Details
Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry
An Evidence-Based Reference1. Aufl.
103,99 € |
|
Verlag: | Wiley-Blackwell |
Format: | EPUB |
Veröffentl.: | 25.04.2018 |
ISBN/EAN: | 9781119312116 |
Sprache: | englisch |
Anzahl Seiten: | 392 |
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Beschreibungen
<p><i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side. </p> <ul> <li>Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and restorative dentistry</li> <li>Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions</li> <li>Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes</li> </ul> <p> </p>
<p>Contents</p> <p>Preface xxi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxiii</p> <p>Image Contributors xxv</p> <p>Abbreviations xxvii</p> <p>About the Companion Webstite xxix</p> <p><b>1 Aggressive Periodontitis 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Definition 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Primary Features 1</p> <p>1.1.2 Secondary Features 1</p> <p>1.2 Classification 1</p> <p>1.3 Prevalence 1</p> <p>1.4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 1</p> <p>1.4.1 Bacteria 2</p> <p>1.4.2 Genetic Susceptibility 2</p> <p>1.4.3 Smoking 2</p> <p>1.5 Screening 2</p> <p>1.6 Diagnosis 2</p> <p>1.7 Prognosis 2</p> <p>1.8 Treatment 2</p> <p>1.8.1 Systemic Antibiotics 3</p> <p>1.8.2 Local Antimicrobials 3</p> <p>References 8</p> <p><b>2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 11</b></p> <p>2.1 Definition 11</p> <p>2.2 Aetiology 11</p> <p>2.3 Epidemiology 11</p> <p>2.4 Classification 11</p> <p>2.5 Diagnostic Clinical Features 11</p> <p>2.5.1 Hypoplastic Type 11</p> <p>2.5.2 Hypocalcified Type 11</p> <p>2.5.3 Hypomaturation Type 11</p> <p>2.6 Relevant History 12</p> <p>2.7 Relevant Investigations 12</p> <p>2.8 Prognosis 12</p> <p>2.9 Treatment Considerations 12</p> <p>2.9.1 Management of Children 12</p> <p>2.9.2 Mixed Dentition 13</p> <p>2.9.3 Permanent Dentition 13</p> <p>2.9.4 Adulthood 13</p> <p>2.10 Survival of Restorations 13</p> <p>References 18</p> <p><b>3 Apical Periodontitis 19</b></p> <p>3.1 Definitions and Classification 19</p> <p>3.2 Relevant Anatomy 19</p> <p>3.3 Immunopathology 19</p> <p>3.4 Aetiology 20</p> <p>3.5 Microbiology 20</p> <p>3.6 Radiology 21</p> <p>3.7 Diagnosis 21</p> <p>3.8 Epidemiology 23</p> <p>3.9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations 23</p> <p>3.9.1 Local Anaesthesia 23</p> <p>3.9.2 Isolation and Disinfection 23</p> <p>3.9.3 Access Cavity Preparation 23</p> <p>3.9.4 Magnification 23</p> <p>3.9.5 Working Length Determination 23</p> <p>3.9.6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques 24</p> <p>3.9.7 Irrigation and Debridement 24</p> <p>3.9.8 Interappointment Medication 24</p> <p>3.9.9 Obturation Techniques 24</p> <p>3.9.10 Coronal Restoration 25</p> <p>3.9.11 Review 25</p> <p>3.9.12 Exacerbation 25</p> <p>3.10 Endodontic Retreatment 25</p> <p>3.11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment 26</p> <p>3.11.1 Preoperative Factors 26</p> <p>3.11.2 Intraoperative Factors 26</p> <p>3.11.3 Post-Treatment Factors 26</p> <p>3.12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment 26</p> <p>3.12.1 Indications 26</p> <p>3.12.2 Contraindications 26</p> <p>3.12.3 Flap Design 27</p> <p>3.12.4 Specific Anatomy 27</p> <p>3.12.5 Bone Removal 27</p> <p>3.12.6 Root End Preparation 27</p> <p>3.12.7 Root End Filling 27</p> <p>3.12.8 Prognosis and Outcomes 27</p> <p>3.12.8.1 Preoperative Factors 28</p> <p>3.12.8.2 Intraoperative Factors 28</p> <p>References 29</p> <p><b>4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 33</b></p> <p>4.1 Definition and Staging 33</p> <p>4.2 Pathogenesis 33</p> <p>4.3 Prevalence 33</p> <p>4.4 Prevention 34</p> <p>4.5 Assessment and Investigations 34</p> <p>4.6 Treatment Considerations 34</p> <p>References 36</p> <p><b>5 Caries 37</b></p> <p>5.1 Definition and Aetiology 37</p> <p>5.2 Pathogenesis 37</p> <p>5.3 Epidemiology 37</p> <p>5.4 Classification 37</p> <p>5.5 Relevant History 38</p> <p>5.6 Clinical Examination of