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Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry


Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry

An Evidence-Based Reference
1. Aufl.

von: Keyvan Moharamzadeh

103,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 25.04.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9781119312116
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 392

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Beschreibungen

<p><i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side. </p> <ul> <li>Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and restorative dentistry</li> <li>Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions</li> <li>Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes</li> </ul> <p> </p>
<p>Contents</p> <p>Preface xxi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxiii</p> <p>Image Contributors xxv</p> <p>Abbreviations xxvii</p> <p>About the Companion Webstite xxix</p> <p><b>1 Aggressive Periodontitis 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Definition  1</p> <p>1.1.1 Primary Features 1</p> <p>1.1.2 Secondary Features 1</p> <p>1.2 Classification  1</p> <p>1.3 Prevalence 1</p> <p>1.4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 1</p> <p>1.4.1 Bacteria 2</p> <p>1.4.2 Genetic Susceptibility  2</p> <p>1.4.3 Smoking 2</p> <p>1.5 Screening  2</p> <p>1.6 Diagnosis 2</p> <p>1.7 Prognosis 2</p> <p>1.8 Treatment 2</p> <p>1.8.1 Systemic Antibiotics  3</p> <p>1.8.2 Local Antimicrobials  3</p> <p>References  8</p> <p><b>2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 11</b></p> <p>2.1 Definition  11</p> <p>2.2 Aetiology 11</p> <p>2.3 Epidemiology 11</p> <p>2.4 Classification  11</p> <p>2.5 Diagnostic Clinical Features 11</p> <p>2.5.1 Hypoplastic Type 11</p> <p>2.5.2 Hypocalcified Type 11</p> <p>2.5.3 Hypomaturation Type 11</p> <p>2.6 Relevant History 12</p> <p>2.7 Relevant Investigations 12</p> <p>2.8 Prognosis  12</p> <p>2.9 Treatment Considerations  12</p> <p>2.9.1 Management of Children  12</p> <p>2.9.2 Mixed Dentition  13</p> <p>2.9.3 Permanent Dentition  13</p> <p>2.9.4 Adulthood 13</p> <p>2.10 Survival of Restorations 13</p> <p>References  18</p> <p><b>3 Apical Periodontitis 19</b></p> <p>3.1 Definitions and Classification 19</p> <p>3.2 Relevant Anatomy 19</p> <p>3.3 Immunopathology 19</p> <p>3.4 Aetiology 20</p> <p>3.5 Microbiology  20</p> <p>3.6 Radiology 21</p> <p>3.7 Diagnosis 21</p> <p>3.8 Epidemiology 23</p> <p>3.9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations  23</p> <p>3.9.1 Local Anaesthesia  23</p> <p>3.9.2 Isolation and Disinfection  23</p> <p>3.9.3 Access Cavity Preparation 23</p> <p>3.9.4 Magnification  23</p> <p>3.9.5 Working Length Determination  23</p> <p>3.9.6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques  24</p> <p>3.9.7 Irrigation and Debridement 24</p> <p>3.9.8 Interappointment Medication  24</p> <p>3.9.9 Obturation Techniques  24</p> <p>3.9.10 Coronal Restoration  25</p> <p>3.9.11 Review 25</p> <p>3.9.12 Exacerbation  25</p> <p>3.10 Endodontic Retreatment  25</p> <p>3.11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment  26</p> <p>3.11.1 Preoperative Factors  26</p> <p>3.11.2 Intraoperative Factors  26</p> <p>3.11.3 Post-Treatment Factors 26</p> <p>3.12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment  26</p> <p>3.12.1 Indications  26</p> <p>3.12.2 Contraindications  26</p> <p>3.12.3 Flap Design 27</p> <p>3.12.4 Specific Anatomy  27</p> <p>3.12.5 Bone Removal  27</p> <p>3.12.6 Root End Preparation  27</p> <p>3.12.7 Root End Filling 27</p> <p>3.12.8 Prognosis and Outcomes  27</p> <p>3.12.8.1 Preoperative Factors  28</p> <p>3.12.8.2 Intraoperative Factors  28</p> <p>References  29</p> <p><b>4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 33</b></p> <p>4.1 Definition and Staging 33</p> <p>4.2 Pathogenesis 33</p> <p>4.3 Prevalence 33</p> <p>4.4 Prevention  34</p> <p>4.5 Assessment and Investigations 34</p> <p>4.6 Treatment Considerations  34</p> <p>References  36</p> <p><b>5 Caries 37</b></p> <p>5.1 Definition and Aetiology 37</p> <p>5.2 Pathogenesis 37</p> <p>5.3 Epidemiology 37</p> <p>5.4 