Details

First Migrants


First Migrants

Ancient Migration in Global Perspective
1. Aufl.

von: Peter Bellwood

24,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 13.01.2014
ISBN/EAN: 9781118325896
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 336

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Beschreibungen

<p>The first publication to outline the complex global story of human migration and dispersal throughout the whole of human prehistory. Utilizing archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence, Peter Bellwood traces the journeys of the earliest hunter-gatherer and agriculturalist migrants as critical elements in the evolution of human lifeways.</p> <ul> <li>The first volume to chart global human migration and population dispersal throughout the whole of human prehistory, in all regions of the world</li> <li>An archaeological odyssey that details the initial spread of early humans out of Africa approximately two million years ago, through the Ice Ages, and down to the continental and island migrations of agricultural populations within the past 10,000 years</li> <li>Employs archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence to demonstrate how migration has always been a vital and complex element in explaining the evolution of the human species</li> <li>Outlines how significant migrations have affected population diversity in every region of the world</li> <li>Clarifies the importance of the development of agriculture as a migratory imperative in later prehistory</li> <li>Fully referenced with detailed maps throughout</li> </ul>
<p>List of Figures ix</p> <p>Preface xiv</p> <p>A Note on Dating Terminology xvi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xvii</p> <p><b>1 The Relevance and Reality of Ancient Migration 1</b></p> <p>Migration in Prehistoric Times 4</p> <p>Hypothesizing About Prehistoric Migrations 6</p> <p>Migrations in History and Ethnography 8</p> <p><i>The Helvetii </i>8</p> <p><i>Ancient China </i>9</p> <p><i>Medieval Iceland </i>10</p> <p><i>The Nuer of Sudan </i>10</p> <p><i>The Iban of Sarawak </i>12</p> <p><i>Relevance for Prehistoric Migration? </i>13</p> <p><b>2 Making Inferences About Prehistoric Migration 17</b></p> <p>Changes in Time and Space – Genes, Languages, Cultures 18</p> <p>Human Biology, Genetics, and Migration 19</p> <p><i>Demic Diffusion </i>21</p> <p>Language Families and the Study of Migration in Prehistory 22</p> <p><i>Language Family Spread: Lessons from Recent History </i>26</p> <p><i>Language Family Spread: Lessons from Anthropology </i>28</p> <p><i>Dating the Spreads of Language Families </i>29</p> <p>Cultures in Archaeology – Do They Equate with Linguistic and Biological Populations? 30</p> <p>Archaeology and the Study of Migration in Prehistory 32</p> <p><i>One End of the Spectrum – Intensive Culture Change </i>without <i>Significant Migration </i>32</p> <p><i>The Other End of the Spectrum – Intensive Cultural Change </i>with <i>Significant Migration </i>33</p> <p><b>3 Migrating Hominins and the Rise of Our Own Species 36</b></p> <p>Behavioral Characteristics and Origins of Early Hominins in Africa 38</p> <p>First Hominin Migration(s) – Out of Africa 1 41</p> <p><i>Unfolding Species in Time and Space </i>46</p> <p><i>Java, Flores, and Crossing the Sea </i>48</p> <p>Out of Africa 2? 50</p> <p>Out of Africa 3? The Origins of <i>H. sapiens </i>52</p> <p><i>The Recognition of Modern Humans in Biology and Archaeology </i>54</p> <p>The Expansion of Modern Humans Across the African and Eurasian Continents, 130,000–45,000 Years Ago 58</p> <p><i>Africa </i>58</p> <p><i>The Levant and Southern Asia </i>60</p> <p><i>Northern and Western Eurasia </i>63</p> <p><i>The Fate of the Neanderthals </i>66</p> <p>Explanations? 67</p> <p><b>4 Beyond Eurasia: The Pioneers of Unpeopled Lands – Wallacea and Beyond, Australia, The Americas 71</b></p> <p>Crossing the Sea Beyond Sundaland 72</p> <p><i>How Many Settlers? </i>74</p> <p>The First Australo-Melanesians 76</p> <p><i>The Archaeology of Island Colonization – Wallacea, Melanesia, Australia </i>77</p> <p>Heading North and Offshore Again – Japan 81</p> <p>The Americas 83</p> <p><i>Getting to Beringia </i>84</p> <p><i>Circumventing the Ice </i>88</p> <p><i>The Rapid Unfolding of American Colonization </i>90</p> <p><b>5 Hunter-Gatherer Migrations in a Warming Postglacial World 96</b></p> <p>Postglacial Recolonizations in Northern Eurasia 97</p> <p>After the First Americans: Further Migrations Across Bering Strait 101</p> <p><i>Na-Dene and Yeniseian </i>101</p> <p><i>The Apachean Migration </i>104</p> <p>The Holocene Colonizations of Arctic Coastal North America 105</p> <p><i>The Thule Migration and the Inuit </i>107</p> <p>The Early Holocene Colonization of a Green Sahara 109</p> <p>Continental Shelves and Their Significance for Human Migration 112</p> <p>Holocene Australia – Pama-Nyungan Migration? 113</p> <p><i>Linguistic Prehistory during the Australian Holocene </i>117</p> <p><i>Who Were the Ancestral Pama-Nyungans? </i>119</p> <p><b>6 The First Farmers and Their Offspring 123</b></p> <p>Where and When Did Food Production Begin? 