Caries 38</p> <p>5.7 Differential Diagnosis 38</p> <p>5.8 Prevention 38</p> <p>5.8.1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control 38</p> <p>5.8.2 Diet 38</p> <p>5.8.3 Fluoride 38</p> <p>5.8.4 Fissure Sealing 39</p> <p>5.9 Treatment Considerations 39</p> <p>5.9.1 Primary Teeth 39</p> <p>5.9.2 Permanent Teeth 39</p> <p>5.9.2.1 Minimally Invasive Techniques 39</p> <p>5.9.2.2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth 40</p> <p>References 41</p> <p><b>6 Chronic Periodontitis 45</b></p> <p>6.1 Definition and Classification 45</p> <p>6.2 Clinical Features and Characteristics 45</p> <p>6.3 Periodontal Indices 45</p> <p>6.4 Epidemiology 47</p> <p>6.5 Risk Factors 47</p> <p>6.5.1 Local Risk Factors 47</p> <p>6.5.2 Systemic Risk Factors 47</p> <p>6.5.2.1 Smoking Tobacco 47</p> <p>6.5.2.2 Diabetes 47</p> <p>6.5.2.3 Genetics 48</p> <p>6.5.2.4 Osteoporosis 48</p> <p>6.5.2.5 Psychosocial Factors 48</p> <p>6.5.2.6 Other Considerations 48</p> <p>6.6 Microbiology 48</p> <p>6.7 Pathogenesis 49</p> <p>6.8 Role of Occlusal Trauma 49</p> <p>6.9 Treatment 50</p> <p>6.9.1 Treatment Goals 50</p> <p>6.9.2 Treatment Phases 50</p> <p>6.9.2.1 Systemic Phase 50</p> <p>6.9.2.2 Initial Hygiene Phase 50</p> <p>6.9.2.2.1 Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control 50</p> <p>6.9.2.2.2 Chemical Supragingival Plaque Control 51</p> <p>6.9.2.3 Non-Surgical Therapy 51</p> <p>6.9.2.3.1 Management of Tooth Mobility 52</p> <p>6.9.2.4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy) 52</p> <p>6.9.2.4.1 Periodontal Surgery 52</p> <p>6.9.2.4.2 Outcome of Periodontal Surgery 53</p> <p>6.9.2.4.3 Treatment of Teeth with Furcation Involvement 53</p> <p>6.9.2.4.4 Periodontal Regeneration 54</p> <p>6.9.2.5 Maintenance Phase 55</p> <p>References 58</p> <p><b>7 Cleft Lip and Palate 63</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 63</p> <p>7.2 Complications 63</p> <p>7.3 Dental Abnormalities 63</p> <p>7.4 Management of Patients with CLP 63</p> <p>7.4.1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage 64</p> <p>7.4.2 Mixed Dentition 64</p> <p>7.4.3 Permanent Dentition 64</p> <p>7.4.3.1 Orthodontic Treatment 64</p> <p>7.4.3.2 Orthognathic Surgery 64</p> <p>7.4.3.3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) 64</p> <p>7.4.3.4 Restorative Treatment 65</p> <p>References 67</p> <p><b>8 Combination Syndrome 69</b></p> <p>8.1 Defining Features 69</p> <p>8.2 Pathogenesis 69</p> <p>8.3 Clinical Assessment 69</p> <p>8.4 Prevention 70</p> <p>8.5 Treatment Considerations 70</p> <p>8.6 Management of Flabby Ridge 70</p> <p>8.7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis 71</p> <p>References 72</p> <p><b>9 Complete Edentulism 75</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 75</p> <p>9.2 Treatment Stages 75</p> <p>9.3 Denture Support 75</p> <p>9.4 Challenging Conditions 75</p> <p>9.5 Complete Denture Occlusion 76</p> <p>9.5.1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) 76</p> <p>9.5.2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR) 76</p> <p>9.5.3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes 76</p> <p>9.5.3.1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion 76</p> <p>9.5.3.2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion 77</p> <p>9.5.3.3 Linear Occlusion Scheme 77</p> <p>9.5.4 Occlusal Adjustment 77</p> <p>9.6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture 77</p> <p>9.7 Tooth Size and Shape 78</p> <p>9.8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners 78</p> <p>9.9 Copy Denture 78</p> <p>9.10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting 79</p> <p>References 81</p> <p><b>10 Deep Overbite 83</b></p> <p>10.1 Definition and Prevalence 83</p> <p>10.2 Aetiology 83</p> <p>10.3 Classification 83</p> <p>10.4 Treatment Options 83</p> <p>10.4.1 Orthodontic Treatment 83</p> <p>10.4.2 Orthognathic Surgery 84</p> <p>10.4.3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment 84</p> <p>References 86</p> <p><b>11 Dens Invaginatus 87</b></p> <p>11.1 Definition and Terminology 87</p> <p>11.2 Aetiology and Prevalence 87</p> <p>11.3 Classification 87</p> <p>11.4 Clinical Examination and Investigations 87</p> <p> 11.5 Treatment Considerations 88</p> <p>References 90</p> <p><b>12 Dentine Hypersensitivity 93</b></p> <p>12.1 Definition 93</p> <p>12.2 Prevalence 93</p> <p>12.