Classification  37</p> <p>5.5 Relevant History 38</p> <p>5.6 Clinical Examination of Caries 38</p> <p>5.7 Differential Diagnosis 38</p> <p>5.8 Prevention  38</p> <p>5.8.1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control  38</p> <p>5.8.2 Diet 38</p> <p>5.8.3 Fluoride 38</p> <p>5.8.4 Fissure Sealing 39</p> <p>5.9 Treatment Considerations  39</p> <p>5.9.1 Primary Teeth  39</p> <p>5.9.2 Permanent Teeth 39</p> <p>5.9.2.1 Minimally Invasive Techniques 39</p> <p>5.9.2.2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth  40</p> <p>References  41</p> <p><b>6 Chronic Periodontitis  45</b></p> <p>6.1 Definition and Classification 45</p> <p>6.2 Clinical Features and Characteristics  45</p> <p>6.3 Periodontal Indices  45</p> <p>6.4 Epidemiology 47</p> <p>6.5 Risk Factors  47</p> <p>6.5.1 Local Risk Factors  47</p> <p>6.5.2 Systemic Risk Factors  47</p> <p>6.5.2.1 Smoking Tobacco  47</p> <p>6.5.2.2 Diabetes  47</p> <p>6.5.2.3 Genetics 48</p> <p>6.5.2.4 Osteoporosis  48</p> <p>6.5.2.5 Psychosocial Factors  48</p> <p>6.5.2.6 Other Considerations  48</p> <p>6.6 Microbiology  48</p> <p>6.7 Pathogenesis 49</p> <p>6.8 Role of Occlusal Trauma  49</p> <p>6.9 Treatment 50</p> <p>6.9.1 Treatment Goals  50</p> <p>6.9.2 Treatment Phases  50</p> <p>6.9.2.1 Systemic Phase  50</p> <p>6.9.2.2 Initial Hygiene Phase 50</p> <p>6.9.2.2.1 Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control 50</p> <p>6.9.2.2.2 Chemical Supragingival Plaque Control 51</p> <p>6.9.2.3 Non-Surgical Therapy  51</p> <p>6.9.2.3.1 Management of Tooth Mobility  52</p> <p>6.9.2.4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy) 52</p> <p>6.9.2.4.1 Periodontal Surgery 52</p> <p>6.9.2.4.2 Outcome of Periodontal Surgery  53</p> <p>6.9.2.4.3 Treatment of Teeth with Furcation Involvement  53</p> <p>6.9.2.4.4 Periodontal Regeneration 54</p> <p>6.9.2.5 Maintenance Phase  55</p> <p>References  58</p> <p><b>7 Cleft Lip and Palate 63</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction  63</p> <p>7.2 Complications  63</p> <p>7.3 Dental Abnormalities  63</p> <p>7.4 Management of Patients with CLP  63</p> <p>7.4.1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage 64</p> <p>7.4.2 Mixed Dentition  64</p> <p>7.4.3 Permanent Dentition  64</p> <p>7.4.3.1 Orthodontic Treatment  64</p> <p>7.4.3.2 Orthognathic Surgery  64</p> <p>7.4.3.3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO)  64</p> <p>7.4.3.4 Restorative Treatment  65</p> <p>References  67</p> <p><b>8 Combination Syndrome 69</b></p> <p>8.1 Defining Features 69</p> <p>8.2 Pathogenesis 69</p> <p>8.3 Clinical Assessment  69</p> <p>8.4 Prevention  70</p> <p>8.5 Treatment Considerations  70</p> <p>8.6 Management of Flabby Ridge 70</p> <p>8.7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis  71</p> <p>References  72</p> <p><b>9 Complete Edentulism 75</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction  75</p> <p>9.2 Treatment Stages  75</p> <p>9.3 Denture Support  75</p> <p>9.4 Challenging Conditions 75</p> <p>9.5 Complete Denture Occlusion  76</p> <p>9.5.1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) 76</p> <p>9.5.2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR)  76</p> <p>9.5.3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes  76</p> <p>9.5.3.1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion  76</p> <p>9.5.3.2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion  77</p> <p>9.5.3.3 Linear Occlusion Scheme  77</p> <p>9.5.4 Occlusal Adjustment  77</p> <p>9.6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture  77</p> <p>9.7 Tooth Size and Shape  78</p> <p>9.8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners 78</p> <p>9.9 Copy Denture 78</p> <p>9.10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting  79</p> <p>References  81</p> <p><b>10 Deep Overbite 83</b></p> <p>10.1 Definition and Prevalence 83</p> <p>10.2 Aetiology 83</p> <p>10.3 Classification  83</p> <p>10.4 Treatment Options  83</p> <p>10.4.1 Orthodontic Treatment  83</p> <p>10.4.2 Orthognathic Surgery  84</p> <p>10.4.3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment  84</p> <p>References  86</p> <p><b>11 Dens Invaginatus  87</b></p> <p>11.1 Definition and Terminology 87</p> <p>11.2 Aetiology and Prevalence 87</p> <p>11.3 Classification  87</p> <p>11.4 Clinical Examination and Investigations 87</p> <p> 11.5 Treatment Considerations  88</p> <p>References  90</p> <p><b>12 Dentine Hypersensitivity 93</b></p> <p>12.1 Definition  93</p> <p>12.2 Prevalence 93</p> <p>12.