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<p>List of Figures ix</p> <p>List of Tables xvii</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Backgrounds 1</p> <p>1.2 An Introduction to Characteristic Mode Theory 3</p> <p>1.2.1 Traditional Modal Analysis in Antenna Engineering 3</p> <p>1.2.2 Definition of Characteristic Modes 6</p> <p>1.2.3 Primary Properties of Characteristic Modes 7</p> <p>1.2.4 Variants of Characteristic Modes 7</p> <p>1.3 Characteristic Modes in Antenna Engineering 10</p> <p>1.3.1 Pioneering CM Studies (1965–1990) 12</p> <p>1.3.2 Recent CM Developments (1991–2014) 13</p> <p>1.4 Characteristic Modes in Scattering Computation 19</p> <p>1.5 Outline of this Book 20</p> <p>References 22</p> <p><b>2 Characteristic Mode Theory for PEC Bodies 37</b></p> <p>2.1 Backgrounds 37</p> <p>2.2 Surface Integral Equations 39</p> <p>2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 39</p> <p>2.2.2 Electromagnetic Boundary Condition 39</p> <p>2.2.3 Magnetic Vector Potential and Electric Scalar Potential 40</p> <p>2.2.4 Electric Field Integral Equation 41</p> <p>2.2.5 Magnetic Field Integral Equation 43</p> <p>2.3 Method of Moments 43</p> <p>2.4 EFIE Based CM Formulation 47</p> <p>2.4.1 Conventional Derivation 47</p> <p>2.4.2 Poynting’s Theorem Based Derivation 48</p> <p>2.4.3 Othogonality of Characteristic Modes 49</p> <p>2.4.4 Physical Interpretation of Eigenvalues 51</p> <p>2.4.5 Physical Interpretation of Modal Significances 52</p> <p>2.4.6 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic Angles 54</p> <p>2.5 MFIE Based CM Formulation 55</p> <p>2.5.1 MFIE Based CM Formulation 55</p> <p>2.5.2 Approximate MFIE-Based CM Formulation 57</p> <p>2.6 CFIE-Based CM Formulation 59</p> <p>2.7 Applicability of the CM Formulations 60</p> <p>2.7.1 Closed and Open Objects 60</p> <p>2.7.2 Electrically Small and Large Problems 60</p> <p>2.8 Computation of Characteristic Modes 61</p> <p>2.8.1 Solution of Generalized Eigenvalue Equation 61</p> <p>2.8.2 Characteristic Mode Tracking 65</p> <p>2.9 N umerical Examples 70</p> <p>2.9.1 PEC Sphere 70</p> <p>2.9.2 Rectangular PEC Patch 81</p> <p>2.9.3 N umerical Aspects of Mesh Density 82</p> <p>2.10 A First Glance on CM Excitations 88</p> <p>2.11 Summary 95</p> <p>References 95</p> <p><b>3 Characteristic Mode Theory for Antennas in Multilayered Medium 99</b></p> <p>3.1 Backgrounds 99</p> <p>3.2 CM Formulation for PEC Structures in Multilayered Medium 103</p> <p>3.3 Relationship Between Cavity Model and Characteristic Modes 105</p> <p>3.4 Physical Investigations on Microstrip Patch Antennas 111</p> <p>3.4.1 Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna 112</p> <p>3.4.2 Concentric Circular Microstrip Antenna 115</p> <p>3.4.3 Corner-Truncated Circularly Polarized Antenna 117</p> <p>3.4.4 Dual Band Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna 120</p> <p>3.5 Applications to Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna Design 125</p> <p>3.5.1 U-Slot Microstrip Antenna 126</p> <p>3.5.2 E-Shaped Microstrip Antenna with Low Cross Polarization 131</p> <p>3.5.3 Summary 138</p> <p>3.6 Conclusions 139</p> <p>References 139</p> <p><b>4 Characteristic Mode Theory for Dielectric Resonators 143</b></p> <p>4.1 Backgrounds 143</p> <p>4.1.1 A Brief Introduction to DRA 144</p> <p>4.1.2 Importance of Modal Analysis and its Challenges 146</p> <p>4.1.3 Early Attempts to DRA Modal Analysis Using Characteristic Mode Theory 147</p> <p>4.1.4 Contributions of this Chapter 148</p> <p>4.2 CM Formulations for Dielectric Bodies 149</p> <p>4.2.1 PMCHWT Surface Integral Equations 149</p> <p>4.2.2 MoM Matrix Equation 152</p> <p>4.2.3 Generalized Eigenvalue Equation for Characteristic Electric Current 152</p> <p>4.2.4 Important CM Quantities 154</p> <p>4.2.5 Generalized Eigenvalue Equation for Characteristic Magnetic Current 155</p> <p>4.3 Analysis and Design of DRAs Using CM Theory 156</p> <p>4.3.1 Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas 157</p> <p>4.3.2 Spherical Dielectric Resonator Antennas 164</p> <p>4.3.3 Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas 170</p> <p>4.3.4 Triangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas 175</p> <p>4.3.5 N otched Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna 178</p> <p>4.4 Computational Efficiency 181</p> <p>4.5 Conclusions 181</p> <p>References 182</p> <p><b>5 Characteristic Mode Theory for N</b><b>-</b><b>Port Networks 187</b></p> <p>5.1 Backgrounds 187</p> <p>5.2 Characteristic Mode Formulations For N-Port Networks 188</p> <p>5.3 Reactively Controlled Antenna Array Designs Using Characteristic Modes 192</p> <p>5.3.1 Problem Formulation 192</p> <p>5.3.2 Design and Optimization Procedure 194</p> <p>5.3.3 Design Examples 199</p> <p>5.3.4 Efficiency of CM-Based Approach 202</p> <p>5.4 Yagi-Uda Antenna Designs Using Characteristic Modes 203</p> <p>5.4.1 CM-Based Design Method 204</p> <p>5.4.2 Design Examples 208</p> <p>5.4.3 Efficiency Investigation 212</p> <p>5.5 Wideband Array Excitation Design Using Characteristic Modes 214</p> <p>5.5.1 Tightly Coupled Wideband Arrays 214</p> <p>5.5.2 Computation of Quasi-Excitations from Characteristic Modes 215</p> <p>5.6 Conclusions 217</p> <p>References 217</p> <p><b>6 Platform</b><b>-</b><b>Integrated Antenna System Design Using Characteristic Modes 221</b></p> <p>6.1 Backgrounds 221</p> <p>6.2 Electrically Small UAV Antenna System Design Using Characteristic Modes 223</p> <p>6.2.1 Reconfigurable Radiation Pattern Synthesis Using Characteristic Modes 223</p> <p>6.2.2 Feeding Designs for the Excitation of the Synthesized Currents 235</p> <p>6.2.3 Experimental Validations 238</p> <p>6.2.4 Summary 241</p> <p>6.3 HF Band Shipboard Antenna System Design Using Characteristic Modes 245</p> <p>6.3.1 CM-Based Broadside Radiation Pattern Synthesis 246</p> <p>6.3.2 Feeding Structure Design 254</p> <p>6.3.3 Experimental Validations 258</p> <p>6.3.4 Practical Implementation 260</p> <p>6.3.5 Summary 262</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions 263</p> <p>References 263</p> <p>Index 267</p>

