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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Introduction xiii</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. Basic Concepts and Balances 1</b></p> <p>1.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics 1</p> <p>1.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics 2</p> <p>1.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances 3</p> <p>1.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs 4</p> <p>1.3.2. Accumulation in the system 8</p> <p>1.3.3. Generation in a system 11</p> <p>1.3.4. Balance equation 15</p> <p>1.4. Fluxes and flux densities 20</p> <p>1.4.1. Energy fluxes 20</p> <p>1.4.2. Mass fluxes 20</p> <p>1.4.3. Flux densities 20</p> <p>1.5. Operating states 25</p> <p>1.5.1. Steady state 25</p> <p>1.5.2. Transient state 25</p> <p>1.6. Transfer area 28</p> <p>1.6.1. What does the transfer area represent? 28</p> <p>1.6.2. Illustration: transfer area in a heat exchanger 28</p> <p>1.6.3. Illustration: transfer area inferred from a technical drawing 30</p> <p>1.7. Driving potential difference 31</p> <p>1.7.1. Heat transfer potential difference 32</p> <p>1.7.2. Mass transfer potential difference 34</p> <p>1.8. Exercises and solutions 38</p> <p>1.9. Reading: seawater desalination 75</p> <p>1.9.1. Level of purification 75</p> <p>1.9.2. Water sources used 76</p> <p>1.9.3. Water characteristics according to the source 76</p> <p>1.9.4. Several techniques 76</p> <p>1.9.5. Energy cost: the decisive factor 76</p> <p>1.9.6. A promising outlook 77</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Mechanisms and Laws of Heat Transfer 79</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 79</p> <p>2.2. Mechanism and law of conduction 79</p> <p>2.3. Mechanism and law of convection 83</p> <p>2.3.1. Examples 83</p> <p>2.3.2. Law of convection 84</p> <p>2.3.3. Forced convection versus natural convection 84</p> <p>2.4. Radiation transfer mechanism 85</p> <p>2.4.1. Correction to take account of the nature of the surface 87</p> <p>2.4.2. Geometric correction: the view factor 87</p> <p>2.4.3. Radiation transfer between black surfaces under total influence 89</p> <p>2.4.4. Radiation transfer between black surfaces in arbitrary positions 90</p> <p>2.4.5. Radiation transfer between gray surfaces in arbitrary positions 91</p> <p>2.5. Exercises and solutions 92</p> <p>2.6. Reading: Joseph Fourier 112</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Processes 115</b></p> <p>3.1. Introduction 115</p> <p>3.2. Classification of mass transfer mechanisms 116</p> <p>3.3. Transfer mechanisms in single-phase systems 117</p> <p>3.3.1. The vacancy mechanism 117</p> <p>3.3.2. The interstitial mechanism 118</p> <p>3.3.3. Random walk 118</p> <p>3.3.4. The kinetic model 118</p> <p>3.3.5. The quantum model 120</p> <p>3.4. Mass transfer processes in single-phase media 122</p> <p>3.4.1. Transfer under the action of a concentration gradient: osmosis 122</p> <p>3.4.2. Transfer under the action of a pressure gradient: ultrafiltration 127</p> <p>3.4.3. Dialysis 134</p> <p>3.4.4. Thermal gradient diffusion 139</p> <p>3.4.5. Diffusion by a gradient of force: centrifugation 141</p> <p>3.4.6. Electromagnetic diffusion 143</p> <p>3.4.7. Laminar flux transfer 144</p> <p>3.4.8. Laser transfer 145</p> <p>3.4.9. Transfer under the action of an electric field: electrodialysis 146</p> <p>3.5. Mechanisms and processes in two-phase media 154</p> <p>3.5.1. Distillation 154</p> <p>3.5.2. Absorption mass transfer 165</p> <p>3.6. Exercises and solutions 176</p> <p>3.7. Reading: uranium enrichment 217</p> <p>3.7.1. Uranium as a fuel 217</p> <p>3.7.2. Uranium in nature 217</p> <p>3.7.3. Natural-uranium reactors 217</p> <p>3.7.4. Pressurized-water reactors 218</p> <p>3.7.5. Fast-neutron reactors 218</p> <p>3.7.6. Classification of uranium enrichments 218</p> <p>3.7.7. Uranium enrichment processes 219</p> <p>3.7.8. The uranium enrichment industry 219</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Dimensional Analysis 221</b></p> <p>4.1. Introduction 221</p> <p>4.2. Basic dimensions 222</p> <p>4.3. Dimensions of derived magnitudes 222</p> <p>4.4. Dimensional analysis of an expression 225</p> <p>4.4.1. Illustration: determining the dimensions of λ 225</p> <p>4.4.2. Illustration: determining the dimensions of h 225</p> <p>4.5. Unit systems and conversions 226</p> <p>4.5.1. Illustration: dimensions and units of energy 227</p> <p>4.5.2. Illustration: units of heat conductivity λ 227</p> <p>4.5.3. Illustration: units of the convective transfer coefficient h 228</p> <p>4.6. Dimensionless numbers 229</p> <p>4.6.1. The Reynolds number 230</p> <p>4.6.2. The Nusselt number 231</p> <p>4.6.3. The Prandtl number 231</p> <p>4.6.4. The Peclet number 231</p> <p>4.6.5. The Grashof number 232</p> <p>4.6.6. The Rayleigh number 233</p> <p>4.6.7. The Stanton number 233</p> <p>4.6.8. The Graetz number 234</p> <p>4.6.9. The Biot number 234</p> <p>4.6.10. The Fourier number 234</p> <p>4.6.11. The Elenbaas number 235</p> <p>4.6.12. The Froude number 235</p> <p>4.6.13. The Euler number 236</p> <p>4.7. Developing correlations through dimensional analysis 239</p> <p>4.8. Rayleigh’s method 241</p> <p>4.8.1. Illustration: applying Rayleigh’s method 242</p> <p>4.8.2. Illustration: verifying Fourier’s law by applying Rayleigh’s method 245</p> <p>4.9. Buckingham’s method 247</p> <p>4.9.1. Illustration: applying the Buckingham π theorem 248</p> <p>4.10. Exercises and solutions 251</p> <p>4.11. Reading: Osborne Reynolds and Ludwig Prandtl 294</p> <p>4.11.1. Osborne Reynolds 294</p> <p>4.11.2. Ludwig Prandtl 296</p> <p>Appendix 299</p> <p>Bibliography 315</p> <p>Index 325</p>

<strong>Abdelhanine Benallou</strong>, école des mines, Morocco.

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