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<p>Preface xi</p> <p>Acknowledgments xv</p> <p>Abbreviations xvii</p> <p>Nomenclature xix</p> <p><b>Part I Optical Communication Link Fundamentals </b><b>1</b></p> <p><b>1 Basic Elements of Optical Communication </b><b>3</b></p> <p>1.1 Spectrum of Optical Waves 3</p> <p>1.2 Optical Communication in Historical Perspective 4</p> <p>1.3 Optical Communication Link Presentation 5</p> <p>References 8</p> <p><b>2 Optical Wave Propagation </b><b>11</b></p> <p>2.1 Similarity of Optical and Radio Waves 11</p> <p>2.2 Electromagnetic Aspects of Optical Wave Propagation 13</p> <p>2.3 Propagation of Optical Waves in Free Space 16</p> <p>2.4 Propagation of Optical Waves Through the Boundary of Two Media 16</p> <p>2.4.1 Boundary Conditions 16</p> <p>2.4.2 Main Formulations of Reflection and Refraction Coefficients 17</p> <p>2.5 Total Intrinsic Reflection in Optics 20</p> <p>2.6 Propagation of Optical Waves in Material Media 23</p> <p>2.6.1 Imperfect Dielectric Medium 25</p> <p>2.6.2 Good Conductor Medium 25</p> <p>Problems 25</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>Part II Fundamentals of Optical Communication </b><b>29</b></p> <p><b>3 Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels </b><b>31</b></p> <p>3.1 Types of Optical Signals 31</p> <p>3.1.1 Narrowband Optical Signals 31</p> <p>3.1.2 Wideband Optical Signals 34</p> <p>3.2 Mathematical Description of Narrowband Signals 35</p> <p>3.3 Mathematical Description of Wideband Signals 39</p> <p>References 41</p> <p><b>4 An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals </b><b>43</b></p> <p>4.1 Basic Concepts of Coding and Decoding 43</p> <p>4.1.1 General Communication Scheme 43</p> <p>4.1.2 The Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) 45</p> <p>4.1.3 Channel Model with AWGN 46</p> <p>4.2 Basic Aspects of Coding and Decoding 47</p> <p>4.2.1 Criteria of Coding 47</p> <p>4.2.2 Code Parameters for Error Correction 50</p> <p>4.2.3 Linear Codes 51</p> <p>4.2.4 Estimation of Error Probability of Decoding 54</p> <p>4.3 Codes with Algebraic Decoding 56</p> <p>4.3.1 Cyclic Codes 56</p> <p>4.3.2 BCH Codes 57</p> <p>4.3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes 59</p> <p>4.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 60</p> <p>References 63</p> <p><b>5 Coding in Optical Communication Channels </b><b>67</b></p> <p>5.1 Peculiarities of Cyclic Codes in Communication Systems 67</p> <p>5.2 Codes with Low Density of Parity Checks 68</p> <p>5.2.1 Basic Definitions 68</p> <p>5.2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 72</p> <p>5.2.3 Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes 73</p> <p>5.2.4 Construction of Regular LDPC Codes 74</p> <p>5.3 Methods of Combining Codes 76</p> <p>5.4 Coding in Optical Channels 79</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>6 Fading in Optical Communication Channels </b><b>87</b></p> <p>6.1 Parameters of Fading in Optical Communication Channel 87</p> <p>6.1.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 88</p> <p>6.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 89</p> <p>6.1.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 89</p> <p>6.2 Types of Small-Scale Fading 91</p> <p>6.3 Mathematical Description of Fast Fading 93</p> <p>6.3.1 Rayleigh PDF and CDF 94</p> <p>6.3.2 Ricean PDF and CDF 96</p> <p>6.3.2.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution 99</p> <p>6.4 Mathematical Description of Large-Scale Fading 100</p> <p>6.4.1 Gaussian PDF and CDF 101</p> <p>References 102</p> <p><b>7 Modulation of Signals in Optical Communication Links </b><b>103</b></p> <p>7.1 Analog Modulation 104</p> <p>7.1.1 Analog Amplitude Modulation 104</p> <p>7.1.2 Analog Angle Modulation – Frequency and Phase 106</p> <p>7.1.2.1 Phase Modulation 107</p> <p>7.1.3 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM or PM Signals 107</p> <p>7.1.4 Relations Between SNR and Bandwidth in AM and FM Signals 108</p> <p>7.2 Digital Signal Modulation 109</p> <p>7.2.1 Main Characteristics of Digital Modulation 110</p> <p>7.2.1.1 Power Efficiency and Bandwidth Efficiency 110</p> <p>7.2.1.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 111</p> <p>7.2.2 Linear Digital Modulation 112</p> <p>7.2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 112</p> <p>7.2.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation 113</p> <p>7.2.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation 114</p> <p>7.2.3 Nonlinear Digital Modulation 114</p> <p>7.2.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 114</p> <p>Problems 115</p> <p>References 115</p> <p><b>8 Optical Sources and Detectors </b><b>117</b></p> <p>8.1 Emission and Absorption of Optical Waves 117</p> <p>8.2 Operational Characteristics of Laser 119</p> <p>8.3 Light-Emitting Sources and Detectors 122</p> <p>8.3.1 Light-Emitting p–n Type Diode 122</p> <p>8.3.2 Laser p–n Type Diode 124</p> <p>8.3.3 Photodiode 125</p> <p>8.3.4 PiN and p–n Photodiodes – Principle of Operation 126</p> <p>8.4 Operational Characteristics of Light Diodes 129</p> <p>References 130</p> <p><b>Part III Wired Optical Communication Links </b><b>133</b></p> <p><b>9 Light Waves in Fiber Optic Guiding Structures </b><b>135</b></p> <p>9.1 Propagation of Light in Fiber Optic Structures 135</p> <p>9.1.1 Types of Optical Fibers 135</p> <p>9.1.2 Propagation of Optical Wave Inside the Fiber Optic Structure 137</p> <p>References 139</p> <p><b>10 Dispersion Properties of Fiber Optic Structures </b>141</p> <p>10.1 Characteristic Parameters of Fiber Optic Structures 141</p> <p>10.2 Dispersion of Optical Signal in Fiber Optic Structures 142</p> <p>10.2.1 Material Dispersion 142</p> <p>10.2.2 Modal Dispersion 143</p> <p>Problems 145</p> <p>References 146</p> <p><b>Part IV Wireless Optical Channels </b><b>147</b></p> <p><b>11 Atmospheric Communication Channels </b><b>149</b></p> <p>11.1 Basic Characteristics of Atmospheric Channel 149</p> <p>11.2 Effects of Aerosols on Atmospheric Communication Links 150</p> <p>11.2.1 Aerosol Dimensions 150</p> <p>11.2.2 Aerosol Altitudes Localization 151</p> <p>11.2.3 Aerosol Concentration 152</p> <p>11.2.4 Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction 152</p> <p>11.3 Effects of Hydrometeors 154</p> <p>11.3.1 Effects of Fog 154</p> <p>11.3.2 Effects of Rain 155</p> <p>11.3.3 Effects of Clouds 157</p> <p>11.3.3.1 Snow 158</p> <p>11.4 Effects of Turbulent Gaseous Structures on Optical Waves Propagation 158</p> <p>11.4.1 Turbulence Phenomenon 158</p> <p>11.4.2 Scintillation Phenomenon of Optical Wave Passing the Turbulent Atmosphere 161</p> <p>11.4.3 Scintillation Index 162</p> <p>11.4.4 Signal Intensity Scintillations in the Turbulent Atmosphere 162</p> <p>11.4.5 Effects of Atmosphere Turbulences on Signal Fading 165</p> <p>11.5 Optical Waves Propagation Caused by Atmospheric Scattering 166</p> <p>References 168</p> <p><b>Part V Data Stream Parameters in Atmospheric and Fiber Optic Communication Links with Fading </b><b>173</b></p> <p><b>12 Transmission of Information Data in Optical Channels: Atmospheric and Fiber Optics </b><b>175</b></p> <p>12.1 Characteristics of Information Signal Data in Optical Communication Links 176</p> <p>12.2 Bit Error Rate in Optical Communication Channel 181</p> <p>12.3 Relations Between Signal Data Parameters and Fading Parameters in Atmospheric Links 183</p> <p>12.4 Effects of Fading in Fiber Optic Communication Link 188</p> <p>References 191</p> <p>Index 195</p>

