Details

Death of the Chesapeake


Death of the Chesapeake

A History of the Military's Role in Polluting the Bay
1. Aufl.

von: Richard Albright

46,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 29.05.2013
ISBN/EAN: 9781118756669
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 232

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>This unique book focuses attention on the failure of current efforts to cleanup the Chesapeake Bay and suggests an approach often used in cleaning up environmentally damaged sites</b></p> <p>While military munitions sources contribute significantly to the pollution and degradation of Chesapeake Bay, they have been completely overlooked in many of the efforts to restore the Bay. <i>Death of the Chesapeake</i> explores this important aspect of the nation's environmental health. The book also recognizes for the first time that efforts to restore the Bay have failed because of the violation of a fundamental precept of environmental cleanup; that is, to sample the site and see what's there. The Bay itself has never been sampled.</p> <p>Thus, this book presents a view of the environmental condition of Chesapeake Bay that is totally unique. It covers a part of the history of the Bay that is not widely known, including how the Bay was formed. It presents a mixture of science, military history, and novel solutions to the Bay's degradation. In so doing, the author examines the military use of the Bay and reveals the extent that munitions dumpsites containing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as chemical warfare material are affecting the environment. The book concludes with the author's own cleanup plan, which, if implemented, would go a long way toward restoring health to the Bay. The book is supplemented with many photographs and maps.</p>
<p><b>Preface xiii</b></p> <p><b>Special Recognition for Those Who Enlightened the Author on Underwater Issues or on the Chesapeake Bay Itself xv</b></p> <p><b>List of Acronyms xvii</b></p> <p><b>Introduction xix</b></p> <p><b>1 The Formation of the Bay and Its Drainage Area 1</b></p> <p>References 5</p> <p><b>2 Nutrient Dynamics, Depletion, and Replenishment 7</b></p> <p>2.1 Nutrient Loads and Oxygen Depletion 7</p> <p>2.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Munitions 8</p> <p>2.3 Munitions Disposal Areas 9</p> <p>2.4 Chemical Weapons Disposal in the Bay 10</p> <p>2.5 Total Yearly Contaminant Loads from Federal Facilities Entering the Chesapeake Bay 11</p> <p>2.6 Sewage Contamination by Military Facilities 11</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>3 Safety Issues with Old Munitions 15</b></p> <p>3.1 Old Explosives Can Spontaneously Detonate 17</p> <p>References 27</p> <p><b>4 Artillery Shells in the Bay 29</b></p> <p>4.1 Bloodsworth Island Range 29</p> <p>4.2 Seacoast Artillery 33</p> <p>4.3 Fort Meade 35</p> <p>4.4 Naval Research Laboratory – Chesapeake Bay Detachment 36</p> <p>4.5 Aberdeen Proving Ground 36</p> <p>References 37</p> <p><b>5 Bombs in the Bay 39</b></p> <p>5.1 Langley AFB 40</p> <p>5.2 Tangier Island 43</p> <p>5.3 Atlantic Test Ranges, Patuxent River, Maryland 45</p> <p>5.4 Plum Tree Island 49</p> <p>5.5 Ragged Point 51</p> <p>5.6 Hebron Bomber Airport (Intersection of Route 50 & Route 347) 52</p> <p>5.7 Accidental Bombing of Wittman, MD 52</p> <p>References 54</p> <p><b>6 Mines and Torpedoes in the Bay 55</b></p> <p>6.1 The Disappearing Droids of Chesapeake Bay 56</p> <p>6.2 Patuxent Naval Mine Warfare Test Station 57</p> <p>References 59</p> <p><b>7 Military Munitions and Explosives Factories 61</b></p> <p>7.1 Triumph Industries 61</p> <p>7.2 US Penniman Shell Loading Plant 63</p> <p>7.3 Chestertown, MD, Munitions Plant 64</p> <p>References 64</p> <p><b>8 Contamination from Military Constituents Leading to Environmental and Human Health Concerns 65</b></p> <p>8.1 Potential Health Effects of the Munitions Constituents Closely Associated with Military Munitions 66</p> <p>8.2 Perchlorates 67</p> <p>8.3 Lead 71</p> <p>8.4 Explosive Contaminants 72</p> <p>8.5 Sampling for Military Contaminants 76</p> <p>References 76</p> <p><b>9 Chemical Weapons Sites on Chesapeake Bay or in the Watershed 79</b></p> <p>9.1 Aberdeen Proving Ground 79</p> <p>9.2 Pooles Island 91</p> <p>9.3 Berlin, MD 91</p> <p>9.4 American University Experiment Station 92</p> <p>9.5 Patuxent River Chemical Incineration 97</p> <p>9.6 Langley 97</p> <p>9.7 Naval Research Laboratory – Chesapeake Bay Detachment 97</p> <p>9.8 Washington Navy Yard 102</p> <p>9.9 Tidewater Community College – Suffolk 103</p> <p>9.10 Other Hampton Rhodes, Norfolk, Virginia Beach Sites 103</p> <p>References 104</p> <p><b>10 Military Facilities Grouped by Specific Areas or on Specific Rivers 107</b></p> <p>10.1 Potomac River 107</p> <p>10.2 Anacostia River 119</p> <p>10.3 Severn River 128</p> <p>10.4 Norfolk (Hampton Rhodes Area) 128</p> <p>References 134</p> <p><b>1</b><b>1 