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 93</p> <p>12.4 History and Examination 93</p> <p>12.5 Management 94</p> <p>12.5.1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease 94</p> <p>12.5.2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss 94</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia 99</b></p> <p>13.1 Definition 99</p> <p>13.2 Classification and Clinical Features 99</p> <p>13.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 99</p> <p>13.4 Epidemiology 100</p> <p>13.5 Differential Diagnoses 100</p> <p>13.6 Relevant History and Special Investigations 100</p> <p>13.7 Treatment Considerations 100</p> <p>13.7.1 Primary Dentition 100</p> <p>13.7.2 Permanent Dentition 101</p> <p>References 104</p> <p><b>14 Dentoalveolar Trauma 105</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>14.2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth 105</p> <p>14.3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration 105</p> <p>14.4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption 106</p> <p>14.5 Lost Teeth 106</p> <p>14.5.1 Exodontia Considerations 106</p> <p>14.5.2 Role of Orthodontists 106</p> <p>14.5.3 Autotransplantation 106</p> <p>14.5.4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement 107</p> <p>References 113</p> <p><b>15 Discolouration 115</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 115</p> <p>15.2 Intrinsic Discolouration 115</p> <p>15.2.1 Alkaptonuria 115</p> <p>15.2.2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia 115</p> <p>15.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria 115</p> <p>15.2.4 Tetracycline Staining 115</p> <p>15.2.5 Pulpal Disease 115</p> <p>15.2.6 Root Resorption 116</p> <p>15.2.7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 116</p> <p>15.2.8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) 116</p> <p>15.2.9 Fluorosis 116</p> <p>15.2.10 Ageing 116</p> <p>15.2.11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects 116</p> <p>15.3 Extrinsic Discolouration 116</p> <p>15.4 Treatment Options 116</p> <p>15.5 Tooth Bleaching 117</p> <p>15.5.1 Bleaching Techniques 117</p> <p>15.5.1.1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching) 117</p> <p>15.5.1.2 Non‐Vital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching) 117</p> <p>15.5.1.3 Inside/Outside Bleaching 117</p> <p>15.5.2 Bleaching Products 117</p> <p>15.5.2.1 Whitening Gels 117</p> <p>15.5.2.2 Whitening Strips 117</p> <p>References 118</p> <p><b>16 Ectodermal Dysplasia 121</b></p> <p>16.1 Definition and Prevalence 121</p> <p>16.2 Classification 121</p> <p>16.3 Aetiology 121</p> <p>16.4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features 121</p> <p>16.5 Management Considerations 122</p> <p>16.6 Restorative Treatment 122</p> <p>16.6.1 Direct Restorations 122</p> <p>16.6.2 Indirect Restorations 122</p> <p>16.6.3 Removable Dentures 122</p> <p>16.6.4 Implants 122</p> <p>References 124</p> <p><b>17 External Root Resorption 127</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>17.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 127</p> <p>17.3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption 127</p> <p>17.4 History and Examination 128</p> <p>17.5 Differential Diagnosis 128</p> <p>17.6 Treatment Considerations 128</p> <p>17.6.1 Non‐Surgical Management 128</p> <p>17.6.2 Surgical Management 129</p> <p>17.6.3 Endodontic Treatment 130</p> <p>References 131</p> <p><b>18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth 133</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 133</p> <p>18.2 Direct Restorations 133</p> <p>18.2.1 Amalgam Restorations 133</p> <p>18.2.2 Composite Restorations 133</p> <p>18.2.3 GIC, Resin‐Modified GIC and Compomers 134</p> <p>18.3 Indirect Restorations 134</p> <p>18.3.1 Crowns 134</p> <p>18.3.1.1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns 135</p> <p>18.3.1.2 All‐Ceramic Crowns 135</p> <p>18.3.1.3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG) 135</p> <p>18.3.2 Inlays and Onlays 135</p> <p>18.3.3 Veneers 136</p> <p>18.4 Restoration of Root‐Treated Teeth 136</p> <p>References 140</p> <p><b>19 Fluorosis 143</b></p> <p>19.1 Definition 143</p> <p>19.