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 93</p> <p>12.4 History and Examination 93</p> <p>12.5 Management  94</p> <p>12.5.1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease 94</p> <p>12.5.2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss  94</p> <p>References  96</p> <p><b>13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia 99</b></p> <p>13.1 Definition  99</p> <p>13.2 Classification and Clinical Features 99</p> <p>13.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 99</p> <p>13.4 Epidemiology 100</p> <p>13.5 Differential Diagnoses 100</p> <p>13.6 Relevant History and Special Investigations 100</p> <p>13.7 Treatment Considerations  100</p> <p>13.7.1 Primary Dentition  100</p> <p>13.7.2 Permanent Dentition  101</p> <p>References  104</p> <p><b>14 Dentoalveolar Trauma 105</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction  105</p> <p>14.2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth 105</p> <p>14.3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration 105</p> <p>14.4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption 106</p> <p>14.5 Lost Teeth 106</p> <p>14.5.1 Exodontia Considerations  106</p> <p>14.5.2 Role of Orthodontists  106</p> <p>14.5.3 Autotransplantation  106</p> <p>14.5.4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement  107</p> <p>References  113</p> <p><b>15 Discolouration 115</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction  115</p> <p>15.2 Intrinsic Discolouration  115</p> <p>15.2.1 Alkaptonuria 115</p> <p>15.2.2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia 115</p> <p>15.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria 115</p> <p>15.2.4 Tetracycline Staining  115</p> <p>15.2.5 Pulpal Disease 115</p> <p>15.2.6 Root Resorption  116</p> <p>15.2.7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 116</p> <p>15.2.8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI)  116</p> <p>15.2.9 Fluorosis  116</p> <p>15.2.10 Ageing 116</p> <p>15.2.11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects 116</p> <p>15.3 Extrinsic Discolouration  116</p> <p>15.4 Treatment Options  116</p> <p>15.5 Tooth Bleaching  117</p> <p>15.5.1 Bleaching Techniques  117</p> <p>15.5.1.1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching)  117</p> <p>15.5.1.2 Non‐Vital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching)  117</p> <p>15.5.1.3 Inside/Outside Bleaching  117</p> <p>15.5.2 Bleaching Products  117</p> <p>15.5.2.1 Whitening Gels  117</p> <p>15.5.2.2 Whitening Strips  117</p> <p>References  118</p> <p><b>16 Ectodermal Dysplasia 121</b></p> <p>16.1 Definition and Prevalence 121</p> <p>16.2 Classification  121</p> <p>16.3 Aetiology 121</p> <p>16.4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features 121</p> <p>16.5 Management Considerations  122</p> <p>16.6 Restorative Treatment  122</p> <p>16.6.1 Direct Restorations  122</p> <p>16.6.2 Indirect Restorations  122</p> <p>16.6.3 Removable Dentures 122</p> <p>16.6.4 Implants  122</p> <p>References  124</p> <p><b>17 External Root Resorption 127</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction  127</p> <p>17.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 127</p> <p>17.3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption 127</p> <p>17.4 History and Examination 128</p> <p>17.5 Differential Diagnosis 128</p> <p>17.6 Treatment Considerations  128</p> <p>17.6.1 Non‐Surgical Management  128</p> <p>17.6.2 Surgical Management  129</p> <p>17.6.3 Endodontic Treatment  130</p> <p>References  131</p> <p><b>18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth 133</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction  133</p> <p>18.2 Direct Restorations  133</p> <p>18.2.1 Amalgam Restorations 133</p> <p>18.2.2 Composite Restorations  133</p> <p>18.2.3 GIC, Resin‐Modified GIC and Compomers  134</p> <p>18.3 Indirect Restorations  134</p> <p>18.3.1 Crowns  134</p> <p>18.3.1.1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns  135</p> <p>18.3.1.2 All‐Ceramic Crowns  135</p> <p>18.3.1.3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG)  135</p> <p>18.3.2 Inlays and Onlays 135</p> <p>18.3.3 Veneers  136</p> <p>18.4 Restoration of Root‐Treated Teeth  136</p> <p>References  140</p> <p><b>19 Fluorosis 143</b></p> <p>19.1 Definition  143</p> <p>19.