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Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability

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von: Alexandra B. Ribeiro, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
206,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	22.03.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119670162
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	720

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Titelbeschreibung

Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability Explore this comprehensive reference on the remediation of contaminated substrates, filled with cutting-edge research and practical case studiesElectrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability delivers a thorough review of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for the treatment of inorganic and organic contaminants in contaminated substrates. The book highlights recent progress and developments in EKR in the areas of resource recovery, the removal of pollutants, and environmental remediation. It also discusses the use of EKR in conjunction with nanotechnology and phytoremediation.Throughout the book, case studies are presented that involve the field implementation of EKR technologies. The book also includes discussions of enhanced electrokinetic remediation of dredged co-contaminated sediments, solar-powered bioelectrokinetics for the mitigation of contaminated agricultural soil, advanced electro-fenton for remediation of organics, electrokinetic remediation for PPCPs in contaminated substrates, and the electrokinetic remediation of agrochemicals such as organochlorine compounds. Other topics include:<li><bl>A thorough introduction to the modelling of electrokinetic remediation</bl></li><li><bl>An exploration of the electrokinetic recovery of tungsten and removal of arsenic from mining secondary resources</bl></li><li><bl>An analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants with a discussion of electrochemical advanced oxidation as an on-site treatment</bl></li><li><bl>A review of rare earth elements, including general concepts and recovery techniques, like electrodialytic extraction</bl></li><li><bl>A treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in cold climate conditions</bl></li>Perfect for environmental engineers and scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, biochemical engineers, and scientists working with green technology, Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of academic and industry researchers, engineers, regulators, and policy makers with an interest in the remediation of contaminated natural resources.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xix Contributors xxiii 1 An Overview of the Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation 1 Maria Villen-Guzman, Maria del Mar Cerrillo-Gonzalez, Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia, and Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Maroto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Reactive Transport 3 1.2.1 One-Dimensional Electromigration Model 3 1.2.2 One-Dimensional Electromigration and Electroosmosis Model 7 1.2.3 One-Dimensional Electrodialytic Model 9 1.2.4 One-Dimensional Electroremediation Model Using Nernst-Planck-Poisson 16 1.3 Chemical Equilibrium 18 1.4 Models for the Future 24 1.4.1 Combining Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Reaction Kinetics 24 1.4.2 Multiscale Models 26 1.4.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models 29 1.4.4 Multiphysics Modeling 29 Acknowledgments 30 References 30 2 Basic Electrochemistry Tools in Environmental Applications 35 Chanchal Kumar Mitra and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 2.1 Introduction 35 2.1.1 Electrochemical Half-Cells 37 2.1.2 Electrode Potential 38 2.1.3 Electrical Double Layer 40 2.1.4 Electrochemical Processes 41 2.1.4.1 Polarization (Overvoltage) 41 2.1.4.2 Slow Chemical Reactions 42 2.2 Basic Bioelectrochemistry and Applications 44 2.3 Industrial Electrochemistry and the Environment 44 2.3.1 Isolation and Purification of Important Metals 44 2.3.2 Production of Important Chemical Intermediates by Electrochemistry 45 2.