124</p> <p><i>Why Did Food Production Develop in Some Places, but Not Others? </i>127</p> <p><i>Why Was Domesticated Food Production Relatively Slow to Develop? </i>128</p> <p>Food Production and Population Expansion 129</p> <p>The <i>Neolithic </i>133</p> <p>Food Production as the Driving Force of Early Agriculturalist Migration 135</p> <p><b>7 The Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex 140</b></p> <p>Agricultural Origins in the Fertile Crescent 141</p> <p>Neolithic and Chalcolithic Expansion Beyond the Fertile Crescent 147</p> <p><i>Anatolia and Southeastern Europe </i>147</p> <p><i>Neolithic Migration Beyond Greece and the Balkans </i>149</p> <p><i>The Steppes and Central Asia </i>151</p> <p><i>Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia Beyond the Indus </i>153</p> <p>Linguistic History and the Spread of the Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex 157</p> <p><i>Perspectives from Indo-European </i>157</p> <p><i>The Possible Significance of the Turkic and Yeniseian Languages in Central Asia </i>163</p> <p>West Eurasian Genetic and Population History in the Holocene 165</p> <p>Peninsular Indian Archaeology and Dravidian Linguistic History 168</p> <p>The Spread of the Fertile Crescent Food-Producing Economy into North Africa 169</p> <p>The Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex and Its Impact on Holocene Prehistory in Western Eurasia 172</p> <p><b>8 The East Asian and Western Pacific Food Production Complexes 178</b></p> <p>Agricultural Origins in the Yellow and Yangzi Basins of East Asia 178</p> <p><i>Migrations from the Yellow River Basin </i>181</p> <p><i>Migrations from the Yangzi Basin – Mainland Southeast Asia </i>182</p> <p><i>Early Rice and the Linguistic Record </i>187</p> <p><i>Genetics, Human Biology, and the East Asian Mainland during the Holocene </i>189</p> <p>Island Southeast Asia and Oceania 191</p> <p><i>The Colonization of Oceania </i>194</p> <p><i>The History of the Austronesian Language Family </i>197</p> <p><i>Biological Anthropology and the Austronesians </i>201</p> <p>The East Asian and Western Pacific Food Production Complexes and Their Impacts on Holocene Prehistory 204</p> <p><b>9 The African and American Food Production Complexes 210</b></p> <p>Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa 211</p> <p><i>West Africa and the Niger-Congo-Speaking Populations </i>213</p> <p>The African Food Production Complex in Perspective 218</p> <p>Holocene Migrations in the Americas 219</p> <p><i>The Central Andes </i>221</p> <p><i>Amazonia </i>224</p> <p><i>The Caribbean Islands </i>228</p> <p><i>Mesoamerica </i>229</p> <p><i>Northern Mesoamerica, the Southwestern United States, and the Uto-Aztecans </i>230</p> <p><i>The Eastern Woodlands </i>234</p> <p>The American Food Production Complexes and Their Impacts on Holocene Prehistory 238</p> <p><b>10 The Role of Migration in the History of Humanity 243</b></p> <p>References 249</p> <p>Index 299</p>
<p>“In sum, First Migrantsis a commendable effort to synthesize a growing body of literature on the subject and will serve as a useful and much needed text for courses on the subject. For those generally unfamiliar with different parts of the world and why people moved to and fro, Bellwood has offered an attractive resource and one which should prove useful in that regard for years to come.”  (<i>American Antiquity</i>, 1 July 2014)</p> <p>“This is a significant contribution to our understanding of world archaeology.”  (<i>Antiquity</i>, 1 June 2014)</p>
<p><b>Peter Bellwood</b> is Professor of Archaeology at the Australian National University. A renowned authority in a fi eld driven by contesting paradigms, his vast experience and detailed empirical research have informed his widely-translated publications, especially covering South East Asia and the Pacifi c. Recent key works include <i>The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, Volume 1: Prehistory</i> (2013), co-edited with Immanuel Ness, First Farmers (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005), <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago</i> (second edition 1997, reprinted 2007), and <i>Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis</i> (2002), co-edited with Colin Renfrew. His research integrates a range of techniques from archaeology, linguistics, and human biology, and he is currently engaged in archaeological research in Vietnam and the Philippines.
<p>" Bellwood rebalances our understanding of cultural evolution to show colonization and immigration as prime movers in spreading languages, religions and people, and in generating the diversity of ancient societies' material cultures."<br> <b>Norman Hammond,</b> <b><i>Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, Boston University</i></b> <p>Peter Bellwood's global perspective on human migration offers an unprecedented view of the evolution of human lifeways. Charting the fascinating story of human migration throughout prehistory, the author takes the reader on an archaeological odyssey from humanity's origins in Africa two million years ago, through the challenges and dislocations of the Ice Ages, to the continental migrations of agricultural peoples within the last 10,000 years. <p>Drawing on a wide variety of data from archaeology, evolutionary biology, human genetics, and comparative linguistics, the book's central argument posits that migration has always been a fundamental imperative in human affairs. Bellwood argues that human diversity is not just the result of purely local processes, but that signifi cant migrations have always occurred, and identifi es the development of agriculture as a critical element in recent human prehistory. The analysis provided in these pages is informed by the latest research and is well-illustrated with detailed maps.
<p>“Bellwood rebalances our understanding of cultural evolution to show colonization and immigration as prime movers in spreading languages, religions and people, and in generating the diversity of ancient societies’ material cultures.”<br /> <i>Norman Hammond, Boston University</i></p> <p>“Peter Bellwood has given us a monumental, invaluable, thoughtful survey of human migration, around the whole world, from 2 million years ago until modern times.” <br /> <i>Jared Diamond, University of California, Los Angeles</i></p>

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