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 143</p> <p>19.3 Prevalence  143</p> <p>19.4 Clinical Features and Classifications 143</p> <p>19.5 Diagnosis 143</p> <p>19.6 Treatment Considerations  144</p> <p>References  146</p> <p><b>20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument  147</b></p> <p>20.1 Incidence 147</p> <p>20.2 Causative Factors and Prevention 147</p> <p>20.3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment  147</p> <p>20.4 Management Strategies  148</p> <p>20.5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments 148</p> <p>20.6 Fragment Removal 149</p> <p>References  151</p> <p><b>21 Fractured or Failed Post  153</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction  153</p> <p>21.2 Reasons for Failure of Post‐Retained Restorations 153</p> <p>21.3 Factors to Consider  153</p> <p>21.4 Risks of Post Removal 153</p> <p>21.5 Post Removal Techniques  154</p> <p>References  157</p> <p><b>22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis 159</b></p> <p>22.1 Introduction  159</p> <p>22.2 Aetiology and Clinical Features 159</p> <p>22.3 Diagnosis 160</p> <p>22.4 Management  160</p> <p>References  164</p> <p><b>23 Gingival Recession 165</b></p> <p>23.1 Introduction  165</p> <p>23.2 Aetiology and Risk Factors 165</p> <p>23.3 Classification  166</p> <p>23.4 Diagnosis 166</p> <p>23.5 Prevention and Non‐Surgical Management 166</p> <p>23.5.1 Monitoring and Maintenance  166</p> <p>23.5.2 Adhesive Restorations 166</p> <p>23.5.3 Gingival Prosthesis 166</p> <p>23.5.4 Orthodontic Space Closure  167</p> <p>23.6 Surgical Treatment  167</p> <p>23.6.1 Gingival Augmentation 167</p> <p>23.6.2 Surgical Root Coverage 168</p> <p>23.6.2.1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts  168</p> <p>23.6.2.2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts  169</p> <p>23.6.2.3 Prognostic Factors  169</p> <p>23.6.2.4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures 170</p> <p>23.6.3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae 170</p> <p>23.6.4 Periodontal Microsurgery 170</p> <p>References  173</p> <p><b>24 Halitosis 177</b></p> <p>24.1 Terminology  177</p> <p>24.2 Aetiology 177</p> <p>24.3 Epidemiology 177</p> <p>24.4 Classification  177</p> <p>24.5 Diagnosis 177</p> <p>24.6 Management Strategies  178</p> <p>References  179</p> <p><b>25 Hypodontia  181</b></p> <p>25.1 Definition and Classification 181</p> <p>25.2 Aetiology 181</p> <p>25.3 Epidemiology 181</p> <p>25.4 Clinical Features  181</p> <p>25.5 History and Examination 182</p> <p>25.6 Relevant Investigations 182</p> <p>25.7 Care Pathway 182</p> <p>25.8 Multidisciplinary Team 182</p> <p>25.9 Restorative Considerations 183</p> <p>25.10 Treatment Considerations  183</p> <p>25.10.1 Preventive Care 183</p> <p>25.10.2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth  183</p> <p>25.10.3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors 183</p> <p>25.10.3.1 Space Closure  183</p> <p>25.10.3.2 Space Opening  184</p> <p>25.10.4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth  184</p> <p>25.10.5 Maxillary Midline Diastema 184</p> <p>25.10.6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth  184</p> <p>25.10.7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth 185</p> <p>25.10.7.1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB)  185</p> <p>25.10.7.2 Conventional Bridge 186</p> <p>25.10.7.3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture 186</p> <p>25.10.7.4 Implant‐Retained Prosthesis  186</p> <p>25.10.8 General Maintenance Requirements  187</p> <p>References  191</p> <p><b>26 Internal Root Resorption 193</b></p> <p>26.1 