Details

<b>Chapter 1. Basic Concepts.</b> <p>1.1. The Electrostatic Charge.</p> <p>1.1.1. Electrons, Protons, and Ions.</p> <p>1.1.2. Charge Distribution: Point, Space, and Surface Charges.</p> <p>1.2. The Electric Field.</p> <p>1.2.1. Mapping Electric Fields.</p> <p>1.2.2. Dielectrics.</p> <p>1.2.3. Dielectric Breakdown.</p> <p>1.3. Ground Potential.</p> <p>1.3.1. Grounding.</p> <p>1.3.2. Bonding.</p> <p>1.4. Requirements for a Fire or an Explosion.</p> <p>1.4.1. Ignitable Mixture.</p> <p>1.4.2. Separation.</p> <p>1.4.3. Accumulation.</p> <p>1.4.4. Discharge.</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Separation and Accumulation of Charge.</b></p> <p>2.1. Mechanisms of Charge Generation.</p> <p>2.2. Charge Alignment.</p> <p>2.3. Contact and Frictional Charging.</p> <p>2.3.1. Surface Charging.</p> <p>2.3.2. Powder Charging.</p> <p>2.4. Double Layer Charging.</p> <p>2.5. Charging of Drops, Mists, and Aerosols.</p> <p>2.6. Two Phase Flow.</p> <p>2.7. Charge Separation at Phase Boundaries.</p> <p>2.8. Charge Relaxation.</p> <p>2.9. Host Material.</p> <p>2.9.1. Bulk Conductivity.</p> <p>2.9.2. Surface Conductivity.</p> <p>2.9.3. Apparent Conductivity.</p> <p>2.10. Separation vs. Relaxation.</p> <p>2.10.1. constant Voltage Case.</p> <p>2.10.2. Constant Amperage Case.</p> <p>2.11. Induction.</p> <p><b>3. Discharge.</b></p> <p>3.1. Classification of Discharges.</p> <p>3.2. Characteristics of Discharges.</p> <p>3.2.1. Corona Discharge.</p> <p>3.2.2. Brush Discharge.</p> <p>3.2.3. Bulking Brush Discharge.</p> <p>3.2.4. Propagating Brush Discharge.</p> <p>3.2.5. Spark or Capacitor Discharge.</p> <p>3.2.6. Lightning.</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Minimum Ignition Energies.</b></p> <p>4.1. Testing of Materials.</p> <p>4.2. Minimum Ignition Energy, MIE.</p> <p>4.2.1. MIEs of Gasses and Vapors.</p> <p>4.2.2. MIEs of Dusts.</p> <p>4.2.3. MIEs of Hybrid Mixtures.</p> <p>4.2.4. MIEs in Enriched Oxygen Atmospheres.</p> <p>4.2.5. MIEs of Explosives.</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Discharge Energies.</b></p> <p>5.1. Ignitions by Electrostatic Discharges.</p> <p>5.2. Capacitive Discharges.</p> <p>5.2.1. Human Sparks.</p> <p>5.2.2. Clothing.</p> <p>5.3. Brush Discharges.</p> <p>5.3.1. Brush Discharges in Spaces.</p> <p>5.3.2. Brush Discharges at Surfaces.</p> <p>5.4. Bulking Brush Discharges.</p> <p>5.5. Propagating Brush Discharges.</p> <p>5.6. Corona Discharges.</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Electrification in Industrial Processes.</b></p> <p>6.1. Charges in Liquids.</p> <p>6.1.1. Streaming Currents.</p> <p>6.1.2. Charge Relaxation in Liquids.</p> <p>6.1.3. Liquid Conductivity.</p> <p>6.1.4. Antistatic Additives.</p> <p>6.1.5. Sedimentation.</p> <p>6.2. Charges in Mists.</p> <p>6.2.1. Washing.</p> <p>6.2.2. Splash Loading.</p> <p>6.2.3. Steaming.</p> <p>6.2.4. Carbon Dioxide.</p> <p>6.2.5. Charge Decay From Mists.</p> <p>6.3. Charges in Powders.</p> <p>6.3.1. Streaming Currents in Powders.</p> <p>6.3.2. Charge Compaction in Powder Bulking.</p> <p>6.3.3. Charge Relaxation in Powders.</p> <p>6.4. Surface Charges.</p> <p>6.4.1. Triboelectric Charging.</p> <p>6.4.2. Humidity.</p> <p>6.4.3. Conductive Cloth and Plastics.</p> <p>6.4.4. Neutralizers.</p> <p>6.5. Intense Electrification.</p> <p>6.6. Phase Separation Charges.</p> <p><b>7. Design and Operating Criteria.</b></p> <p>7.1. Grounding and Bonding.</p> <p>7.1.1. Insulation from Ground.</p> <p>7.1.2. Spark Promoters.</p> <p>7.2. In-Process Relaxation Times.</p> <p>7.2.1. Quiescent Relaxations.</p> <p>7.2.2. Relaxation Downstream of Filters.</p> <p>7.3. Simultaneous Operations.</p> <p>7.4. Sounding Pipes.</p> <p><b>8. Measurements.</b></p> <p>8.1. Multimeters.</p> <p>8.2. Electrometers.</p> <p>8.3. Electrostatic Voltmeters.</p> <p>8.4. Fieldmeters.</p> <p>8.5. Faraday Cage.</p> <p>8.6. Radios.</p> <p><b>9. Quantification of Electrostatic Scenarios.</b></p> <p>9.1. Approximations.</p> <p>9.1.1. Approximating Capacitance.</p> <p>9.1.2. Approximating Resistance.</p> <p>9.1.3. Approximating Charge.</p> <p>9.2. Examples of Approximations.</p> <p>9.2.1. Refueling an Automobile.</p> <p>9.2.2. Filling a Gasoline Can.</p> <p>9.2.3. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC).</p> <p>9.2.4. The Minimum Capacitor for Incendive Discharge.</p> <p><b>Chapter 10. Case Histories.</b></p> <p>10.1. Vacuum truck Emptying a Sump.</p> <p>10.2. Drawing Toluene into an Ungrounded Bucket.</p> <p>10.3. Sampling while Loading a Railcar.</p> <p>10.4. Vapor Ignition in a Roadtanker, I.</p> <p>10.5. Vapor Ignition in a Roadtanker, II.</p> <p>10.6. Instrumenting a Tank Containing Steam and a Flammable Atmosphere.</p> <p>10.7. Conductive Liquid in a Plastic Carboy.</p> <p>10.8. Chemical Hose with an Ungrounded Spiral.</p> <p>10.9. Three incidents in a Pneumatic Transport System.</p> <p>10.10. Offloading a Bulk Powder Truck.</p> <p>10.11. Dumping Powder from a Drum with Metal chime.</p> <p>10.12. Emptying a Powder from a Plastic Bag (Composite Case History).</p> <p>10.13. Vapor Explosion in a Closed Tank.</p> <p>10.14. Gas Well and Pipeline Blowouts.</p> <p>Appendix A. Units.</p> <p>Appendix B. Symbols Used in Equations.</p> <p>Appendix C. Equations.</p> <p>Appendix D. Atmospheric Electrostatics.</p> <p>Appendix E. Electric Field Calculations.</p> <p>Bibliography.</p> <p>Concordance A, General.</p> <p>Concordance B, Compounds and Materials.</p>

<p><strong>Thomas H. Pratt</strong> is the author of <em>Electrostatic Ignitions of <em>Fires and Explosions</em>, published by Wiley.

US