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 143</p> <p>19.3 Prevalence 143</p> <p>19.4 Clinical Features and Classifications 143</p> <p>19.5 Diagnosis 143</p> <p>19.6 Treatment Considerations 144</p> <p>References 146</p> <p><b>20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument 147</b></p> <p>20.1 Incidence 147</p> <p>20.2 Causative Factors and Prevention 147</p> <p>20.3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment 147</p> <p>20.4 Management Strategies 148</p> <p>20.5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments 148</p> <p>20.6 Fragment Removal 149</p> <p>References 151</p> <p><b>21 Fractured or Failed Post 153</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 153</p> <p>21.2 Reasons for Failure of Post‐Retained Restorations 153</p> <p>21.3 Factors to Consider 153</p> <p>21.4 Risks of Post Removal 153</p> <p>21.5 Post Removal Techniques 154</p> <p>References 157</p> <p><b>22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis 159</b></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 159</p> <p>22.2 Aetiology and Clinical Features 159</p> <p>22.3 Diagnosis 160</p> <p>22.4 Management 160</p> <p>References 164</p> <p><b>23 Gingival Recession 165</b></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 165</p> <p>23.2 Aetiology and Risk Factors 165</p> <p>23.3 Classification 166</p> <p>23.4 Diagnosis 166</p> <p>23.5 Prevention and Non‐Surgical Management 166</p> <p>23.5.1 Monitoring and Maintenance 166</p> <p>23.5.2 Adhesive Restorations 166</p> <p>23.5.3 Gingival Prosthesis 166</p> <p>23.5.4 Orthodontic Space Closure 167</p> <p>23.6 Surgical Treatment 167</p> <p>23.6.1 Gingival Augmentation 167</p> <p>23.6.2 Surgical Root Coverage 168</p> <p>23.6.2.1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts 168</p> <p>23.6.2.2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts 169</p> <p>23.6.2.3 Prognostic Factors 169</p> <p>23.6.2.4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures 170</p> <p>23.6.3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae 170</p> <p>23.6.4 Periodontal Microsurgery 170</p> <p>References 173</p> <p><b>24 Halitosis 177</b></p> <p>24.1 Terminology 177</p> <p>24.2 Aetiology 177</p> <p>24.3 Epidemiology 177</p> <p>24.4 Classification 177</p> <p>24.5 Diagnosis 177</p> <p>24.6 Management Strategies 178</p> <p>References 179</p> <p><b>25 Hypodontia 181</b></p> <p>25.1 Definition and Classification 181</p> <p>25.2 Aetiology 181</p> <p>25.3 Epidemiology 181</p> <p>25.4 Clinical Features 181</p> <p>25.5 History and Examination 182</p> <p>25.6 Relevant Investigations 182</p> <p>25.7 Care Pathway 182</p> <p>25.8 Multidisciplinary Team 182</p> <p>25.9 Restorative Considerations 183</p> <p>25.10 Treatment Considerations 183</p> <p>25.10.1 Preventive Care 183</p> <p>25.10.2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth 183</p> <p>25.10.3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors 183</p> <p>25.10.3.1 Space Closure 183</p> <p>25.10.3.2 Space Opening 184</p> <p>25.10.4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth 184</p> <p>25.10.5 Maxillary Midline Diastema 184</p> <p>25.10.6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth 184</p> <p>25.10.7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth 185</p> <p>25.10.7.1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB) 185</p> <p>25.10.7.2 Conventional Bridge 186</p> <p>25.10.7.3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture 186</p> <p>25.10.7.4 Implant‐Retained Prosthesis 186</p> <p>25.10.8 General Maintenance Requirements 187</p> <p>References 191</p> <p><b>26 Internal Root Resorption 193</b></p> <p>26.1 Definition 193</p> <p>26.2 Pathogenesis 