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena 45 2.4.1 Electroosmosis in Bioremediation 46 2.5 Electrophoresis and Its Application in Bioremediation 47 2.6 Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring 48 2.6.1 What Are Biosensors? 48 2.6.2 Biosensors as Environmental Monitors 49 2.7 Electrochemical Systems as Energy Sources 52 2.8 Conclusions 55 References 55 3 Combined Use of Remediation Technologies with Electrokinetics 61 Helena I. Gomes and Erika B. Bustos 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Biological Processes 62 3.2.1 Electrobioremediation 62 3.2.2 Electro-Phytoremediation 64 3.3 Permeable Reactive Barriers 67 3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 67 3.4.1 Electrokinetics-Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO) 67 3.4.2 Electro-Fenton 70 3.5 In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) 71 3.6 Challenges for Upscaling 71 3.7 Concluding Remarks 73 References 73 4 The Electrokinetic Recovery of Tungsten and Removal of Arsenic from Mining Secondary Resources: The Case of the Panasqueira Mine 85 Joana Almeida, Paulina Faria, António Santos Silva, Eduardo P. Mateus, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Tungsten Mining Resources: The Panasqueira Mine 86 4.2.1 The Development of the Industry 86 4.2.2 Ore Extraction Processes 88 4.2.3 Potential Risks 88 4.3 The Circular Economy of Tungsten Mining Waste 89 4.3.1 Panasqueira Old Slimes vs. Current Slimes 89 4.3.2 Tungsten Recovery 90 4.3.3 Building Material–Related Applications 92 4.4 Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts 93 4.5 Final Remarks 94 Acknowledgments 94 References 95 5 Electrokinetic Remediation of Dredged Contaminated Sediments 99 Kristine B. Pedersen, Ahmed Benamar, Mohamed T. Ammami, Florence Portet-Koltalo, and Gunvor M. Kirkelund 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 EKR Removal of Pollutants from Harbor Sediments 101 5.2.1 Pollutants and Removal Efficiencies 101 5.2.1.1 Metals 102 5.2.1.2 Organic Pollutants and Organometallic Pollutants 104 5.2.2 Influence of Experimental Settings and Sediment Properties on the Efficiency of EKR 105 5.2.2.1 Enhancement of EKR – Changes in Design 106 5.2.2.2 Enhancement of EKR – Chemical Agents and Surfactants 106 5.2.2.3 Sediment Characteristics 108 5.3 Case Studies of Enhancement Techniques 111 5.4 Evaluation of the Best Available EKR Practice 120 5.4.1 Energy Consumption 120 5.4.2 Environmental Impacts 122 5.5 Scaling Up EKR for Remediation of Polluted Harbor Sediments 123 5.5.1 Results and Comments 125 5.6 Future Perspectives 129 References 131 6 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation as Onsite Treatment 141 Ana Rita Ferreira, Paula Guedes, Eduardo P. Mateus, Alexandra B. Ribeiro, and Nazaré Couto 6.1 Introduction 141 6.1.1 Emerging Organic Contaminants 141 6.1.2 Occurrence and Fate of EOCs 141 6.1.2.1 EOCs in WWTPs 143 6.1.3 Water Challenges 144 6.1.4 Technologies forWastewater Treatment – Electrochemical Process 146 6.2 Electrochemical Reactor for EOC Removal in WWTPs 148 6.2.1 Experimental Design 148 6.2.1.1 Analytical Methodology 148 6.2.2 Electrokinetic Reactor Operating in a Continuous Vertical Flow Mode 150 6.3 Conclusions 153 Acknowledgments 153 References 153 7 Rare Earth Elements: Overview, General Concepts, and Recovery Techniques, Including Electrodialytic Extraction 159 Nazaré Couto, Ana Rita Ferreira, Vanda Lopes, Stephen Peters, Sibel Pamukcu, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 7.1 Introduction 159 7.1.1 Rare Earth Elements: Characterization, Applications, and Geo-Dependence 159 7.1.2 REE Mining and Secondary Sources 162 7.1.3 REE Extraction and Recovery from Secondary Resources 163 7.2 Case Study 164 7.3 Conclusions 166 Acknowledgments 167 References 167 8 Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil in Cold Climate Conditions: Electrokinetic-Bioremediation Technology as a Remediation Strategy 173 Ana Rita Ferreira, Paula Guedes, Eduardo P. Mateus, Pernille Erland Jensen, Alexandra B. Ribeiro, and Nazaré Couto 8.1 Introduction 173 8.1.1 Hydrocarbon Contamination 173 8.1.2 Oil Spills in Arctic Environments 174 8.1.3 Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil 175 8.1.