<p><b>NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN</b> is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication System Engineering at Ben Gurion University of the Negev.?? <p><b>SHLOMO ENGELBERG</b> is a Professor at the Jerusalem College of Technology and is the Dean of its School of Engineering and Computer Science. <p><b>EVGENII KROUK</b> is Professor at the Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. <p><b>MIKHAIL SERGEEV</b> is Professor in the Department of Computer Systems and Networks at the St. Petersburg State University of Airspace Instrumentation, Russia.

<p><b>A GUIDE TO THE FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION</b> <p><i>Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication</i> offers a much needed guide to characterizing and overcoming the drawbacks associated with optical communication links that suffer from various types of fading when optical signals with information traverse these wireless (atmospheric) or wired (fiber optic) channels. <p>The authors—noted experts on the topic—present material that aids in predicting the capacity, data rate, spectral efficiency, and bit-error-rate associated with a channel that experiences fading. They review modulation techniques and methods of coding and decoding that are useful when implementing communications systems. The book also discusses how to model the channels, including treating distortion due to the various fading phenomena. Light waves and their similarity to radio waves are explored, and the way light propagates through the atmosphere, through materials, and through the boundary between two materials is explained. This important book: <ul> <li>Characterizes principal optical sources and detectors, including descriptions of their advantages and disadvantages, to show how to design systems from start to finish</li> <li>Provides a new method of predicting and dealing with the dispersive properties of fiber optic cables and other optical guiding structures in order to increase data stream capacity</li> <li>Highlights effects of material and multimode (multi-ray) dispersion during propagation of optical signals with data through fiber optic channels</li> <li>Presents modulation techniques and methods of coding and decoding that are useful when implementing communications systems</li> </ul> <p>Written for professionals dealing with optical and electro-optical communications,<i> Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication</i> explores the theory and practice of optical communication both when the optical signal is propagating through the atmosphere and when it is propagating through an optical fiber.

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