Definition  193</p> <p>26.2 Pathogenesis  193</p> <p>26.3 Predisposing Factors 193</p> <p>26.4 Epidemiology 193</p> <p>26.5 Classification  193</p> <p>26.6 Diagnosis 193</p> <p>26.6.1 Clinical Features  194</p> <p>26.6.2 Radiographic Features 194</p> <p>26.7 Treatment Considerations  194</p> <p>References  196</p> <p><b>27 Irrigation Accidents 197</b></p> <p>27.1 Introduction  197</p> <p>27.2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes 197</p> <p>27.3 Signs and Symptoms 197</p> <p>27.4 Prevention  197</p> <p>27.5 Management  198</p> <p>References  200</p> <p><b>28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor 201</b></p> <p>28.1 Introduction  201</p> <p>28.2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques  201</p> <p>28.2.1 Lateral Approach  201</p> <p>28.2.1.1 Indications and Contraindications  201</p> <p>28.2.1.2 Preoperative Assessment 201</p> <p>28.2.1.3 Surgical Approach 202</p> <p>28.2.1.4 Bone Grafting  202</p> <p>28.2.1.5 Postoperative Care and Complications 203</p> <p>28.2.2 Crestal Approach  203</p> <p>28.3 Implant Survival 203</p> <p>References  204</p> <p><b>29 Microdontia  207</b></p> <p>29.1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification 207</p> <p>29.2 Aetiology 207</p> <p>29.3 Examination and Diagnosis 207</p> <p>29.4 Management  207</p> <p>References  210</p> <p><b>30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases 211</b></p> <p>30.1 Introduction  211</p> <p>30.2 Epidemiology 211</p> <p>30.3 Predisposing Factors 211</p> <p>30.4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 211</p> <p>30.5 Microbiology and Histology 211</p> <p>30.6 Management  212</p> <p>30.6.1 Acute Phase Treatment  212</p> <p>30.6.2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease  212</p> <p>30.6.3 Corrective Phase Treatment  212</p> <p>30.4 Maintenance  212</p> <p>References  213</p> <p><b>31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion 215</b></p> <p>31.1 Definitions  215</p> <p>31.2 Occlusal Philosophies 215</p> <p>31.3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion 216</p> <p>31.4 Articulators  216</p> <p>31.5 Face‐bow  216</p> <p>31.6 Conformative Approach 217</p> <p>31.7 Reorganisation of Occlusion  217</p> <p>31.8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology 217</p> <p>References  219</p> <p><b>32 Oncology‐Related Defects in Mandible 221</b></p> <p>32.1 Introduction  221</p> <p>32.2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management 221</p> <p>32.3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible 222</p> <p>32.4 Classification of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5.1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5.2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects  223</p> <p>32.5.2.1 Pretherapy Dental Screening  223</p> <p>32.5.2.2 Prosthetic Challenges  223</p> <p>32.5.2.3 Conventional Prosthetic Management  224</p> <p>32.5.2.4 Implants in Oncology Patients  224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.1 Indications and Limitations  224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.2 Relevant History and Preoperative Examination 224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.3 Planning, Timing and Design Considerations 225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.4 Primary Implants  225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.5 Implants in Irradiated Bone  225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.6 Implants in Grafted Bone Flaps  225</p> <p>References  229</p> <p><b>33 Oncology‐Related Defects in Maxillae 233</b></p> <p>33.1 Maxillary Tumours  233</p> <p>33.2 Surgical Resection  233</p> <p>33.3 Classification of Maxillary Defects 233</p> <p>33.4 Surgical Reconstruction  234</p> <p>33.4.1 Local and Regional Flaps 234</p> <p>33.4.2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps  234</p> <p>33.4.3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps 234</p> <p>33.5 Prosthetic Treatment 234</p> <p>33.6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment  234</p> <p>33.7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases  235</p> <p>33.7.1 