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) 176 8.2 Case Study 177 8.2.1 Description of the Site 177 8.2.2 Soil Sampling 178 8.2.3 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) Experiments 178 8.2.4 Analytical Procedures 179 8.2.4.1 Soil Characterization 179 8.3 Determination of Metals and Phosphorus 180 8.3.1 Results and Discussion 180 8.3.1.1 Soil Characteristics 180 8.3.1.2 EKR Experiments 182 8.4 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 9 Electrochemical Migration of Oil and Oil Products in Soil 191 V.A. Korolev and D.S. Nesterov 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Specific Nature of Soils Polluted by Oil and Its Products 192 9.3 Influence of Mineral Composition 193 9.4 Influence of Soil Dispersiveness 195 9.5 Influence of Physical Soil Properties 198 9.6 Influence of Physico-Chemical Soil Properties 201 9.7 Influence of the InitialWater/Oil Ratio in a Soil 203 9.8 Influence of the Oil Aging Process 207 9.9 Influence of Oil Composition 211 9.10 Conclusions 220 Acknowledgments 222 References 222 10 Nanostructured TiO2-Based Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Electrocatalysts: A Preliminary Feasibility Study in Electrodialytic Remediation with Hydrogen Recovery 227 Antonio Rubino, Joana Almeida, Catia Magro, Pier G. Schiavi, Paula Guedes, Nazare Couto, Eduardo P. Mateus, Pietro Altimari, Maria L. Astolfi, Robertino Zanoni, Alexandra B. Ribeiro, and Francesca Pagnanelli 10.1 Introduction 227 10.1.1 Electrokinetic Technologies: Electrodialytic Ex Situ Remediation 228 10.1.2 Nanostructured TiO2 Electrocatalysts Synthesized Through Electrochemical Methods 230 10.2 Case Study 231 10.2.1 Aim and Scope 231 10.2.2 Experimental 232 10.2.2.1 TiO2 Based Electrocatalyst Synthesis and Characterization 232 10.2.2.2 ED Experiments 233 10.2.3 Discussion 235 10.2.3.1 Blank Tests: Electrocatalysts Effectiveness toward HER 235 10.2.3.2 ED Remediation for Sustainable CRMs Recovery 237 10.3 Final Considerations 243 Acknowledgments 244 References 244 11 Hydrogen Recovery in Electrodialytic-Based Technologies Applied to Environmental Contaminated Matrices 251 Cátia Magro, Joana Almeida, Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia, Eduardo P. Mateus, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 11.1 Scope 251 11.2 Technology Concept 253 11.2.1 Potential Secondary Resources 253 11.2.2 Electrodialytic Reactor 254 11.2.2.1 Electrodes 254 11.2.2.2 Ion-Exchange Membranes 256 11.2.2.3 PEMFC System 258 11.3 Economic Assessment of PEMFC Coupled with Electroremediation 260 11.3.1 Scenario Analysis 260 11.3.2 Hydrogen Business Model Canvas 262 11.3.3 SWOT Analysis 264 11.4 Final Remarks 265 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 12 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation of Mixed Contaminants in Soil 271 Joana Dionísio, Nazaré Couto, Paula Guedes, Cristiana Gonçalves, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 12.1 Soil Contamination 271 12.2 Phytoremediation 272 12.3 Electroremediation 274 12.3.1 EK Process Coupled with Phytoremediation 275 12.3.2 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Inorganic Contaminants 277 12.3.3 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Organic Contaminants 278 12.4 Case Study of EK and Electrokinetic-Assisted Phytoremediation 279 12.5 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgments 282 References 282 13 Enhanced Electrokinetic Techniques in Soil Remediation for Removal of Heavy Metals 287 Sadia Ilyas, Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava, Hyunjung Kim, and Humma Akram Cheema 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Electrokinetic Mechanism and Phenomenon 288 13.3 Limitations of the Electrokinetic Remediation Process 289 13.4 Need for Enhancement in the Electrokinetic Remediation Process 290 13.5 Enhancement Techniques 292 13.5.1 Surface Modification 292 13.6 