Radioactive Contamination 137</b></p> <p>References 139</p> <p><b>12 PCB and Other Ship Contamination 141</b></p> <p>12.1 Navy Use of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 141</p> <p>References 147</p> <p><b>13 Environmental Justice 149</b></p> <p>References 151</p> <p><b>14 Cleaning Up the Bay’s Munitons 153</b></p> <p>Conclusion 153</p> <p>References 158</p> <p><b>Appendix I 159</b></p> <p>Executive Order and Comments 159</p> <p><b>Appendix II 167</b></p> <p>Laws Protecting the Chesapeake Bay and Other Bodies of Water 167</p> <p><b>Appendix III 173</b></p> <p>Military Facilities in The Norfolk, Virginia Area Coast Guard Restrictions Due To Military Opperations 173</p> <p><b>Appendix IV 179</b></p> <p>Listing Of Related Defense and Chesapeake Bay Research 179</p> <p><b>Appendix V 181</b></p> <p>Title 33 – Navigation and Navigable Waters 181</p> <p><b>Appendix VI 183</b></p> <p>Federal Facilities Superfund Sites 183</p> <p><b>Appendix VII 187</b></p> <p>1994 Tri Data 187</p> <p><b>Appendix VIII 189</b></p> <p>Installations Within The Chesapeake Bay Watershed 189</p> <p><b>Appendix IX 193</b></p> <p>Fish Advisories 193</p> <p><b>Bibliography 195</b></p> <p><b>Subject and Site Index 205</b></p>
<p>“Summing Up: Recommended.  Academic and large public library collections in the Chesapeake Bay area.”  (<i>Choice</i>, 1 March 2014)</p> <p> </p>
<p><b>Richard D. Albright</b>, a chemical weapons and ordnance expert, has a bachelor's from the University of Michigan, a master of science in environmental health from George Washington University and doctorates from Wayne State and an online university. A former Army officer, he wrote a science bestseller, <i>Cleanup of Chemical and Explosive Munitions</i>, now in its second edition; has testified before Congress, state government, and in federal courts on environmental issues. His work has been featured in <i>Washingtonian</i> magazine<i>, The Washington Post, The News-Herald</i> (Northeast Ohio)<i>, The Press of Atlantic City, The New York Times</i> and <i>The Kansas City Star</i>. He has worked for 20 years to restore the Chesapeake Bay and sailed the Bay for 40 years. He won the Cafritz prize for his work cleaning up a chemical weapons site.</p>
<p><b>This unique book focuses attention on the failure of current efforts to cleanup the Chesapeake Bay and suggests an approach often used in cleaning up environmentally damaged sites</b></p> <p>While military munitions sources contribute significantly to the pollution and degradation of Chesapeake Bay, they have been completely overlooked in many of the efforts to restore the Bay. <i>Death of the Chesapeake</i> explores this important aspect of the nation's environmental health. The book also recognizes for the first time that efforts to restore the Bay have failed because of the violation of a fundamental precept of environmental cleanup; that is, to sample the site and see what's there. The Bay itself has never been sampled.</p> <p>Thus, this book presents a view of the environmental condition of Chesapeake Bay that is totally unique. It covers a part of the history of the Bay that is not widely known, including how the Bay was formed. It presents a mixture of science, military history, and novel solutions to the Bay's degradation. In so doing, the author examines the military use of the Bay and reveals the extent that munitions dumpsites containing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as chemical warfare material are affecting the environment. The book concludes with the author's own cleanup plan, which, if implemented, would go a long way toward restoring health to the Bay. The book is supplemented with many photographs and maps.</p> <p>"Albright undertakes a timely and essential investigation of the pollution resulting from spent and unused munitions in and around Chesapeake Bay—dangerous and deadly waste materials that undermine the Bay's ecological integrity and threaten public safety and human health."<br />—<b>Marie Sansone</b>, former acting director of the D.C. Environmental Health Administration</p> <p>"From now on, I'll stay on top of the water."<br />—<b>Christophe Tulou</b>, former executive director of the Pew Oceans Commission and founder of the Center for SeaChange</p> <p><b>Readership</b><br />The book will have a wide readership. Anyone living in the Chesapeake Bay area who has an interest in the Bay will find this book very important to their understanding of this essential natural resource. At the professional level, government officers, environmental scientists, military personnel, naval historians, and weapons experts will also find this book necessary to read and consult. The book will enjoy wider national and international interest as munitions around the world, dumped in oceans and waterways, affect countries that struggle with cleanup problems.</p>

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