core and Different RAN Deployments 446</p> <p>6.8.11 5G and 4G Core Network Interworking 446</p> <p>6.8.12 The 5G Core Network and SMS 451</p> <p>6.8.13 Cloud Native 5G Core 451</p> <p>6.9 The 5G Air Interface in Standalone Operation 454</p> <p>6.9.1 RRC Inactive State 454</p> <p>6.9.2 System Information Messages 455</p> <p>6.9.3 Measurement Configuration, Events, and Handovers 456</p> <p>6.10 Future 5G Functionalities 457</p> <p>6.10.1 Voice Service in 5G 457</p> <p>6.10.2 Ethernet and Unstructured PDU Session Types 459</p> <p>6.10.3 Network Slicing 459</p> <p>Questions 461</p> <p>References 461</p> <p><b>7 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) </b><b>465</b></p> <p>7.1 Wireless LAN Overview 465</p> <p>7.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards 465</p> <p>7.3 WLAN Configurations: From Ad Hoc to Wireless Bridging 468</p> <p>7.3.1 Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS, and Wireless Bridging 469</p> <p>7.3.2 SSID and Frequency Selection 472</p> <p>7.4 Management Operations 474</p> <p>7.5 The MAC Layer 479</p> <p>7.5.1 Air Interface Access Control 479</p> <p>7.5.2 The MAC Header 482</p> <p>7.6 The Physical Layer and MAC Extensions 483</p> <p>7.6.1 IEEE 802.11b – 11 Mbit/s 484</p> <p>7.6.2 IEEE 802.11g with up to 54 Mbit/s 486</p> <p>7.6.3 IEEE 802.11a with up to 54 Mbit/s 488</p> <p>7.6.4 IEEE 802.11n with up to 600 Mbits/s 489</p> <p>7.6.5 IEEE 802.11ac – Wi-Fi 5 – Gigabit Wireless 497</p> <p>7.6.6 IEEE 802.11ax – Wi-Fi 6 – High Efficiency Extensions 502</p> <p>7.6.7 IEEE 802.11ad – Gigabit Wireless at 60 GHz 506</p> <p>7.7 Wireless LAN Security 510</p> <p>7.7.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Early Security Measures 510</p> <p>7.7.2 WPA and WPA2 Personal Mode Authentication 510</p> <p>7.7.3 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication – EAP-TLS 512</p> <p>7.7.4 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication – EAP-TTLS 513</p> <p>7.7.5 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication – EAP-PEAP 515</p> <p>7.7.6 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication – EAP-SIM 516</p> <p>7.7.7 WPA and WPA2 Encryption 518</p> <p>7.7.8 Wi-Fi-Protected Setup (WPS) 519</p> <p>7.7.9 WPA3 Personal Mode Authentication 520</p> <p>7.7.10 Protected Management Frames 522</p> <p>7.8 IEEE 802.11e and WMM – Quality of Service 523</p> <p>Questions 530</p> <p>References 531</p> <p><b>8 Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy </b><b>533</b></p> <p>8.1 Overview and Applications 533</p> <p>8.2 Physical Properties 534</p> <p>8.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept 538</p> <p>8.4 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack 540</p> <p>8.4.1 The Baseband Layer 540</p> <p>8.4.2 The Link Controller 546</p> <p>8.4.3 The Link Manager 549</p> <p>8.4.4 The HCI Interface 549</p> <p>8.4.5 The L2CAP Layer 552</p> <p>8.4.6 The Service Discovery Protocol 554</p> <p>8.4.7 The RFCOMM Layer 556</p> <p>8.4.8 Overview of Bluetooth Connection Establishment 557</p> <p>8.5 Bluetooth Security 558</p> <p>8.5.1 Pairing up to Bluetooth 2.0 559</p> <p>8.5.2 Pairing with Bluetooth 2.1 and Above (Secure Simple Pairing) 560</p> <p>8.5.3 Authentication 562</p> <p>8.5.4 Encryption 563</p> <p>8.5.5 Authorization 563</p> <p>8.5.6 Security Modes 564</p> <p>8.6 Bluetooth Profiles 565</p> <p>8.6.1 Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP, and the Serial Profile 567</p> <p>8.6.2 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push, and Synchronize 568</p> <p>8.6.3 Headset, Hands-Free, and SIM Access Profile 570</p> <p>8.6.4 High-Quality Audio Streaming 574</p> <p>8.6.5 The Human Interface Device (HID) Profile 577</p> <p>8.7 Bluetooth Low Energy 577</p> <p>8.7.1 Introduction 577</p> <p>8.7.2 The Lower BLE Layers 579</p> <p>8.7.3 BLE SMP, GAP, and Connection Establishment 581</p> <p>8.7.4 BLE Authentication, Security, and Privacy 582</p> <p>8.7.5 BLE ATT and GATT 583</p> <p>8.7.6 Practical Example 585</p> <p>8.7.7 BLE Beacons 587</p> <p>8.7.8 BLE and IPv6 Internet Connectivity 588</p> <p>Questions 589</p> <p>References 590</p> <p>Index 593</p>

<p><b>MARTIN SAUTER</b> works in the telecommunications industry as a thought leader, researcher, book author, and blogger based in Cologne. His interests are focused on mobile communication networks, multimedia applications and especially the wireless Internet.

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