Cation-Selective Membranes 293 13.7 Electro-Bioremediation 294 13.8 Electro-Geochemical Oxidation 295 13.9 LasagnaTM Process 296 13.10 Other Potential Processes 296 13.11 Summary 298 Acknowledgments 299 References 299 14 Assessment of Soil Fertility and Microbial Activity by Direct Impact of an Electrokinetic Process on Chromium-Contaminated Soil 303 Prasun Kumar Chakraborty, Prem Prakash, and Brijesh Kumar Mishra 14.1 Introduction 303 14.2 Experimental Section 304 14.2.1 Soil Characteristics and Preparation of Contaminated Soil 304 14.2.2 Electrokinetic Tests, Experimental Setup, and Procedure 305 14.2.3 Testing Procedure 306 14.2.4 Extraction and Analytical Methods 306 14.2.5 Soil Nutrients 306 14.2.6 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon Analysis 307 14.2.7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 307 14.3 Results and Discussion 308 14.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil 308 14.3.1.1 Electrical Current Changes During the Electrokinetic Experiment 308 14.3.2 pH Distribution in Soil During and After the Electrokinetic Experiment 309 14.4 Removal of Cr 310 14.4.1 The Distribution of Total Cr and Its Electroosmotic Flow During the Electrokinetic Experiment 310 14.5 Effects of the Electrokinetic Process on Some Soil Properties 312 14.5.1 Soil Organic Carbon 312 14.5.2 Soil-Available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium 314 14.5.3 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon 318 14.6 Conclusion 318 References 319 15 Management of Clay Properties Based on Electrokinetic Nanotechnology 323 D.S. Nesterov and V.A. Korolev 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Objects of the Study 326 15.3 Methods of the Study 328 15.4 Results and Discussion 330 15.4.1 Regulation of Soil rN 330 15.4.2 Regulation of Oxidation-Reduction Potential 332 15.4.3 Regulation of Soil Particle Surface-Charge Density 332 15.4.4 EDL Parameter Regulation 339 15.4.5 Regulation of Clay CEC 343 15.4.6 Regulation of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soils 345 15.4.7 Regulation of Soil Texture and Structure 346 15.4.8 Regulation of Physical Clay Properties 352 15.4.9 Regulation of Soil Strength and Deformability 353 15.5 Conclusions 354 Acknowledgments 355 Abbreviations 355 References 357 16 Technologies to Create Electrokinetic Protective Barriers 363 D.S. Nesterov and V.A. Korolev 16.1 Introduction 363 16.2 Conventional Electrokinetic Barriers 366 16.2.1 Cationic Contaminants 366 16.2.2 Anionic Pollutants 367 16.2.3 Advanced EKB Implementations 367 16.2.4 Using EKBs for Soil Remediation 368 16.3 Electrokinetic Barrier with Ion-Selective Membranes (IS-EKB) 369 16.4 Electrokinetic Barrier Based on Geosynthetics (EKG-B) 370 16.5 Bio-Electrokinetic Protective Barrier (Bio-EKB) 371 16.6 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB) 376 16.6.1 EK-PRBs Based on Activated Carbon 377 16.6.2 EK-PRBs Based on Iron Compounds 378 16.6.2.1 ZVI-Based EK-PRBs 379 16.6.2.2 EK-PRBs Based on Ferric/Ferrous Compounds 381 16.6.3 EK-PRBs Based on Red Mud 382 16.6.4 EK-PRBs Based on Zeolites 383 16.6.5 EK-PRBs Based on Clays or Modified Soils 383 16.6.6 Other Materials for the Creation of EK-PRBs 384 16.7 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers to Prevent Radionuclide Contamination 397 16.8 Conclusion 400 Acknowledgments 401 Abbreviations 401 References 403 17 Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater: Sensor Potential for Monitoring Electroremediation Systems 413 Cátia Magro, Eduardo P. Mateus, Maria de Fátima Raposo, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 17.1 Scope 413 17.2 Removal Technologies: Electroremediation Treatment 416 17.3 Monitoring Tool: Electronic Tongues Devices 417 17.3.1 Sensor Design 418 17.3.1.1 Thin-Film Nanomaterials 419 17.3.1.2 Promising Thin-Film Deposition Techniques 420 17.3.1.3 Electrical Measurements: Impedance Spectroscopy 422 17.3.2 Data Treatment 424 17.4 Critical View on Coupling EK and Electronic Tongues 424 17.5 Final Remarks 427 Acknowledgments 428 References 428 18 Perspectives on Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Soil 