Surgical Obturator  235</p> <p>33.7.2 Interim Obturator  235</p> <p>33.7.3 Definitive Obturator  236</p> <p>33.8 Soft Palate Defects  236</p> <p>33.9 Osseointegrated Implants  236</p> <p>References  238</p> <p><b>34 Open Apex (Immature Non‐Vital Teeth) 241</b></p> <p>34.1 Definition  241</p> <p>34.2 Aetiology 241</p> <p>34.3 Classification  241</p> <p>34.4 Management Strategies  241</p> <p>34.4.1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices  241</p> <p>34.4.2 Irrigation Considerations  241</p> <p>34.4.3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification 242</p> <p>34.4.4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier 242</p> <p>34.4.4.1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate 242</p> <p>34.4.4.2 Biodentine<sup>®</sup>  242</p> <p>34.4.5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment  242</p> <p>References  244</p> <p><b>35 Open Bite 247</b></p> <p>35.1 Definition and Classification 247</p> <p>35.2 Aetiology 247</p> <p>35.3 Incidence 247</p> <p>35.4 Indications for Treatment  247</p> <p>35.5 Treatment Options  247</p> <p>35.5.1 Prevention  247</p> <p>35.5.2 Orthodontic Treatment  247</p> <p>35.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery  248</p> <p>35.5.4 Restorative Treatment  248</p> <p>References  250</p> <p><b>36 Osteoradionecrosis 251</b></p> <p>36.1 Definition and Pathogenesis 251</p> <p>36.2 Prevalence  251</p> <p>36.3 Risk Factors  251</p> <p>36.4 Classification of ORN  251</p> <p>36.5 Diagnosis 252</p> <p>36.6 Prevention  252</p> <p>36.6.1 Pre‐Radiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions 252</p> <p>36.6.2 Patient Education  252</p> <p>36.6.3 Minimising Trauma  252</p> <p>36.6.4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics 252</p> <p>36.7 Management  253</p> <p>References  254</p> <p><b>37 Partial Edentulism – Implant Treatment 257</b></p> <p>37.1 Introduction  257</p> <p>37.2 Preoperative Patient Assessment 257</p> <p>37.2.1 History  257</p> <p>37.2.2 Clinical Examination  257</p> <p>37.2.3 Special Investigations 257</p> <p>37.3 Risk Factors  258</p> <p>37.3.1 Local Risk Factors  258</p> <p>37.3.2 Systemic Risk Factors  258</p> <p>37.3.3 Behavioural Risk Factors 259</p> <p>37.4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent 259</p> <p>37.5 Treatment Considerations  259</p> <p>37.5.1 Planning Stage 259</p> <p>37.5.2 Surgical Stage  260</p> <p>37.5.3 Prosthetic Treatment 260</p> <p>37.5.4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants  261</p> <p>37.5.5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants  261</p> <p>37.5.6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients  261</p> <p>37.5.7 Maintenance  262</p> <p>37.5.8 Implant Complications  262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Biological Complications  262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Mechanical Complications  262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Aesthetic Complications  263</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Evidence  263</p> <p>37.6 Implant Survival 263</p> <p>37.6.1 Implant‐Retained Single Crowns 263</p> <p>37.6.2 Implant‐Retained Bridge  263</p> <p>37.7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction  263</p> <p>37.8 Timing of Implant Loading 264</p> <p>References  269</p> <p><b>38 Partial Edentulism – Partial Denture Treatment  273</b></p> <p>38.1 Introduction  273</p> <p>38.2 Removable Partial Denture Types 273</p> <p>38.2.1 Acrylic Dentures  273</p> <p>38.2.2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs  273</p> <p>38.2.3 Flexible Dentures  274</p> <p>38.2.4 Hypoallergenic Dentures 274</p> <p>38.2.5 PEEK‐based RPDs 274</p> <p>38.3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches 274</p> <p>38.4 General Guidelines  274</p> <p>38.5 RPD Design  274</p> <p>38.5.1 Surveying 274</p> <p>38.5.2 Occlusal Analysis 274</p> <p>38.5.3 Replacing Anterior Teeth  274</p> <p>38.5.4 Milled Crowns 275</p> <p>38.5.5 Components of RPD Design 275</p> <p>38.5.6 Saddle Areas 275</p> <p>38.5.7 Rests  275</p> <p>38.5.8 Retentive Clasps 275</p> <p>38.5.9 Indirect Retainer  275</p> <p>38.5.10 Mandibular