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Foundations of Shari'ah Governance of Islamic Banks

The Wiley Finance Series 1. Aufl.

von: Karim Ginena, Azhar Hamid
61,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	27.02.2015
ISBN/EAN:	9781118460801
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	408

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A practical guide for robust sharī'ah governance of the Islamic banking industry Debate in the market on the extent of sharī'ah compliance of Islamic banks, their products, and activities has piqued stakeholders' interest. In Foundations of Sharī'ah Governance of Islamic Banks, Karim Ginena and Azhar Hamid explore the depths of sharī'ah governance to unravel its mysterious dimensions, and equip academics and practitioners with a solid understanding of the subject, which has become a serious challenge and thus deserves dedicated attention. The authors make a strong case for the need to contain the sharī'ah risk that Islamic banks experience, and present a compelling argument for how this should be done. Ginena and Hamid propose a robust sharī'ah governance model that comprehensively tackles thisrisk, and helps improve the extent of sharī'ah compliance of market players. The authors detail the internal, external, and institutional arrangements needed to promote responsible sharī'ah governance, and critically analyze current laws, regulations, and industry practices on the topic. The chapters of the book do the following: <ul> <li>Examine the roots, characteristics and objectives of sharī'ah and its relation to financial dealings;</li> <li>Probe the role of regulators in sharī'ah governance, explore the different approaches adopted by banking supervisors, and provide examples of relevant legal and regulatory measures;</li> <li>Explain to bank directors and management the fiduciary duty they assume with respect to sharī'ah compliance, and detail how they could discharge this responsibility in line with best practices;</li> <li>Elaborate on the purpose of the Sharī'ah Supervisory Board (SSB), its responsibilities, competence criteria, internal regulations, and key governance guidelines; additionally, they explore different SSB models;</li> <li>Describe the internal sharī'ah control system including its six components, and examine the internal sharī'ah audit function as well as different stages of conducting a sharī'ah audit;</li> <li>Clarify the role of a sharī'ah auditor, with guidance on reporting lines, scope of duties, authority, and practical ways on fulfilling tasks, such as a sample sharī'ah risk assessment grid and audit checklists;</li> <li>Discuss the newly emerging external sharī'ah advisory firms that are expected to play a key role in the coming years and the services they provide.</li> </ul> Through an effective treatment of each of these elements, and the way that they interact with one another, the book offers a fresh take on how robust sharī'ah governance of Islamic banks can be successfully accomplished. It is a comprehensive resource for academics, regulators, directors, lawyers, auditors, consultants, employees, and customers of Islamic banks interested in learning more about these challenges. This essential reading persuasively extends the discourse on the subject and addresses critical sharī'ah issues that have policy implications for decision makers in jurisdictions aiming to attract the fast-growing Islamic finance industry or increase their market share.