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<p><i>Preface xiii</i></p> <p><b>1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 3</p> <p>1.2 Standards 4</p> <p>1.3 Transmission Speeds 5</p> <p>1.4 The Signaling System Number 7 6</p> <p>1.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack 7</p> <p>1.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM 9</p> <p>1.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack 10</p> <p>1.5 The GSM Subsystems 11</p> <p>1.6 The Network Subsystem 12</p> <p>1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server and Gateway 12</p> <p>1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 16</p> <p>1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 17</p> <p>1.6.4 The Authentication Center 20</p> <p>1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 23</p> <p>1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 25</p> <p>1.7.1 Frequency Bands 25</p> <p>1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 27</p> <p>1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 28</p> <p>1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 36</p> <p>1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 40</p> <p>1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 44</p> <p>1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 46</p> <p>1.7.8 Modulation 50</p> <p>1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 50</p> <p>1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 52</p> <p>1.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 52</p> <p>1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 53</p> <p>1.8.3 Handover Scenarios 56</p> <p>1.9 The Mobile Device 58</p> <p>1.9.1 Architecture of a Voice-Centric Mobile Device 59</p> <p>1.9.2 Architecture of a Smartphone 60</p> <p>1.10 The SIM Card 62</p> <p>1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 67</p> <p>Questions 70</p> <p>References 70</p> <p><b>2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE 73</b></p> <p>2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 73</p> <p>2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 74</p> <p>2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 77</p> <p>2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 77</p> <p>2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 79</p> <p>2.3.3 Coding Schemes 79</p> <p>2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 81</p> <p>2.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 84</p> <p>2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 85</p> <p>2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 86</p> <p>2.4 The GPRS State Model 88</p> <p>2.5 GPRS Network Elements 91</p> <p>2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 91</p> <p>2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 93</p> <p>2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 95</p> <p>2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 96</p> <p>2.7 GPRS Interfaces 100</p> <p>2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 105</p> <p>2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 105</p> <p>2.8.2 GPRS Session Management 108</p> <p>2.9 Session Management from a User’s Point of View 110</p> <p>2.10 Small Screen Web Browsing over GPRS and EDGE 114</p> <p>2.10.1 WAP 1.1 Used in Early GPRS Devices 114</p> <p>2.10.2 WAP 2.0 117</p> <p>2.10.3 Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression 118</p> <p>2.10.4 Small Screen Web Browsing – Quality of Experience 119</p> <p>2.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS 120</p> <p>2.12 Web Browsing via GPRS 125</p> <p>2.12.1 Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience 125</p> <p>2.12.2 Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web Browsing 127</p> <p>Questions 128</p> <p>References 128</p> <p><b>3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 129</b></p> <p>3.1 Overview, History and Future 130</p> <p>3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 131</p> <p>3.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 133</p> <p>3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 134</p> <p>3.1.4 3GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 137</p> <p>3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 137</p> <p>3.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 138</p> <p>3.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements 139</p> <p>3.1.8 3GPP Releases 10 and 11: LTE-Advanced 139</p> <p>3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 140</p> <p>3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 141</p> <p>3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum 141</p> <p>3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 142</p> <p>3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 143</p> <p>3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain 146</p> <p>3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 147</p> <p>3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 149</p> <p>3.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 151</p> <p>3.3.5 The Near–Far Effect and Cell Breathing 151</p> <p>3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 153</p> <p>3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 154</p> <p>3.