Major Connectors  275</p> <p>38.5.11 Maxillary Major Connectors  276</p> <p>38.5.12 Minor Connectors  276</p> <p>38.6 Swing‐Lock RPD  276</p> <p>References  278</p> <p><b>39 Perforation 281</b></p> <p>39.1 Definition 281</p> <p>39.2 Causes  281</p> <p>39.3 Pathogenesis  281</p> <p>39.4 Epidemiology 281</p> <p>39.5 Classification  281</p> <p>39.6 Diagnosis 281</p> <p>39.7 Prognosis  282</p> <p>39.8 Management  282</p> <p>39.8.1 Extraction 282</p> <p>39.8.2 Non‐Surgical Treatment  282</p> <p>39.8.3 Surgical Treatment  282</p> <p>39.9 Treatment Outcomes 283</p> <p>References  285</p> <p><b>40 Peri‐Implant Diseases 287</b></p> <p>40.1 Definitions  287</p> <p>40.2 Aetiology 287</p> <p>40.3 Risk Factors  287</p> <p>40.4 Prevalence  287</p> <p>40.5 Diagnostic Criteria  287</p> <p>40.6 Patient Assessment  288</p> <p>40.6.1 Implant Identification  288</p> <p>40.6.2 Relevant History 288</p> <p>40.6.3 Assessment of Suprastructure 288</p> <p>40.6.4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures 288</p> <p>40.6.5 Assessment of Peri‐Implant Soft Tissue  288</p> <p>40.6.6 Radiographic Assessment 288</p> <p>40.7 Management of Peri‐Implant Mucositis  288</p> <p>40.8 Management of Peri‐Implantitis  288</p> <p>References  291</p> <p><b>41 Periodontal Abscess 293</b></p> <p>41.1 Definition and Classification 293</p> <p>41.2 Pathogenesis  293</p> <p>41.3 Prevalence  293</p> <p>41.4 Microbiology  293</p> <p>41.5 Diagnosis 293</p> <p>41.6 Differential Diagnosis 294</p> <p>41.7 Treatment 294</p> <p>References  296</p> <p><b>42 Periodontic‐Endodontic Lesion 297</b></p> <p>42.1 Definition and Classification 297</p> <p>42.2 Diagnosis 297</p> <p>42.3 Prognosis  297</p> <p>42.4 Management  298</p> <p>References  300</p> <p><b>43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease 301</b></p> <p>43.1 Introduction  301</p> <p>43.2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders 301</p> <p>43.3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders 301</p> <p>43.4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise</p> <p>Specified Group)  303</p> <p>References  305</p> <p><b>44 Radiotherapy Side Effects 307</b></p> <p>44.1 Introduction  307</p> <p>44.2 Radiation‐Induced Oral Mucositis  307</p> <p>44.3 Xerostomia 308</p> <p>44.3.1 Organ‐Sparing Radiotherapy 308</p> <p>44.3.2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer 308</p> <p>44.3.3 Preventive Medication 308</p> <p>44.3.4 Salivary Stimulation 308</p> <p>44.3.5 Saliva Substitution 308</p> <p>44.4 Oral Infections  308</p> <p>44.5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening)  309</p> <p>References  311</p> <p><b>45 Ridge Defects (Generalised) 313</b></p> <p>45.1 Introduction  313</p> <p>45.2 Classifications  313</p> <p>45.3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges 313</p> <p>45.4 Magnet‐Retained Conventional Overdenture 314</p> <p>45.5 Implant‐Supported Overdentures 314</p> <p>45.6 Full‐Arch Implant‐Retained Fixed Prosthesis 315</p> <p>References  317</p> <p><b>46 Ridge Defects (Localised) 319</b></p> <p>46.1 Introduction  319</p> <p>46.2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts 319</p> <p>46.3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery 320</p> <p>46.3.1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques 320</p> <p>46.3.2 Bone Grafting  320</p> <p>References  324</p> <p>47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) 325</p> <p>47.1 Definition  325</p> <p>47.2 History  325</p> <p>47.3 Effect of SDA on Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life 325</p> <p>47.4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function  325</p> <p>47.5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability  325</p> <p>47.6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint  326</p> <p>47.7 Alternative Treatment Options  326</p> <p>References  327</p> <p>48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination 329</p> <p>48.1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia) 329</p> <p>48.1.1 Prevalence  329</p> <p>48.1.2 Classification  329</p> <p>48.1.3 Aetiology 329</p> <p>48.1.4 Oral and Dental Complications  329</p> <p>48.1.5 