433 Paula Guedes, Nazaré Couto, Eduardo P. Mateus, Cristina Silva Pereira, and Alexandra B. Ribeiro 18.1 Introduction 433 18.1.1 Soil Pollution 433 18.1.2 Contaminants of Emerging Concern 434 18.2 Electrokinetic Process 436 18.2.1 Removal Mechanisms 437 18.2.2 Electro-Degradation Mechanisms 439 18.2.3 Enhanced Bio-Degradation 442 18.3 Conclusion 445 Acknowledgments 446 References 446 19 Electrokinetic Remediation for the Removal of Organic Waste in Soil and Sediments 453 S.M.P.A Koliyabandara, Chamika Siriwardhana, Sakuni M. De Silva, Janitha Walpita, and Asitha T. Cooray 19.1 Introduction 453 19.2 Organic Soil Pollution 453 19.2.1 The Fate of Organic Soil Pollutants 455 19.2.2 Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation of Soil Pollutants 455 19.3 Soil Remediation Methods 456 19.3.1 Physical Methods 456 19.3.1.1 Capping 456 19.3.1.2 Thermal Desorption 457 19.3.1.3 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) 458 19.3.1.4 Incineration 458 19.3.1.5 Air Sparging 458 19.3.2 Chemical Methods 458 19.3.2.1 SoilWashing/Flushing 459 19.3.2.2 Chemical Oxidation Remediation 459 19.3.3 Bioremediation 460 19.3.3.1 Microbial Remediation 460 19.3.3.2 Phytoremediation 460 19.4 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) 461 19.4.1 Basic Principles of EKR 461 19.4.1.1 Electrolysis of PoreWater 462 19.4.1.2 Electromigration 462 19.4.1.3 Electroosmosis 464 19.4.1.4 Electrophoresis 464 19.5 EKR for the Treatment of Soils and Sediments 464 19.5.1 Enhancement Techniques Coupled with EKR 466 19.5.1.1 Techniques Used to Enhance the Solubility of Contaminants 466 19.5.1.2 Techniques to Control Soil pH 466 19.5.1.3 Coupling with Other Remediation Techniques 467 19.5.2 Facilitating Agents for PAH Removal 468 19.5.2.1 Cyclodextrin-Enhanced EKR 468 19.5.2.2 Surfactant-Enhanced EKR 468 19.5.3 Cosolvent-Enhanced EKR 469 19.5.4 Biosurfactant–Enhanced EKR 469 19.6 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Electrokinetic Remediation 470 19.6.1 Effect of pH 470 19.6.2 Effect of Electrolytes 470 19.6.3 Effect of Soil Characteristics 470 19.6.4 Effect of the Voltage Gradient 471 19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective 471 Acknowledgments 471 References 472 20 The Integration of Electrokinetics and In Situ Chemical Oxidation Processes for the Remediation of Organically Polluted Soils 479 Long Cang, Qiao Huang, Hongting Xu, and Mingzhu Zhou 20.1 Introduction 479 20.2 Principles Underlying EK-ISCO Remediation Technology 480 20.2.1 Desorption and Migration of Organic Pollutants 480 20.2.2 Oxidant Migration 482 20.3 Factors that Influence EK-ISCO Technology 484 20.3.1 Soil Properties 484 20.3.2 Dosage and Methods Used to Add Oxidants to Soil 485 20.3.3 Concentration and Aging of Organic Pollutants 486 20.4 Enhanced EK-ISCO Remediation Methods 486 20.4.1 Electro-Fenton Process 486 20.4.2 pH Control 487 20.4.3 Ion-Exchange Membranes 488 20.4.4 Adding Solubilizers 488 20.4.5 Electrode Activation/Electrode Thermal Activation 489 20.4.6 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Methods 490 20.5 Pilot/Field-Scale Studies of EK-ISCO Remediation Technologies 490 20.5.1 Experimental Design 490 20.5.1.1 Electrode Materials 490 20.5.1.2 Configuring Electrode Settings 491 20.5.1.3 Power Supply Modes 492 20.5.2 Pilot Cases 493 20.6 Conclusions 494 Acknowledgments 494 References 495 21 Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Removal of Chlorinated Ethenes: Application in Low- and High-Permeability Saturated Soils 503 Bente H. Hyldegaard and Lisbeth M. Ottosen 21.1 Introduction 503 21.1.1 Chlorinated Ethenes 503 21.1.2 Low-Permeability Saturated Soils 506 21.1.3 High-Permeability Saturated Soils 507 21.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced Remediation in Low-Permeability Saturated Soils 508 21.2.1 Electrokinetically Enhanced Bioremediation (EK-BIO) 508 21.2.1.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Microbial Cultures and Electron Donors 509 21.2.1.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective 510 21.2.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO) 511 21.2.2.