193</p> <p>26.3 Predisposing Factors 193</p> <p>26.4 Epidemiology 193</p> <p>26.5 Classification 193</p> <p>26.6 Diagnosis 193</p> <p>26.6.1 Clinical Features 194</p> <p>26.6.2 Radiographic Features 194</p> <p>26.7 Treatment Considerations 194</p> <p>References 196</p> <p><b>27 Irrigation Accidents 197</b></p> <p>27.1 Introduction 197</p> <p>27.2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes 197</p> <p>27.3 Signs and Symptoms 197</p> <p>27.4 Prevention 197</p> <p>27.5 Management 198</p> <p>References 200</p> <p><b>28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor 201</b></p> <p>28.1 Introduction 201</p> <p>28.2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques 201</p> <p>28.2.1 Lateral Approach 201</p> <p>28.2.1.1 Indications and Contraindications 201</p> <p>28.2.1.2 Preoperative Assessment 201</p> <p>28.2.1.3 Surgical Approach 202</p> <p>28.2.1.4 Bone Grafting 202</p> <p>28.2.1.5 Postoperative Care and Complications 203</p> <p>28.2.2 Crestal Approach 203</p> <p>28.3 Implant Survival 203</p> <p>References 204</p> <p><b>29 Microdontia 207</b></p> <p>29.1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification 207</p> <p>29.2 Aetiology 207</p> <p>29.3 Examination and Diagnosis 207</p> <p>29.4 Management 207</p> <p>References 210</p> <p><b>30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases 211</b></p> <p>30.1 Introduction 211</p> <p>30.2 Epidemiology 211</p> <p>30.3 Predisposing Factors 211</p> <p>30.4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 211</p> <p>30.5 Microbiology and Histology 211</p> <p>30.6 Management 212</p> <p>30.6.1 Acute Phase Treatment 212</p> <p>30.6.2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease 212</p> <p>30.6.3 Corrective Phase Treatment 212</p> <p>30.4 Maintenance 212</p> <p>References 213</p> <p><b>31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion 215</b></p> <p>31.1 Definitions 215</p> <p>31.2 Occlusal Philosophies 215</p> <p>31.3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion 216</p> <p>31.4 Articulators 216</p> <p>31.5 Face‐bow 216</p> <p>31.6 Conformative Approach 217</p> <p>31.7 Reorganisation of Occlusion 217</p> <p>31.8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology 217</p> <p>References 219</p> <p><b>32 Oncology‐Related Defects in Mandible 221</b></p> <p>32.1 Introduction 221</p> <p>32.2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management 221</p> <p>32.3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible 222</p> <p>32.4 Classification of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5.1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects 222</p> <p>32.5.2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 223</p> <p>32.5.2.1 Pretherapy Dental Screening 223</p> <p>32.5.2.2 Prosthetic Challenges 223</p> <p>32.5.2.3 Conventional Prosthetic Management 224</p> <p>32.5.2.4 Implants in Oncology Patients 224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.1 Indications and Limitations 224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.2 Relevant History and Preoperative Examination 224</p> <p>32.5.2.4.3 Planning, Timing and Design Considerations 225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.4 Primary Implants 225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.5 Implants in Irradiated Bone 225</p> <p>32.5.2.4.6 Implants in Grafted Bone Flaps 225</p> <p>References 229</p> <p><b>33 Oncology‐Related Defects in Maxillae 233</b></p> <p>33.1 Maxillary Tumours 233</p> <p>33.2 Surgical Resection 233</p> <p>33.3 Classification of Maxillary Defects 233</p> <p>33.4 Surgical Reconstruction 234</p> <p>33.4.1 Local and Regional Flaps 234</p> <p>33.4.2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps 234</p> <p>33.4.3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps 234</p> <p>33.5 Prosthetic Treatment 234</p> <p>33.6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment 234</p> <p>33.7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases 235</p> <p>33.7.1 Surgical Obturator 235</p> <p>33.7.2 Interim Obturator 235</p> <p>33.7.3 