Examination and Diagnosis 329</p> <p>48.1.6 Management  330</p> <p>48.2 Fusion  330</p> <p>48.2.1 Classification  330</p> <p>48.2.2 Aetiology 330</p> <p>48.2.3 Incidence 330</p> <p>48.2.4 Relevant Investigations 330</p> <p>48.2.5 Treatment Options  330</p> <p>48.3 Gemination  331</p> <p>References  332</p> <p><b>49 Temporomandibular Disorders 335</b></p> <p>49.1 Definition  335</p> <p>49.2 Prevalence  335</p> <p>49.3 Classification  335</p> <p>49.4 Aetiology 335</p> <p>49.5 Diagnosis 336</p> <p>49.6 Special Investigations 336</p> <p>49.7 Management  336</p> <p>49.7.1 Patient Education  336</p> <p>49.7.2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy 336</p> <p>49.7.3 Acupuncture  336</p> <p>49.7.4 Pharmacotherapy  337</p> <p>49.7.5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy  337</p> <p>49.7.6 Anterior Repositioning Splint 337</p> <p>49.7.7 Occlusal Adjustment  337</p> <p>49.7.8 TMJ Lavage  337</p> <p>49.7.9 Surgery 337</p> <p>References  338</p> <p><b>50 Tooth Wear 341</b></p> <p>50.1 Definitions and Clinical Features 341</p> <p>50.2 Aetiology 341</p> <p>50.2.1 Parafunction and Occlusion  341</p> <p>50.2.2 Intrinsic Acids  341</p> <p>50.2.3 Extrinsic Acids  342</p> <p>50.3 Prevalence  342</p> <p>50.4 Classification  342</p> <p>50.5 History and Examination 343</p> <p>50.6 Prevention  343</p> <p>50.7 Management of Worn Teeth  343</p> <p>50.7.1 Conformative Approach 343</p> <p>50.7.2 Reorganisation Approach 343</p> <p>50.7.3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase  344</p> <p>50.7.4 Fixed Restorations  344</p> <p>50.7.4.1 Direct Fixed Restorations  344</p> <p>50.7.4.2 Indirect Fixed Restorations  344</p> <p>50.7.5 Crown Lengthening 345</p> <p>50.7.6 Removable Treatment Options  345</p> <p>50.7.7 Maintenance  346</p> <p>References  350</p> <p>Index 355</p>
"In order to make each chapter easier to read, the author uses the same format, including definitions, etiology, classifications, epidemiology, relevant history and special investigations, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment challenges, management options, maintenance issues, and relevant evidence from the literature […] The book is an excellent guide for under- and post-graduate students, and for those preparing for the ORE,"MFDS, MSc, MRD, ISFE, MClinDent, and DClinDent specialty exams.
<p><b>The author</b> <p><b>Keyvan Moharamzadeh, BSc, DDS, PhD, FHEA, FDSRCS,</b> is a Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Restorative Dentistry and Specialist in Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, at the University of Sheffield, UK.
<p><b>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry</b> <p>This handy reference book on dental diseases and conditions is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side. Each chapter follows the same easy-to-read format, including definitions, etiology, classifications, epidemiology, relevant history and special investigations, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment challenges, management options, maintenance issues, and a literature section. The book provides comprehensive multidisciplinary coverage of diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry, with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions throughout. <p>Presented in alphabetical order, <i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> provides dentists with complete coverage of every issue that they might encounter during practice, from aggressive periodontitis and complete edentulism to dento-alveolar trauma and tooth wear. A companion website offers additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes. <ul> <li>Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry</li> <li>Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions</li> <li>Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes</li> </ul> <p><i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> is an indispensable reference for clinicians in daily practice, as well as a useful study guide for the ORE, MFDS, MSc, MRD, ISFE, MClinDent, and DClinDent specialty exams.

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