Details

<p>Preface xi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Introduction—Element 29 1</b></p> <p>Introduction 1</p> <p>Color 6</p> <p>Colors of Alloys 8</p> <p>Copper Minerals 12</p> <p>History 13</p> <p>The Modern Copper Production Process 19</p> <p>Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns 22</p> <p>Copper and Water 23</p> <p>Health and Safety 24</p> <p>Copper: The Antimicrobial Metal 25</p> <p>Copper Alloys for the Arts 26</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Copper and Its Alloys 31</b></p> <p>Introduction 31</p> <p>The Rich History of Copper Alloys 31</p> <p>Elements Added to Copper 33</p> <p>Alloy Designation System 34</p> <p>The Unified Numbering System 34</p> <p>Tempers 36</p> <p>Wrought Copper Alloys 38</p> <p>Brasses 40</p> <p>Leaded Brasses 49</p> <p>Tin Brasses 54</p> <p>Phosphor–Bronze Alloys 56</p> <p>Aluminum–Bronze Alloys 58</p> <p>Silicon–Bronze Alloys 60</p> <p>Copper–Nickel and Nickel–Silver Alloys 61</p> <p>Cast Alloys 66</p> <p>Red Brasses 69</p> <p>Yellow Brasses 71</p> <p>Silicon–Bronze Alloys 73</p> <p>A Tin–Bronze Alloy 76</p> <p>Nickel–Silver Alloys 77</p> <p>A Manganese–Bronze Alloy 78</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 79</b></p> <p>Introduction 79</p> <p>Mill Surfaces 80</p> <p>Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection 81</p> <p>Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions 91</p> <p>Textures 123</p> <p>Tin-Coated Copper 135</p> <p>Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing 136</p> <p>Copper and Glass 137</p> <p>Protecting the Surface 138</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Expectations of the Visual Surface 139</b></p> <p>Introduction 139</p> <p>Intent: An Unchanged Surface Appearance 143</p> <p>Intent: A Surface Appearance That Changes Naturally 154</p> <p>Flatness 155</p> <p>Texturing the Surface 160</p> <p>Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys 161</p> <p>In Situ Patination 163</p> <p>Prepatination 164</p> <p>The Effect of Sealants 166</p> <p>The Cast Surface 167</p> <p>Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 167</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms 173</b></p> <p>A Brief History 173</p> <p>Wrought Forms 176</p> <p>The Cast Form 204</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes and Techniques 211</b></p> <p>Introduction 211</p> <p>Forming 213</p> <p>V-cutting 215</p> <p>Cutting Copper Alloys 220</p> <p>Machining 227</p> <p>Soldering, Brazing, and Welding 231</p> <p>Casting 241</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Corrosion Characteristics 251</b></p> <p>General Information 251</p> <p>Categories of Corrosion 260</p> <p>Environmental Exposures 279</p> <p>Acids and Bases 283</p> <p>Copper Alloy Surface Categories 286</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Maintaining the Copper Alloy Surface 295</b></p> <p>Introduction 295</p> <p>Protecting the New Copper Alloy Surface 296</p> <p>Achieving Physical Cleanliness 296</p> <p>Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 311</p> <p>Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 320</p> <p>Repairing Patinas 326</p> <p>Protecting the Surfaces of Copper and Copper Alloys 328</p> <p>Cleaning the Copper Surface 333</p> <p>Removing Copper Stains from Other Substances 334</p> <p>Deteriorating Patinas 335</p> <p>Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals Used in Art and Architecture 337</p> <p>Appendix B Hardware Finish Codes and Descriptions 341</p> <p>Appendix C Numbering Systems Used for Copper Alloys 345</p> <p>Further Reading 347</p> <p>Index 349</p>

<p><b>L. WILLIAM ZAHNER,</b> is president and CEO of A. Zahner Company, Inc. and chairman of Metalabs LLC, and is an internationally recognized expert on the design and use of architectural metals. He is the author of Architectural Metal Surfaces and Architectural Metals: A Guide to Selection, Specification, and Performance, both from Wiley.

<p><b>A FULL-COLOR GUIDE FOR ARCHITECTS AND DESIGN PROFESSIONALS TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF COPPER, BRASS, AND BRONZE</b> <p><i>Copper, Brass, and Bronze Surfaces</i>, third in Zahner's <i>Architectural Metals Series</i>, provides a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of copper, brass, and bronze applications in architecture and art. If offers architecture and design professionals the information they need to ensure proper maintenance and fabrication techniques through detailed information and full-color images. It covers everything from the history of the metals and choosing the right alloy, to detailed information on a variety of surface and chemical finishes and corrosion resistance. The book also features case studies that offer strategies for designing and executing successful projects using copper, brass, and bronze. <p><i>Copper, Brass, and Bronze Surfaces</i> is filled with illustrated case studies that present comprehensive coverage of how each metal is used in creating surfaces for building exteriors, interiors, and art finishes. All the books in Zahner's <i>Architectural Metals Series</i> offer in-depth coverage of today's most commonly used metals in architecture and art. This visual guide: <ul> <li>Features full-color images of a variety of copper, brass, and bronze finishes, colors, textures, and forms</li> <li>Includes case studies with performance data that feature strategies on how to design and execute successful projects using copper, brass, and bronze</li> <li>Offers methods to address corrosion, before and after it occurs</li> <li>Explains the significance of the different alloys and the forms available to the designer</li> <li>Discusses what to expect when using copper, brass, and bronze in various exposures</li> </ul> <p>Written for architecture professionals, metal fabricators and developers, architecture students, designers, and artists working with metals, <i>Copper, Brass, and Bronze Surfaces</i> offers a logical framework for the selection and application of copper, brass, and bronze in all aspects of architecture.

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