Definitive Obturator 236</p> <p>33.8 Soft Palate Defects 236</p> <p>33.9 Osseointegrated Implants 236</p> <p>References 238</p> <p><b>34 Open Apex (Immature Non‐Vital Teeth) 241</b></p> <p>34.1 Definition 241</p> <p>34.2 Aetiology 241</p> <p>34.3 Classification 241</p> <p>34.4 Management Strategies 241</p> <p>34.4.1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices 241</p> <p>34.4.2 Irrigation Considerations 241</p> <p>34.4.3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification 242</p> <p>34.4.4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier 242</p> <p>34.4.4.1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate 242</p> <p>34.4.4.2 Biodentine<sup>®</sup> 242</p> <p>34.4.5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment 242</p> <p>References 244</p> <p><b>35 Open Bite 247</b></p> <p>35.1 Definition and Classification 247</p> <p>35.2 Aetiology 247</p> <p>35.3 Incidence 247</p> <p>35.4 Indications for Treatment 247</p> <p>35.5 Treatment Options 247</p> <p>35.5.1 Prevention 247</p> <p>35.5.2 Orthodontic Treatment 247</p> <p>35.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery 248</p> <p>35.5.4 Restorative Treatment 248</p> <p>References 250</p> <p><b>36 Osteoradionecrosis 251</b></p> <p>36.1 Definition and Pathogenesis 251</p> <p>36.2 Prevalence 251</p> <p>36.3 Risk Factors 251</p> <p>36.4 Classification of ORN 251</p> <p>36.5 Diagnosis 252</p> <p>36.6 Prevention 252</p> <p>36.6.1 Pre‐Radiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions 252</p> <p>36.6.2 Patient Education 252</p> <p>36.6.3 Minimising Trauma 252</p> <p>36.6.4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics 252</p> <p>36.7 Management 253</p> <p>References 254</p> <p><b>37 Partial Edentulism – Implant Treatment 257</b></p> <p>37.1 Introduction 257</p> <p>37.2 Preoperative Patient Assessment 257</p> <p>37.2.1 History 257</p> <p>37.2.2 Clinical Examination 257</p> <p>37.2.3 Special Investigations 257</p> <p>37.3 Risk Factors 258</p> <p>37.3.1 Local Risk Factors 258</p> <p>37.3.2 Systemic Risk Factors 258</p> <p>37.3.3 Behavioural Risk Factors 259</p> <p>37.4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent 259</p> <p>37.5 Treatment Considerations 259</p> <p>37.5.1 Planning Stage 259</p> <p>37.5.2 Surgical Stage 260</p> <p>37.5.3 Prosthetic Treatment 260</p> <p>37.5.4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants 261</p> <p>37.5.5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants 261</p> <p>37.5.6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients 261</p> <p>37.5.7 Maintenance 262</p> <p>37.5.8 Implant Complications 262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Biological Complications 262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Mechanical Complications 262</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Aesthetic Complications 263</p> <p>37.5.8.1 Evidence 263</p> <p>37.6 Implant Survival 263</p> <p>37.6.1 Implant‐Retained Single Crowns 263</p> <p>37.6.2 Implant‐Retained Bridge 263</p> <p>37.7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction 263</p> <p>37.8 Timing of Implant Loading 264</p> <p>References 269</p> <p><b>38 Partial Edentulism – Partial Denture Treatment 273</b></p> <p>38.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>38.2 Removable Partial Denture Types 273</p> <p>38.2.1 Acrylic Dentures 273</p> <p>38.2.2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs 273</p> <p>38.2.3 Flexible Dentures 274</p> <p>38.2.4 Hypoallergenic Dentures 274</p> <p>38.2.5 PEEK‐based RPDs 274</p> <p>38.3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches 274</p> <p>38.4 General Guidelines 274</p> <p>38.5 RPD Design 274</p> <p>38.5.1 Surveying 274</p> <p>38.5.2 Occlusal Analysis 274</p> <p>38.5.3 Replacing Anterior Teeth 274</p> <p>38.5.4 Milled Crowns 275</p> <p>38.5.5 Components of RPD Design 275</p> <p>38.5.6 Saddle Areas 275</p> <p>38.5.7 Rests 275</p> <p>38.5.8 Retentive Clasps 275</p> <p>38.5.9 Indirect Retainer 275</p> <p>38.5.10 Mandibular Major Connectors 275</p> <p>38.5.11 Maxillary Major