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Oxidants 512 21.2.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective 513 21.2.3 Electrokinetically Enhanced Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB) 514 21.2.3.1 EK-Induced Mobilization of Chlorinated Ethenes 514 21.2.3.2 EK-Controlled Reactivity of the Filling Material 515 21.2.3.3 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective 515 21.3 Electrochemical Remediation in High-Permeability Saturated Soils 516 21.3.1 Electrochemistry in Complex Environmental Settings 517 21.3.2 Electrochemical Remediation in Complex Environmental Settings 519 21.3.2.1 Electrochemically Induced Changes in Hydrogeochemistry 522 21.3.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective 525 21.4 Summary 527 References 528 22 Chlorophenolic Compounds and Their Transformation Products by the Heterogeneous Fenton Process: A Review 541 Cetin Kantar and Ozlem Oral 22.1 Introduction 541 22.2 Heterogeneous Fenton Processes 545 22.2.1 Effect of Catalyst Type and Possible Reaction Mechanisms 546 22.2.1.1 Iron Oxides 547 22.2.1.2 Pyrite 552 22.2.1.3 Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) 553 22.2.1.4 Multimetallic Iron-Based Catalysts 555 22.2.1.5 Supported Iron-Based Catalyst Materials 560 22.3 Factors Affecting CP Removal Efficiency in Heterogeneous Fenton Processes 565 22.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Size 565 22.3.2 Effect of Catalyst Dosage 565 22.3.3 Effect of pH 566 22.3.4 Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Dose 567 22.3.5 Effect of Organic Ligands 568 22.4 Reaction By-Products 569 22.5 Mode of Implementation, Reactor Configuration, and Biodegradability 571 22.6 Conclusions 572 References 574 23 Clays and Clay Polymer Composites for Electrokinetic Remediation of Soil 587 Jayasankar Janeni and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya 23.1 Introduction 587 23.2 Electrokinetic Remediation Technique: An Overview 588 23.3 Clay Soil and Minerals 588 23.4 Clay Mineral Classifications and Structure 589 23.5 Layer Charge 590 23.6 Active Bond Sites in Clay Minerals 590 23.7 Properties of Clay Minerals 591 23.8 Clay Minerals and Their Modifications 591 23.9 Organoclays and Their Properties 591 23.10 Factors Affecting the Mechanism of Transporting Contaminants in Clay Soils 593 23.10.1 Structural Parameters 593 23.10.2 Mass Transport 593 23.10.3 Electrokinetic Potential (Zeta Potential) 595 23.10.4 Polymeric Agent Enhanced Electrokinetic Decontamination of Clay Soils 596 23.10.5 Future Perspectives 597 23.11 Summary 598 References 598 24 Enhanced Remediation and Recovery of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Electrokinetic Soil Flushing 603 Yudha Gusti Wibowo and Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan 24.1 Introduction 603 24.2 Metal Contamination in Mining Areas 604 24.3 Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using EKSF 605 24.3.1 Soil Flushing 605 24.3.2 Fundamental Equation for EK Remediation 606 24.3.3 Electrokinetic Soil Flushing (EKSF) 609 24.3.4 Flushing Fluid Enhanced EKSF Performance 610 24.3.5 Preventing pH from Acidification 617 24.3.6 Other Factors that Enhance EKSF Performance 618 24.3.7 Energy Requirements and Future Perspectives 618 24.4 Conclusion 620 References 620 25 Recent Progress on Pressure-Driven Electro-Dewatering (PED) of Contaminated Sludge 629 Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, Amelinda Dhiya Farhah, Mochtar Hadiwidodo, and Mochamad Arief Budihardjo 25.1 Introduction 629 25.2 Electro-Dewatering for Sludge Treatment 630 25.2.1 Conventional Sludge Treatment Systems 630 25.2.2 Overview of Electro-Dewatering Systems 630 25.2.3 Fundamental Equations of EDWSystems 632 25.3 Design Considerations for PED Systems 636 25.3.1 Reducing Electrical Resistance in PED Systems 638 25.3.2 Maintaining Optimum pH and Salinity 639 25.3.3 Determining Sludge Characteristics and Properties 641 25.3.4 Operating PED Under Constant Voltage or Current 641 25.3.5 Determining Appropriate Electrodes (Anodes and Cathodes) 642 25.3.6 Reducing Energy Consumption 643 25.4 Future Perspectives 