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii Part I 1 Karim Ginena Chapter 1 The Roots, Characteristics, and Objectives of Shari’ah and the Islamic Economic System 3 1.1 Shari’ah, the Qur’an, and Sunnah 3 1.2 What is Fiqh? 8 1.3 Performing Ijtihad and Differences in Juristic Opinions 11 1.4 Shari‘ah Rulings 16 1.4.1 Obligation-Creating Shari‘ah Rulings 16 1.4.2 Declaratory Shari‘ah Rulings 19 1.5 The Subject of a Shari‘ah Ruling 19 1.6 Characteristics of Shari‘ah 23 1.7 Objectives of Shari‘ah 30 1.8 The Islamic Economic System and its Characteristics 35 1.9 Objectives of Shari‘ah Relating to Property 50 Chapter 2 Corporate and Shari‘ah Governance of Islamic Banks 57 2.1 Corporate Governance Gains Prominence 57 2.2 Hisba System and an Islamic Perspective on Corporate Governance 60 2.3 OECD and Islamic Principles of Corporate Governance 65 2.4 Importance of Corporate Governance to Banking Sector 67 2.5 The Financial Crisis and Corporate Governance Challenges 69 2.6 Developing Countries and Corporate Governance Issues 70 2.7 Corporate Governance Concerns for Islamic Banks 71 2.8 IFSB and AAOIFI Issue Guidance 71 2.9 Adapted Corporate Governance Understanding 72 2.10 Stakeholders of Islamic Banks and their Governance Responsibilities 73 2.11 Connecting Risk Management, Corporate Governance, and Shari‘ah Compliance 76 2.12 Shari‘ah Governance Model 80 2.13 Importance of Shari‘ah Governance 83 2.14 Shari‘ah Supervision vs Governance 83 2.15 Shari‘ah Risk Definition 84 2.16 Shari‘ah Risk and Possible Implications 85 2.16.1 Credit Risk 85 2.16.2 Legal and Compliance Risk 85 2.16.3 Reputational Risk 86 2.16.4 Market Risk 86 2.17 Shari‘ah Risk – Causes and Events 88 2.17.1 Internal Causes 88 2.17.2 External Causes 94 2.18 Shari‘ah Risk Management 96 2.19 Shari‘ah Compliance Responsibility of BOD and Senior Management 97 Appendix 2.1: Operational Risk – Loss Event Types 102 Chapter 3 Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Shari’ah Governance 103 3.1 Institutional Arrangements 103 3.2 Shari‘ah and Common Law Encounters in English Courts 106 3.2.1 The Islamic Investment Company of the Gulf (Bahamas) Ltd v Symphony Gems N.V. & others 106 3.2.2 Shamil Bank of Bahrain E.C. v Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & Others 109 3.2.3 Investment Dar Co KSCC v Blom Developments Bank Sal 111 3.3 Lessons Learned from Cases and the Desirability of a Secular Interpretation of Shari‘ah 112 3.4 Malaysia: A Common Law Jurisdiction of Choice? 113 3.5 Role of Banking Supervisors in Shari‘ah Governance 117 3.6 Regulatory Approaches to Shari‘ah Governance 119 3.6.1 Hands-off 120 3.6.2 Nominal 124 3.6.3 Engaged 125 3.6.4 Proactive 132 3.6.5 Committed 143 Appendix 3.1: Legal and Regulatory Framework for IFSI in Jurisdictions with Known IIFS presence 152 Chapter 4 The Internal Shari’ah Control System 181 4.1 Internal Shari‘ah Control – Definition and Objectives 181 4.2 Shari‘ah Control System Components 182 4.2.1 Shari‘ah Control Culture 182 4.2.2 Shari‘ah Risk Identification and Assessment 184 4.2.3 Shari‘ah Control Activities 185 4.2.4 Shari‘ah Associated Information and Communication 186 4.2.5 Shari‘ah Monitoring of Activities 188 4.2.6 Evaluation of Internal Shari‘ah Control System by Banking Supervisors 189 4.3 Internal Shari‘ah Audit Function 191 4.3.1 Purpose, Responsibility, and Authority 191 4.3.2 ISAF in Practice 191 4.3.3 Importance of Independence and Objectivity 192 4.3.4 Planning for Shari‘ah Audit 193 4.3.5 Engagement Program Execution 200 4.3.6 Communicating Findings 201 4.3.7 Following Up and Post-Engagement 202 4.3.8 Shari‘ah Audit Quality Assurance Program 203 4.4 Proficiency and Due Professional Care of ISAF Staff 204 4.5 Professional Shari‘ah Audit Body 205 4.6 Shari‘ah Governance Manual 205 Appendix 4.1: Sample Shari‘ah Governance Manual (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 207 Appendix 4.2: Sample Shari‘ah Audit Checklists (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 223 Part II Azhar Hamid Chapter 5 The Shari‘ah Supervisory Board 249 5.1 The Shari‘ah Supervisory Board Defined 249 5.2 Multiple Titles for the SSB 252 5.3 Importance and Purpose of the Shari‘ah Supervisory Board 254 5.4 History of SSBs in Modern Islamic Banking 256 5.4.1 Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions 257 5.4.2 Islamic Financial Services Board 258 5.4.3 Organization of Islamic Conference Fiqh Academy 258 5.5 Key Governance Guidelines: Independence, Objectivity, Confidentiality, Consistency, Transparency, and Disclosure 260 5.5.1 Independence 260 5.5.2 Objectivity 263 5.5.3 Confidentiality 265 5.5.4 Consistency 267 5.5.5 Transparency and Disclosure 269 5.6 Regulating SSBs 270 5.6.1 GCC Jurisdictions 271 5.6.2 Non-GCC Jurisdictions 273 5.7 SSB Location Within the Organizational Chart 275 5.8 SSB Models 276 5.8.1 SSB at IB Model 277 5.8.2 SSB at Central Bank and IB Model 277 5.8.3 Central Authority and SSB at IB Model 279 5.8.4 Market-Driven SSB at IB Model 279 5.9 An SSB-Free Model? 