Connectors 276</p> <p>38.5.12 Minor Connectors 276</p> <p>38.6 Swing‐Lock RPD 276</p> <p>References 278</p> <p><b>39 Perforation 281</b></p> <p>39.1 Definition 281</p> <p>39.2 Causes 281</p> <p>39.3 Pathogenesis 281</p> <p>39.4 Epidemiology 281</p> <p>39.5 Classification 281</p> <p>39.6 Diagnosis 281</p> <p>39.7 Prognosis 282</p> <p>39.8 Management 282</p> <p>39.8.1 Extraction 282</p> <p>39.8.2 Non‐Surgical Treatment 282</p> <p>39.8.3 Surgical Treatment 282</p> <p>39.9 Treatment Outcomes 283</p> <p>References 285</p> <p><b>40 Peri‐Implant Diseases 287</b></p> <p>40.1 Definitions 287</p> <p>40.2 Aetiology 287</p> <p>40.3 Risk Factors 287</p> <p>40.4 Prevalence 287</p> <p>40.5 Diagnostic Criteria 287</p> <p>40.6 Patient Assessment 288</p> <p>40.6.1 Implant Identification 288</p> <p>40.6.2 Relevant History 288</p> <p>40.6.3 Assessment of Suprastructure 288</p> <p>40.6.4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures 288</p> <p>40.6.5 Assessment of Peri‐Implant Soft Tissue 288</p> <p>40.6.6 Radiographic Assessment 288</p> <p>40.7 Management of Peri‐Implant Mucositis 288</p> <p>40.8 Management of Peri‐Implantitis 288</p> <p>References 291</p> <p><b>41 Periodontal Abscess 293</b></p> <p>41.1 Definition and Classification 293</p> <p>41.2 Pathogenesis 293</p> <p>41.3 Prevalence 293</p> <p>41.4 Microbiology 293</p> <p>41.5 Diagnosis 293</p> <p>41.6 Differential Diagnosis 294</p> <p>41.7 Treatment 294</p> <p>References 296</p> <p><b>42 Periodontic‐Endodontic Lesion 297</b></p> <p>42.1 Definition and Classification 297</p> <p>42.2 Diagnosis 297</p> <p>42.3 Prognosis 297</p> <p>42.4 Management 298</p> <p>References 300</p> <p><b>43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease 301</b></p> <p>43.1 Introduction 301</p> <p>43.2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders 301</p> <p>43.3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders 301</p> <p>43.4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise</p> <p>Specified Group) 303</p> <p>References 305</p> <p><b>44 Radiotherapy Side Effects 307</b></p> <p>44.1 Introduction 307</p> <p>44.2 Radiation‐Induced Oral Mucositis 307</p> <p>44.3 Xerostomia 308</p> <p>44.3.1 Organ‐Sparing Radiotherapy 308</p> <p>44.3.2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer 308</p> <p>44.3.3 Preventive Medication 308</p> <p>44.3.4 Salivary Stimulation 308</p> <p>44.3.5 Saliva Substitution 308</p> <p>44.4 Oral Infections 308</p> <p>44.5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening) 309</p> <p>References 311</p> <p><b>45 Ridge Defects (Generalised) 313</b></p> <p>45.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>45.2 Classifications 313</p> <p>45.3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges 313</p> <p>45.4 Magnet‐Retained Conventional Overdenture 314</p> <p>45.5 Implant‐Supported Overdentures 314</p> <p>45.6 Full‐Arch Implant‐Retained Fixed Prosthesis 315</p> <p>References 317</p> <p><b>46 Ridge Defects (Localised) 319</b></p> <p>46.1 Introduction 319</p> <p>46.2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts 319</p> <p>46.3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery 320</p> <p>46.3.1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques 320</p> <p>46.3.2 Bone Grafting 320</p> <p>References 324</p> <p>47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) 325</p> <p>47.1 Definition 325</p> <p>47.2 History 325</p> <p>47.3 Effect of SDA on Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life 325</p> <p>47.4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function 325</p> <p>47.5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability 325</p> <p>47.6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint 326</p> <p>47.7 Alternative Treatment Options 326</p> <p>References 327</p> <p>48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination 329</p> <p>48.1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia) 329</p> <p>48.1.1 Prevalence 329</p> <p>48.1.2 Classification 329</p> <p>48.1.3 Aetiology 329</p> <p>48.1.4 Oral and Dental Complications 329</p> <p>48.1.5 