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<p>Foreword xv</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p><b>1 Astrobioethics: Epistemological, Astrotheological, and Interplanetary Issues 1<br /></b><i>Octavio A. Chon Torres</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Epistemological Issue 3</p> <p>1.3 Astrotheological Issue 6</p> <p>1.4 Interplanetary Issue 9</p> <p>1.5 Conclusions 12</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>2 Astroethics for Earthlings: Our Responsibility to the Galactic Commons 17<br /></b><i>Ted Peters</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Laying the Foundation for an Astroethics of Responsibility 20</p> <p>2.2.1 First Foundational Question: Who Are We? 21</p> <p>2.2.2 Second Foundational Question: What Do We Value? 22</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Science and Value 24</p> <p>2.2.2.2 Religious Reliance on the Common Good 25</p> <p>2.2.2.3 A Secular Grounding for Astroethics? 27</p> <p>2.2.3 Third Foundational Question: What Should We Do? 29</p> <p>2.2.3.1 From Quandary to Responsibility 29</p> <p>2.2.3.2 From Space Sanctuary to Galactic Commons 30</p> <p>2.3 Astroethical Quandaries Arising Within the Solar Neighborhood 32</p> <p>2.3.1 Does Planetary Protection Apply Equally to Both Earth and Off-Earth Locations? 32</p> <p>2.3.2 Does Off-Earth Life Have Intrinsic Value? 33</p> <p>2.3.3 Should Astroethicists Adopt the Precautionary Principle? 36</p> <p>2.3.4 Who’s Responsible for Space Debris? 36</p> <p>2.3.5 How Should We Govern Satellite Surveillance? 37</p> <p>2.3.6 Should We Weaponize Space? 38</p> <p>2.3.7 Which Should Have Priority: Scientific Research or Making a Profit? 39</p> <p>2.3.8 Should We Earthlings Terraform Mars? 40</p> <p>2.3.9 Should We Establish Human Settlements on Mars? 42</p> <p>2.3.10 How Do We Protect Earth from the Sky? 43</p> <p>2.4 Levels of Intelligence in the Milky Way Metropolis 44</p> <p>2.4.1 What is Our Responsibility Toward Intellectually Inferior ETI? 46</p> <p>2.4.2 What is Our Responsibility Toward Peer ETI? 46</p> <p>2.4.3 What is Our Responsibility Toward Superior ETI or Even Post-Biological Intelligence? 48</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion 50</p> <p>References 51</p> <p><b>3 Moral Philosophy for a Second Genesis 57<br /></b><i>Julian Chela-Flores</i></p> <p>3.1 Moral Philosophy on Earth and Elsewhere 58</p> <p>3.1.1 The Origin of Ethics and Its Universal Relevance 58</p> <p>3.1.2 Why Should We Act Morally? 59</p> <p>3.1.3 Is a New Morality Needed for Astrobiological Explorations? 60</p> <p>3.2 Identifying the Lack of Ethical Substance in Science Communication 61</p> <p>3.2.1 Understanding the Boundaries of Knowledge 61</p> <p>3.2.2 Implications of the Limits and Horizons of Science 63</p> <p>3.3 Going from Astrobiology to Astrobioethics: A Big Step for Science and Humanism 64</p> <p>3.3.1 The Pathway from Ethics to Bioethics and to Astrobioethics 64</p> <p>3.3.2 The Question of the Role of Ethics in Astrobiology 64</p> <p>3.4 Would There Be New Ethical Principles if There Were a Second Genesis? 65</p> <p>3.4.1 Inevitability of the Emergence of a Particular Biosignature 65</p> <p>3.4.2 Universalizable Ethical Criteria 66</p> <p>3.5 Astrobioethics is Subject to Constraints on Chance 67</p> <p>3.5.1 Not All Genes Are Equally Significant Targets for Evolution 67</p> <p>3.5.2 Evolutionary Changes Are Constrained 67</p> <p>3.6 How Are We Going to Treat Non-Human Life Away from the Earth? 