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane 154</p> <p>3.4.2 Common and Dedicated Channels 155</p> <p>3.4.3 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 155</p> <p>3.4.4 Example: Network Search 159</p> <p>3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 162</p> <p>3.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack 164</p> <p>3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 168</p> <p>3.5.1 Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP and FP 168</p> <p>3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP 170</p> <p>3.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) NB and WB Codecs for Voice Calls 174</p> <p>3.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 176</p> <p>3.6 Core Network Mobility Management 181</p> <p>3.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 182</p> <p>3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State 182</p> <p>3.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 191</p> <p>3.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States 193</p> <p>3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 194</p> <p>3.9 UMTS Security 198</p> <p>3.10 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA+ 199</p> <p>3.10.1 HSDPA Channels 200</p> <p>3.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 202</p> <p>3.10.3 Node-B Scheduling 204</p> <p>3.10.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates and Multicarrier Operation 204</p> <p>3.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection 207</p> <p>3.10.6 HSDPA Mobility Management 208</p> <p>3.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 209</p> <p>3.11.1 E-DCH Channel Structure 210</p> <p>3.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality 213</p> <p>3.11.3 E-DCH Scheduling 215</p> <p>3.11.4 E-DCH Mobility 217</p> <p>3.11.5 E-DCH-Capable Devices 218</p> <p>3.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC and One Tunnel 219</p> <p>3.12.1 A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format 219</p> <p>3.12.2 CQI Reporting Reduction and DTX and DRX 220</p> <p>3.12.3 HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception 221</p> <p>3.12.4 HS-SCCH-less Operation 221</p> <p>3.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell-/URA-PCH States 222</p> <p>3.12.6 Radio Network Enhancement: One Tunnel 223</p> <p>3.13 HSPA Performance in Practice 225</p> <p>3.13.1 Throughput in Practice 225</p> <p>3.13.2 Radio Resource State Management 226</p> <p>3.13.3 Power Consumption 226</p> <p>3.13.4 Web-Browsing Experience 228</p> <p>3.14 UMTS and CDMA2000 229</p> <p>Questions 232</p> <p>References 232</p> <p><b>4 Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced 235</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction and Overview 235</p> <p>4.2 Network Architecture and Interfaces 237</p> <p>4.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface 238</p> <p>4.2.2 The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces 240</p> <p>4.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME) 244</p> <p>4.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW) 245</p> <p>4.2.5 The PDN-Gateway 245</p> <p>4.2.6 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 247</p> <p>4.2.7 Billing, Prepaid and Quality of Service 248</p> <p>4.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network 249</p> <p>4.3.1 OFDMA for Downlink Transmission 250</p> <p>4.3.2 SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission 252</p> <p>4.3.3 Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks and Frames 253</p> <p>4.3.4 Reference and Synchronization Signals 254</p> <p>4.3.5 The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction 255</p> <p>4.3.6 Downlink Management Channels 256</p> <p>4.3.7 System Information Messages 257</p> <p>4.3.8 The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction 257</p> <p>4.3.9 MIMO Transmission 260</p> <p>4.3.10 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms 263</p> <p>4.3.11 PDCP Compression and Ciphering 266</p> <p>4.3.12 Protocol Layer Overview 267</p> <p>4.4 TD-LTE Air Interface 268</p> <p>4.5 Scheduling 269</p> <p>4.5.1 Downlink Scheduling 269</p> <p>4.5.2 Uplink Scheduling 273</p> <p>4.6 Basic Procedures 274</p> <p>4.6.1 Cell Search 274</p> <p>4.6.2 Attach and Default Bearer Activation 276</p> <p>4.6.3 Handover Scenarios 281</p> <p>4.6.4 Default and Dedicated Bearers 286</p> <p>4.7 Mobility Management and Power Optimization 286</p> <p>4.7.1 Mobility Management in Connected State 286</p> <p>4.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 288</p> <p>4.7.3 Mobility Management And State Changes In Practice 291</p> <p>4.8 LTE Security Architecture 291</p> <p>4.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM 292</p> <p>4.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS 293</p> <p>4.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and GSM/UMTS 295</p> <p>4.9.3 Handover between LTE and GSM/UMTS 296</p> <p>4.10 Interworking with CDMA2000 Networks 296</p> <p>4.10.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and CDMA2000 Networks 297</p> <p>4.10.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and CDMA2000 297</p> <p>4.10.3 Handover between LTE and CDMA2000 298</p> <p>4.11 Network Planning Aspects 298</p> <p>4.11.1 Single Frequency Network 298</p> <p>4.11.2 Cell Edge Performance 299</p> <p>4.