Examination and Diagnosis 329</p> <p>48.1.6 Management 330</p> <p>48.2 Fusion 330</p> <p>48.2.1 Classification 330</p> <p>48.2.2 Aetiology 330</p> <p>48.2.3 Incidence 330</p> <p>48.2.4 Relevant Investigations 330</p> <p>48.2.5 Treatment Options 330</p> <p>48.3 Gemination 331</p> <p>References 332</p> <p><b>49 Temporomandibular Disorders 335</b></p> <p>49.1 Definition 335</p> <p>49.2 Prevalence 335</p> <p>49.3 Classification 335</p> <p>49.4 Aetiology 335</p> <p>49.5 Diagnosis 336</p> <p>49.6 Special Investigations 336</p> <p>49.7 Management 336</p> <p>49.7.1 Patient Education 336</p> <p>49.7.2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy 336</p> <p>49.7.3 Acupuncture 336</p> <p>49.7.4 Pharmacotherapy 337</p> <p>49.7.5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy 337</p> <p>49.7.6 Anterior Repositioning Splint 337</p> <p>49.7.7 Occlusal Adjustment 337</p> <p>49.7.8 TMJ Lavage 337</p> <p>49.7.9 Surgery 337</p> <p>References 338</p> <p><b>50 Tooth Wear 341</b></p> <p>50.1 Definitions and Clinical Features 341</p> <p>50.2 Aetiology 341</p> <p>50.2.1 Parafunction and Occlusion 341</p> <p>50.2.2 Intrinsic Acids 341</p> <p>50.2.3 Extrinsic Acids 342</p> <p>50.3 Prevalence 342</p> <p>50.4 Classification 342</p> <p>50.5 History and Examination 343</p> <p>50.6 Prevention 343</p> <p>50.7 Management of Worn Teeth 343</p> <p>50.7.1 Conformative Approach 343</p> <p>50.7.2 Reorganisation Approach 343</p> <p>50.7.3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase 344</p> <p>50.7.4 Fixed Restorations 344</p> <p>50.7.4.1 Direct Fixed Restorations 344</p> <p>50.7.4.2 Indirect Fixed Restorations 344</p> <p>50.7.5 Crown Lengthening 345</p> <p>50.7.6 Removable Treatment Options 345</p> <p>50.7.7 Maintenance 346</p> <p>References 350</p> <p>Index 355</p>
"In order to make each chapter easier to read, the author uses the same format, including definitions, etiology, classifications, epidemiology, relevant history and special investigations, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment challenges, management options, maintenance issues, and relevant evidence from the literature […] The book is an excellent guide for under- and post-graduate students, and for those preparing for the ORE,"MFDS, MSc, MRD, ISFE, MClinDent, and DClinDent specialty exams.
<p><b>The author</b> <p><b>Keyvan Moharamzadeh, BSc, DDS, PhD, FHEA, FDSRCS,</b> is a Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Restorative Dentistry and Specialist in Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, at the University of Sheffield, UK.
<p><b>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry</b> <p>This handy reference book on dental diseases and conditions is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side. Each chapter follows the same easy-to-read format, including definitions, etiology, classifications, epidemiology, relevant history and special investigations, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment challenges, management options, maintenance issues, and a literature section. The book provides comprehensive multidisciplinary coverage of diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry, with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions throughout. <p>Presented in alphabetical order, <i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> provides dentists with complete coverage of every issue that they might encounter during practice, from aggressive periodontitis and complete edentulism to dento-alveolar trauma and tooth wear. A companion website offers additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes. <ul> <li>Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry</li> <li>Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions</li> <li>Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes</li> </ul> <p><i>Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> is an indispensable reference for clinicians in daily practice, as well as a useful study guide for the ORE, MFDS, MSc, MRD, ISFE, MClinDent, and DClinDent specialty exams.