68</p> <p>3.6.1 Can Ethical Behavior Be Extended into a Cosmic Context 68</p> <p>3.6.2 Instrumentation for the Search of Life 69</p> <p>3.7 Ethical Principles in Early Proposals for the Search for Non-Human Life in the Solar System 69</p> <p>3.7.1 Ethical Considerations in Previous Research in the Solar System 69</p> <p>3.7.2 Instrumentation That Might Harm Exo-Microorganisms 70</p> <p>3.8 Conclusion 71</p> <p>Glossary 72</p> <p>References 73</p> <p><b>4 Who Goes There? When Astrobiology Challenges Humans 79<br /></b><i>Jacques Arnould</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 79</p> <p>4.2 The Copernican Revolution 80</p> <p>4.3 Religious Reactions to the Copernican Revolution 81</p> <p>4.4 Astrobiology and Speculation 83</p> <p>4.5 Heretics 84</p> <p>4.6 The Many Worlds Hypothesis 86</p> <p>4.7 Desecration of Planets Beyond Earth 86</p> <p>4.8 The Precautionary Principle 87</p> <p>4.9 The Sacred Beyond Earth 91</p> <p>4.10 Who Goes There? 91</p> <p>4.11 Conclusion: The Astrobiological Apocalypse 92</p> <p>Furher Readings 93</p> <p><b>5 Social and Ethical Currents in Astrobiological Debates 95<br /></b><i>Kelly C. Smith</i></p> <p>5.1 Introductory Musings 95</p> <p>5.2 Uncertainty Opens the Door 97</p> <p>5.3 Time Frames 100</p> <p>5.4 Conceptual Frames 103</p> <p>5.4.1 Error Avoiders vs. Optimizers 104</p> <p>5.4.2 Ecologicals vs. Anthropocentrists 105</p> <p>5.4.3 Communalists vs. Commercialists 106</p> <p>5.5 Complications, Connections, and CYA 107</p> <p>5.6 A Concluding Thought 109</p> <p>References 110</p> <p><b>6 The Ethics of Biocontamination 113<br /></b><i>Tony</i> <i>Milligan</i></p> <p>6.1 The Beresheet Tardigrades 114</p> <p>6.2 Our Conflicting Intuitions 117</p> <p>6.3 The Intelligibility of Microbial Value 123</p> <p>6.4 Contamination and Discovery 128</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 131</p> <p>References 132</p> <p><b>7 Astrobiology Education: Inspiring Diverse Audiences with the Search for Life in the Universe 135<br /></b><i>Chris Impey</i></p> <p>7.1 The State of Astrobiology 136</p> <p>7.2 Astrobiology as a Profession 138</p> <p>7.3 Graduate Programs 141</p> <p>7.4 Undergraduate Programs 142</p> <p>7.5 Conferences and Schools 143</p> <p>7.6 Courses for Non-Science Majors 144</p> <p>7.7 Massive Open Online Classes 149</p> <p>7.8 Teaching Materials and Books 149</p> <p>References 152</p> <p><b>8 Genetics, Ethics, and Mars Colonization: A Special Case of Gene Editing and Population Forces in Space Settlement 157<br /></b><i>Konrad Szocik, Margaret Boone Rappaport and Christopher Corbally</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 158</p> <p>8.1.1 The Complex Relationship Between Population Forces and Ethics 158</p> <p>8.1.2 Humans Evolving on Earth and Mars 159</p> <p>8.1.3 Bioenhancements: Science, Technology, and Ethics 160</p> <p>8.1.4 A Set of Astrobioethical Guidelines for Off-World Exploration 161</p> <p>8.2 Population Forces and the Ethical Issues They Raise 163</p> <p>8.2.1 Natural Selection and Genetic Drift on Mars 163</p> <p>8.2.2 Contrasting and Convergent Population Forces on Earth and Mars 164</p> <p>8.2.3 Population Forces When Humans Colonize Mars, the Asteroids, and Outer Planets 165</p> <p>8.3 Ethical Issues Implied by Population Forces and Genome Modification 166</p> <p>8.3.1 Selection of Interplanetary Migrants Based on Invasive Genetic Procedures 166</p> <p>8.3.2 Required Pre-Settlement Genetic Remediation 167</p> <p>8.3.3 Moral Context for Genetic Engineering for Space 168</p> <p>8.4 Case Types for Off-World Population Changeand Their Ethical Implications 168</p> <p>8.4.1 The Case of the Isolated Space Colony 168</p> <p>8.4.2 The Case of an Inclusivist or Exclusivist Space Colony: Science, Research, Intelligence 169</p> <p>8.4.3 The Case of the Space Refuge as an Ethically