644 25.5 Conclusion 647 References 647 26 Removing Ionic and Nonionic Pollutants from Soil, Sludge, and Sediment Using Ultrasound-Assisted Electrokinetic Treatment 653 Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, Marita Wulandari, Yudha Gusti Wibowo, Nurani Ikhlas, and Dimastyaji Yusron Nurseta 26.1 Introduction 653 26.2 Overview of Technologies 654 26.2.1 Ultrasonication 654 26.2.2 Electrokinetic Remediation 656 26.3 Desorption and Degradation Mechanism 659 26.3.1 Removing Contaminants by Ultrasonication 659 26.3.2 UltrasonicWave Effect 660 26.3.2.1 Cavitation 660 26.3.2.2 Thermal Effect 661 26.3.2.3 Chemical Effect 661 26.3.2.4 Biological Effect 662 26.3.3 Electrokinetic Remediation Process 662 26.3.3.1 Electrolysis 662 26.3.3.2 Electromigration and Electrophoresis 664 26.3.3.3 Electroosmosis 664 26.3.3.4 Electrooxidation/Reduction 665 26.4 Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation 666 26.4.1 Recent Progress in Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation (US-EK) 666 26.4.2 Factors Affecting Performance 666 26.4.2.1 System Parameters 666 26.4.2.2 Contaminant and Environmental Parameters 669 26.4.3 Future Directions 671 26.5 Conclusions 671 References 672 Index 679

Autorenportrait

Alexandra B. Ribeiro, is Associate Professor in Habilitation in Environmental Engineering at NOVA School of Sciences and Technology at NOVA University Lisbon in Portugal. She received her doctorate in Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark.Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad is Emeritus Professor in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Hyderabad in India. He has published over 216 papers in scholarly journals and edited 34 books. He received his doctorate in Botany from Lucknow University, India in 1979. Based on an independent study by Stanford University scientists in 2020, he figured in the top 2% of scientists from India, ranked number 1 in Environmental Sciences (116 in world).

Back cover copy

Explore this comprehensive reference on the remediation of contaminated substrates, filled with cutting-edge research and practical case studiesElectrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability delivers a thorough review of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for the treatment of inorganic and organic contaminants in contaminated substrates. The book highlights recent progress and developments in EKR in the areas of resource recovery, the removal of pollutants, and environmental remediation. It also discusses the use of EKR in conjunction with nanotechnology and phytoremediation.Throughout the book, case studies are presented that involve the field implementation of EKR technologies. The book also includes discussions of enhanced electrokinetic remediation of dredged co-contaminated sediments, solar-powered bioelectrokinetics for the mitigation of contaminated agricultural soil, advanced electro-fenton for remediation of organics, electrokinetic remediation for PPCPs in contaminated substrates, and the electrokinetic remediation of agrochemicals such as organochlorine compounds. Other topics include:<li><bl>A thorough introduction to the modelling of electrokinetic remediation</bl></li><li><bl>An exploration of the electrokinetic recovery of tungsten and removal of arsenic from mining secondary resources</bl></li><li><bl>An analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants with a discussion of electrochemical advanced oxidation as an on-site treatment</bl></li><li><bl>A review of rare earth elements, including general concepts and recovery techniques, like electrodialytic extraction</bl></li><li><bl>A treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in cold climate conditions</bl></li>Perfect for environmental engineers and scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, biochemical engineers, and scientists working with green technology, Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of academic and industry researchers, engineers, regulators, and policy makers with an interest in the remediation of contaminated natural resources.