280 5.9.1 Need to Understand Shari‘ah Requirements for the Industry 281 5.9.2 Securing the Support of Key Stakeholders 281 5.9.3 Commitment to a Unified Shari‘ah Reference 281 5.9.4 Being Highly Receptive to New Developments in Industry 282 Chapter 6 Shari’ah Supervisory Board Member Qualifications and Internal Regulations 283 6.1 Competence of SSB Members 283 6.1.1 Character, Professional Ethics, and Conduct 284 6.1.2 Academic Qualifications of SSB Members 289 6.1.3 Experience 294 6.1.4 Essential Skills for SSB Members 297 6.1.5 Professional SSBs 298 6.2 Establishing an SSB 299 6.2.1 Systemized SSB Application Process 299 6.3 SSB Charter 303 6.3.1 Number of SSB Members 303 6.3.2 Terms of Agreement 304 6.3.3 Reporting Line 304 6.3.4 Reappointment 304 6.3.5 Selection of SSB Chairman and Executive SSB Member 305 6.3.6 SSB Members’ Remuneration 306 6.3.7 Compensating SSB Members 308 6.3.8 Procedure for Dismissal and Resignation 308 6.3.9 Procedure for Replacing an SSB Member 310 6.3.10 SSB Meetings 311 6.3.11 Frequency of Meetings 311 6.3.12 Quorum for SSB Meetings 312 6.3.13 Decision-Making Process 312 6.3.14 Meeting Minutes 314 Chapter 7 Authority of the Shari’ah Supervisory Board and Conflict Management 315 7.1 SSB Authority 315 7.2 Nature of SSB Decisions 317 7.3 BOD and Management Responsibility Towards the SSB 319 7.3.1 Address SSB Matters in Company Bylaws and Establish Shari‘ah Governance Framework 320 7.3.2 Grant SSB Access to Information 320 7.3.3 Seek SSB Guidance and Abide by its Fatawa and Resolutions 320 7.3.4 Honor SSB Independence 321 7.3.5 Provide Administrative Support 321 7.3.6 Assess SSB Performance 321 7.4 Conflict between SSB Members 322 7.5 Conflict between the BOD and the SSB 323 7.6 Conflict between Management and the SSB 323 Appendix 7.1: Performance Evaluation Form for SSB Members (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 325 Chapter 8 Stages of Shari’ah Supervision and Responsibilities of the Shar-i‘ah Supervisory Board 329 8.1 Shari‘ah Supervision 329 8.1.1 Ex-ante Shari‘ah Supervision 330 8.1.2 Intermediate Shari‘ah Supervision Stage 332 8.1.3 Ex-post Shari‘ah Supervision 333 8.2 Responsibilities of SSB Members 335 8.2.1 Collective Responsibilities 335 8.2.2 Individual Responsibilities 342 8.3 Chairman and Executive SSB Member(s) and their Responsibilities 344 8.3.1 Issuing Fatawa and Ijtihad in Islamic Finance 345 8.3.2 Differences in Juristic Opinion and Conflict Resolution 349 8.3.3 Different Approaches to Issuing Fatawa 351 8.3.4 Reversal of Fatawa and Implications 351 8.4 Annual Shari‘ah Compliance Report 352 8.4.1 AAOIFI’s Report 353 8.4.2 Possible Opinions in the Report 355 Appendix 8.1: Lease Ending with transfer of Ownership Financing Instrument (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 357 Chapter 9 Shari’ah Advisory Firms 363 9.1 Introduction to Shari‘ah Advisory Firms 363 9.2 Services Offered by Shari‘ah Advisory Firms 364 9.2.1 Shari‘ah Supervision 365 9.2.2 Internal Shari‘ah Audit 365 9.2.3 External Shari‘ah Audit 366 9.2.4 Product Development and Transaction Structuring 367 9.2.5 Legal Document Preparation and Review 368 9.2.6 Shari‘ah Training 368 9.3 Outsourcing Internal Shari‘ah Functions 369 9.4 Regulation 369 9.4.1 Adherence to Directives and Guidance Issued 369 9.4.2 Competency 370 9.4.3 Monitoring 370 9.5 Liability 370 Appendix 9.1: Application Form for the Appointment of an External Shari‘ah Audit Office (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 371 Index 373