Expensive Option 170</p> <p>8.4.4 The Case of the Formation of a New Species of Human 171</p> <p>8.5 Religious Ethics and Population Forces 172</p> <p>8.6 Conclusions 174</p> <p>Acknowledgement 175</p> <p>References 175</p> <p><b>9 Constructing a Space Ethics Upon Natural Law Ethics 177<br /></b><i>Brian Patrick Green</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 178</p> <p>9.2 Space Ethics and Natural Law Ethics 179</p> <p>9.3 A Natural Law Ethics Including Space 182</p> <p>9.4 The Disadvantages, Ambiguities, and Advantages of a Natural Law Space Ethics 185</p> <p>9.5 Conclusion 188</p> <p>References 189</p> <p><b>10 Two Elephants in the Room of Astrobiology 193<br /></b><i>Jensine Andresen</i></p> <p>Abbreviations 194</p> <p>10.1 Identifying the Two Elephants 195</p> <p>10.2 The Phenomenon Elephant 197</p> <p>10.3 The Weaponization Elephant 204</p> <p>10.4 U.S. Government Spending on Weapons for Space 206</p> <p>10.5 The Military-Industrial Complex Operates Under Euphemisms Citing “Government-Industry” Linkages 211</p> <p>10.6 How the Two Elephants Are Connected 215</p> <p>10.7 The Astroethics Public Policy Path Forward 216</p> <p>References 219</p> <p><b>11 Microbial Life, Ethics and the Exploration of Space Revisited 233<br /></b><i>Charles S. Cockell</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 233</p> <p>11.2 Critiques of Intrinsic Value 235</p> <p>11.2.1 The Argument from Existing Destruction 235</p> <p>11.2.2 The Argument from Sheer Numbers 237</p> <p>11.2.3 The Argument from Impracticality 238</p> <p>11.2.4 The Argument from Prevailing View 241</p> <p>11.2.5 The Argument from Respect 243</p> <p>11.3 What of Intrinsic Value? 244</p> <p>11.4 Adjudicating Other Interests 247</p> <p>11.5 Do We Need a Cosmocentric Ethic for Microbial-Type Life? 249</p> <p>11.6 Conclusions 251</p> <p>References 251</p> <p><b>12 Astrobiology, the United Nations, and Geopolitics 255<br /></b><i>Linda Billings</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 255</p> <p>12.2 What is Astrobiology? 258</p> <p>12.3 Ethical Issues in Astrobiology 258</p> <p>12.4 Astrobiology and Planetary Protection 259</p> <p>12.5 Conflicting Ideologies 262</p> <p>12.6 International Cooperation—or Not? 266</p> <p>12.7 Conclusions 267</p> <p>References 269</p> <p><b>13 An Ethical Assessment of SETI, METI, and the Value of Our Planetary Home 271<br /></b><i>Chelsea Haramia and Julia DeMarines</i></p> <p>13.1 A Brief History of SETI and METI 271</p> <p>13.2 Ethical Analyses of SETI and METI 273</p> <p>13.3 Ethical Proposals for the Road Ahead 282</p> <p>References 289</p> <p><b>14 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection 293<br /></b><i>Erik Persson</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 293</p> <p>14.2 The Relation Between the Epistemic and the Axiological Dimensions of Planetary Protection 294</p> <p>14.3 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection Today 296</p> <p>14.4 The Nature of Epistemic Values 298</p> <p>14.5 The Outer Space Treaty and the Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection 299</p> <p>14.6 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection – Historical Background 302</p> <p>14.7 Ethics and Planetary Protection 305</p> <p>14.8 Competing Values – Planetary Protection and the Commercial Use of Space 307</p> <p>14.9 Conclusions 308</p> <p>References 309</p> <p><b>15 Who Speaks for Humanity? The Need for a Single Political Voice 313<br /></b><i>Ian A. Crawford</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>15.2 The Need for Global Decision-Making in an Astrobiological Context 315</p> <p>15.3 Some Socio-Political Implications of Astrobiological Perspectives 319</p> <p>15.4 Who Speaks for Humanity? Building Appropriate Political Institutions for Space Activities 324</p> <p>15.4.1 A World Space Agency 325</p> <p>15.4.2 Strengthening the United Nations for the Governance of Space Activities 327</p> <p>15.4.3 Space Activities in the Context of a Future World Government 328</p> <p>15.5 Conclusions 331</p> <p>References 332</p> <p><b>16 Interstellar Ethics and the Goldilocks Evolutionary Sequence: Can We Expect ETI to Be Moral? 