<p><b>Yikai Chen</b> is a Research Scientist of Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS), Singapore. His current research interests focus on the characteristic mode theory and its applications in antenna engineering. Dr. Chen is a Senior Member of the IEEE and IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society. He is the recipient of the 2013 National Excellent Doctorate Dissertation Award of China.</p> <b>Chao-Fu Wang</b> is a Principal Research Scientist of Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS), Singapore. Dr. Wang is a Senior Member of the IEEE and served on the IEEE Singapore MTT/AP and EMC Chapters as Committee Member, Secretary, Treasurer, and Vice Chairman from 2003 to 2012. He served as Chairman of the IEEE Singapore MTT/AP Chapter in 2013.

<p><b>Describes how to systematically implement various characteristic mode (CM) theories into designs of practical antenna systems</b></p> <p>This book examines both theoretical developments of characteristic modes (CMs) and practical developments of CM-based methodologies for a variety of critical antenna designs. The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and discusses the recent advances of the CM theory and its applications in antenna engineering. Chapter 2 describes the formulation of the characteristic mode theory for perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) bodies and discusses its numerical implementations. Chapter 3 presents the CM theory for PEC structures embedded in multilayered medium and its applications. Chapter 4 covers recent advances in CM theory for dielectric bodies and also their applications. Chapter 5 discusses the CM theory for <i>N</i>-port networks and its applications to the design of antenna arrays. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses the design of platform-integrated antenna systems using characteristic modes.</p> <p>This book features the following:</p> <ul> <li>Introduces characteristic mode theories for various electromagnetic structures including PEC bodies, structures in multilayered medium, dielectric bodies, and <i>N</i>-port networks</li> <li>Examines CM applications in electrically small antennas, microstrip patch antennas, dielectric resonator antennas, multiport antennas, antenna arrays, and platform mounted antenna systems</li> <li>Discusses numerical algorithms for the implementation of the characteristic mode theories in computer code</li> </ul> <p><i>Characteristic Modes: Theory and Applications in Antenna Engineering </i>will help antenna researchers, engineers, and students find new solutions for their antenna design challenges. </p> <p><b>Yikai Chen</b> is a Research Scientist of Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS), Singapore. His current research interests focus on the characteristic mode theory and its applications in antenna engineering. Dr. Chen is a Senior Member of the IEEE and IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society. He is the recipient of the 2013 National Excellent Doctorate Dissertation Award of China.</p> <b>Chao-Fu Wang</b> is a Principal Research Scientist of Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS), Singapore. Dr. Wang is a Senior Member of the IEEE and served on the IEEE Singapore MTT/AP and EMC Chapters as Committee Member, Secretary, Treasurer, and Vice Chairman from 2003 to 2012. He served as Chairman of the IEEE Singapore MTT/AP Chapter in 2013.

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