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality 300</p> <p>4.12 CS-Fallback for Voice and SMS Services with LTE 301</p> <p>4.12.1 SMS over SGs 302</p> <p>4.12.2 CS Fallback 303</p> <p>4.13 Voice in Combined LTE and CDMA 2000 Networks (SV-LTE) 305</p> <p>4.14 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 306</p> <p>4.14.1 The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 306</p> <p>4.14.2 The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and VoLTE 311</p> <p>4.14.3 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 314</p> <p>4.14.4 Internet-Based Alternatives 316</p> <p>4.14.5 LTE Bearer Configurations for VoIP 317</p> <p>4.15 Backhaul Considerations 318</p> <p>4.16 LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10–12) 319</p> <p>4.16.1 Carrier Aggregation 319</p> <p>4.16.2 8 × 8 Downlink and 4 × 4 Uplink MIMO 320</p> <p>4.16.3 Relays 321</p> <p>4.16.4 HetNets, ICIC and eICIC 321</p> <p>4.16.5 Coordinated Multipoint Operation 322</p> <p>4.16.6 Future LTE Uses: Machine Type Communication and Public Safety 324</p> <p>Questions 324</p> <p>References 325</p> <p><b>5 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 327</b></p> <p>5.1 Wireless LAN Overview 327</p> <p>5.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards 328</p> <p>5.3 WLAN Configurations: From Ad Hoc to Wireless Bridging 329</p> <p>5.3.1 Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS and Wireless Bridging 329</p> <p>5.3.2 SSID and Frequency Selection 333</p> <p>5.4 Management Operations 335</p> <p>5.5 The MAC Layer 340</p> <p>5.5.1 Air Interface Access Control 340</p> <p>5.5.2 The MAC Header 343</p> <p>5.6 The Physical Layer and MAC Extensions 343</p> <p>5.6.1 IEEE 802.11b – 11 Mbit/s 343</p> <p>5.6.2 IEEE 802.11g with up to 54 Mbit/s 347</p> <p>5.6.3 IEEE 802.11a with up to 54 Mbit/s 349</p> <p>5.6.4 IEEE 802.11n with up to 600 Mbits/s 349</p> <p>5.6.5 802.11ac Gigabit Wireless 358</p> <p>5.7 Wireless LAN Security 362</p> <p>5.7.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 362</p> <p>5.7.2 WPA and WPA2 Personal Mode Authentication 363</p> <p>5.7.3 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication 365</p> <p>5.7.4 EAP-SIM Authentication 367</p> <p>5.7.5 WPA and WPA2 Encryption 368</p> <p>5.7.6 Wi-Fi-Protected Setup (WPS) 369</p> <p>5.8 IEEE 802.11e and WMM – Quality of Service 371</p> <p>5.9 Comparison of Wireless LAN and LTE 376</p> <p>Questions 379</p> <p>References 379</p> <p><b>6 Bluetooth 381</b></p> <p>6.1 Overview and Applications 381</p> <p>6.2 Physical Properties 382</p> <p>6.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept 385</p> <p>6.4 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack 387</p> <p>6.4.1 The Baseband Layer 387</p> <p>6.4.2 The Link Controller 393</p> <p>6.4.3 The Link Manager 395</p> <p>6.4.4 The HCI Interface 397</p> <p>6.4.5 The L2CAP Layer 398</p> <p>6.4.6 The Service Discovery Protocol 400</p> <p>6.4.7 The RFCOMM Layer 402</p> <p>6.4.8 Overview of Bluetooth Connection Establishment 404</p> <p>6.5 Bluetooth Security 405</p> <p>6.5.1 Pairing up to Bluetooth 2.0 405</p> <p>6.5.2 Pairing with Bluetooth 2.1 (Secure Simple Pairing) 406</p> <p>6.5.3 Authentication 408</p> <p>6.5.4 Encryption 408</p> <p>6.5.5 Authorization 409</p> <p>6.5.6 Security Modes 411</p> <p>6.6 Bluetooth Profiles 411</p> <p>6.6.1 Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP and the Serial Profile 413</p> <p>6.6.2 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push and Synchronize 414</p> <p>6.6.3 Headset, Hands-Free and SIM Access Profile 416</p> <p>6.6.4 High-Quality Audio Streaming 420</p> <p>6.6.5 The Human Interface Device (HID) Profile 422</p> <p><i>Questions 424</i></p> <p><i>References 424</i></p> <p><i>Index 427</i></p>

<b>Martin Sauter</b> works in the telecommunication industry as a thought leader, researcher, book author and<br />blogger and is based in Cologne. His interests are focused on mobile communication networks, multimedia applications and especially the wireless Internet.<br /><a href="http://www.wirelessmoves.com/">http://www.wirelessmoves.com</a>

<p>This revised edition of <i>Communication Systems from GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks</i><br /> <i>and Mobile Broadband Second Edition</i> (Wiley 2010) contains not only a technical description of the<br /> different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the ‘how’ but also the ‘why’. In this way, the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent.</p> <p>Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless<br /> technologies and their applications, this edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and<br /> activities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, and importantly includes a new chapter on Voice<br /> over LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of a Voice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, Fast Dormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, and Wi-Fi-Protected Setup.</p> <p>Other sections have been considerably updated in places reflecting the current state of the technology.</p> <p>• Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained</p> <p>• Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material</p>

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