339<br /></b><i>Margaret Boone Rappaport, Christopher Corbally and Konrad Szocik</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 339</p> <p>16.1.1 The Little Broached Question of Ethics 340</p> <p>16.2 Astronomical Detection of Possible Life 341</p> <p>16.2.1 The Complex Relationship Between Signals and Ethics 341</p> <p>16.2.2 Astronomical Signal Detection, the Goldilocks Zone, Habitation, and Ethics 342</p> <p>16.2.2.1 Exoplanets 342</p> <p>16.2.2.2 Exoplanets in the Goldilocks Zone 342</p> <p>16.2.2.3 Exoplanets, Oxygen, and the ‘Red Edge’ 343</p> <p>16.2.2.4 The Great Leap from Plant Cover to Ethics 344</p> <p>16.3 Operationalizing Human Neurological Features for an ETI Vetting Protocol 344</p> <p>16.3.1 Parallel Moral Assessments by Host and Visitor 344</p> <p>16.3.2 Anthropocene or ‘Adolescence’? 345</p> <p>16.3.3 Vetting ETIs: Friend or Foe? Right vs. Wrong 346</p> <p>16.3.4 Rationale and Approach: Operationalizing Human Neurology to Assess ETIs 347</p> <p>16.3.4.1 Theory of Mind 349</p> <p>16.3.4.2 Sequence of Evolutionary Innovations: Logical, Determinate, Systemic 350</p> <p>16.3.4.3 Cultural, Moral, and Religious Capacities – How Important and in What Order? 351</p> <p>16.3.4.4 Assessing ETIs for Culture 352</p> <p>16.3.5 A Test for Neuroplasticity: The Clincher if We Have Time 353</p> <p>16.4 Fictional Case Studies of Vetting ETIs 354</p> <p>16.4.1 Examples from Film and Television 354</p> <p>16.4.2 Case Study of the Film Arrival 355</p> <p>16.5 Conclusion 356</p> <p>References 357</p> <p><b>17 Intrinsic Value, American Buddhism, and Potential Life on Saturn’s Moon Titan 361<br /></b><i>Daniel Capper</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 361</p> <p>17.2 Titan and Possible Weird Life 363</p> <p>17.3 Some Strengths and Limitations of the Intrinsic Value Concept 365</p> <p>17.4 Buddhist Scriptures and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life 368</p> <p>17.5 American Buddhists and Life on Titan 369</p> <p>17.6 Discussion 372</p> <p>17.7 Conclusion 374</p> <p>References 375</p> <p><b>18 A Space Settler’s Bill of Rights 377<br /></b><i>Russell Greenall-Sharp, David Kobza, Courtney Houston, Mohammad Allabbad, Jamie Staggs and James S.J. Schwartz</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 377</p> <p>18.2 Basic Physiological Needs 380</p> <p>18.3 Physical and Psychological Well-Being 381</p> <p>18.4 Freedom of Expression 383</p> <p>18.5 Privacy 383</p> <p>18.6 Reproductive Autonomy 384</p> <p>18.7 Vocational and Educational Liberty 385</p> <p>18.8 Communication 385</p> <p>18.9 Constrained Dissent 386</p> <p>18.10 Self-Governance and Revisability 386</p> <p>18.11 Conclusion 386</p> <p>References 387</p> <p>Index 389</p>

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Carola Bartning ist Yogalehrerin BDY/IYA, Fastenleiterin, Yogatherapeutin und Heilpraktikerin i. A. Sebastian Bartning ist Heilpraktiker, Fastenleiter und Yogalehrer. Gemeinsam leiten sie Heilfastenkuren mit Yoga, Meditation und Vorträgen zur Förderung der Gesundheit. Zudem sind sie die Autoren von "Heilfasten für Dummies".

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