Rezension

“..a timely and important book…….a treasure trove of information and guidance.” (Arab Banker, September 2015)

Autorenportrait

KARIM GINENA has held both academic and industry positions in Islamic Banking. Most recently, he worked as a Senior Researcher with the Center for Islamic Economics and Finance at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) in Doha, Qatar. Prior to that, he served as Head of sharī'ah Audit at Doha Bank. He is currently pursuing his PhD in Management at the University of Virginia's Darden Graduate School of Business and is a member of the Qatar Science Leadership Program. He holds an MSc. in Islamic Finance from HBKU and a Bachelors of Business Administration from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. Karim is a 2013 Young Policy Professional of Harvard Law School's Institute for Global Law and Policy and is an AAOIFI Certified sharī'ah Advisor and Auditor. Karim has presented his research at international academic conferences and forums, such as at Harvard University, the American University of Sharjah and the British Academy of Management. His research has appeared in reputable journals, such as the Virginia Law & Business Review and Corporate Governance. AZHAR HAMID is a seasoned Islamic banker and an academician. Presently, he serves Ahli Bank Oman as Head sharī'ah Audit and Compliance. Previously, he worked as Deputy Head of the sharī'ah Audit Department at Doha Bank and Manager of sharī'ah Compliance at Dubai Islamic Bank, Pakistan. Academically, Azhar held the positions of Lecturer, Islamic Bankingand Finance, and Research Assistant to the President of the International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI) at IIUI. Azhar holds MSc. Economics and MPhil Economics degrees with specialization in Islamic banking and finance from IIUI. Azhar is a researcher of Islamic finance and writes regularly with special focus on sharī'ah governance, sharī'ah auditing and product development of Islamic financial institutions. Azhar lives in Muscat, Oman, with his wife Dr. Qurrat ul Ain Akram, a son Faateh Abdul Rahman and a daughter Falah Amayem.

Back cover copy

Praise for Foundations of sharī'ah Governance of Islamic Banks "The Islamic banking industry, worth over 2 trillion dollars, represents a fast growing phenomenon in an otherwise depressing context of global finance. What is the source of this relative stability and resilience? sharī'ah compliance makes Islamic banking distinct, as it operates not only within a framework of certain well defined ethical imperatives but also has the unique feature of making finance asset based, leading to generation of real goods and services in society, and not simply financial expansion. Foundations of sharī'ah Governance of Islamic Banks is a timely effort to bring into sharp focus this unique dimension of Islamic Banking. It contains a well-researched, fully documented, fairly detailed and authentic exposition of the key concepts of sharī'ah, Islamic guidelines for banking governance and some of the major efforts made over the last four decades to develop operational mechanisms to make banking sharī'ah-compliant. This book is an essential read for those who want to understand Islamic banking, and more so, for those engaged in the Islamic Banking industry anywhere in the world." —Khurshid Ahmad, Professor, Chairman, Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Ex- Senator, Federal Minister for Planning, and Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Pakistan "sharī'ah compliance lies at the heart of Islamic finance and is what makes it unique. The book provides a comprehensive treatment of the sharī'ah governance issues covering basic sharī'ah principles applied in Islamic finance and the processes through which these are operationalized in practice. The volume is a valuable source of information for anyone who would like to study diverse aspects of processes and practices related to sharī'ah governance in the contemporary Islamic financial industry." —Habib Ahmed, Professor of Islamic Finance, Durham University Business School "In this ground-breaking work, Karim Ginena and Azhar Hamid have accomplished what others have only hinted at and, by doing so, have rendered a valuable service to the growing Islamic financial services industry. With scholarly attention to detail, and a fine understanding of the global context in which Islamic finance operates, the authors have provided a roadmap for governance that should find wide appreciation in corporate and regulatory circles worldwide." —Shaykh Yusuf DeLorenzo, sharī'ah board member of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) "An important academic and practical related addition to the new discipline. Tools such as sharī'ah risk assessment grid and audit checklists are particularly helpful. This book serves as a useful implementation guide and takes a fresh approach compared to the current boring, descriptive texts." —Shahul Hameed bin Mohamed Ibrahim, Associate Professor of Islamic Accounting, INCEIF, Malaysia "Islamic banks by definition have to operate in accordance with sharī'ah law, but how is this enforced? This study explores the practical issues in sharī'ah governance which involves both external audit and internal controls. As the interpretation of Islamic commercial law is inevitably subjective, sharī'ah board members often have legitimate differences of opinion. The authors examine how these can be reconciled to reduce sharī'ah risk." —Rodney Wilson, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Durham University, UK and INCEIF, Malaysia