Details

Building Procurement

3. Aufl.

von: Roy Morledge, Adrian J. Smith, Samuel Y. Appiah
55,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	12.04.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119609520
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	416

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

As an industrial process, construction is unique. The procurement processes used to achieve the successful completion of built assets requires a different approach to that adopted in most other industries, due to the design of buildings being bespoke and the sites being geographically varied. The procurement process is central to the success of any construction project and many of the problems which impact construction projects can be traced back to the procurement phase, so a good understanding of the methods of procurement, the development of a procurement strategy and the influence it has on project success is essential for all those working in the industry. Much has changed in the global construction industry since publication of the second edition of Building Procurement, for example the increase in debt burden of many major economies, widespread adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) Technology in the industry and the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union. This new edition has been rewritten to take account of these significant developments, but at its core it continues to provide a critical examination and review of current procurement practices in the UK, continental Europe (including EU procurement procedures), China, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa and the USA. It retains its original strong emphasis on the need for clients to establish achievable objectives which reflect the project business case and focuses on development of suitable strategies and management structures to meet those objectives in the current construction climate. Building Procurement will be essential reading for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students of construction management and practitioners working in all areas of construction management.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Third Edition xvii 1 Introduction 1 References 5 2 Procurement Strategy: A Literature Review 7 Introduction and Early History 7 Procurement Route Selection Models 8 Towards a Broader View 9 Defining Project Success 11 Team Relationships, Supply Chain Management and Communication and Their Effect on Project Performance 12 Teamwork and Team Performance 12 Partnering: Introduction and Early Development 14 Partnering: A Critical Review 14 Partnering Variants 17 Partnering Dissected 17 Procurement and Multicultural Teams 18 Supply Chain Management 19 The Role of the Client in the Procurement Process 20 The Interrelationship Between the Components of the Overall Procurement Approach: Strategic Procurement Management 21 Legal and Contractual Issues, Including Public Sector Procurement Legislation, and Their Effect on Project Performance 22 International Procurement Comparisons and the Impact of Cultural Differences 24 Risk Allocation and Reward 26 Bid Evaluation Techniques 27 Environmental and Sustainability Issues and the Procurement of Construction Work 29 Sustainable Procurement for Construction Projects 31 Conclusion 32 References 33 3 Principles of Strategic Procurement 49 Introduction 49 Procurement: A Review of Theory and Practice 52 A Strategic Approach to Procurement 54 Components of the Procurement Process 54 Functional Needs Analysis 55 Development of an Overall Procurement Philosophy 55 Components of a Collaborative Relationship 57 Detailed Design of the Procurement Approach 59 Formalisation of Contractual Relationships 59 Selection of the Most Appropriate Partners 60 Implementation 61 Collaborative Procurement in the Public Sector 61 Conclusion 62 References 63 4 Public Sector Projects 65 Introduction: Why Should Public Sector Projects Be Different? 65 What Constitutes the Public Sector? 66 Central Government 67 Government and the Construction Industry 68 Building Information Modelling 70 Responsible Agencies 70 The Gateway Process 70 Local Government and Other Bodies Governed by Public Law 72 Best Value 73 The Public Contracts Regulations 2015 74 References 74 5 Project Initiation 77 Introduction 77 Strategic Fit 78 Payback 79 Assessment of Options 82 Achievability 83 Affordability 83 Defining the Project 84 Prioritisation of Objectives 84 Conclusion 86 References 87 6 Briefing and the Design Process 89 Introduction 89 Project Briefing: An Overview 89 Types of Construction Client 91 Questions to Determine the Type of Client 93 Time 93 Cost 93 Quality 94 Likelihood of Post-Contract Client Changes 94 Degree of Accountability Required 94 Project Complexity 94 The Briefing Process 94 Briefing: A Historical Perspective 95 Different Briefing Approaches 96 The Generic Types of Brief 97 Developing the Strategic Brief 98 Developing the Project Brief 99 The Project Execution Plan 100 What Issues Does the PEP Need to Address? 101 When Should It Be Prepared? 102 Who Prepares the PEP? 103 How Is the PEP Prepared? 103 Project Briefing: The Case of Hospitals 104 Critical Factors for Success in the Briefing Process 105 References 107 7 Procurement Strategies and Procurement Routes 111 Introduction 111 Procurement Strategy 117 Developing a Procurement Strategy 120 Procurement Routes 121 Factors to Be Considered in Selecting a Procurement Route 122 Factors Outside the Control of the Project Team 123 Client Resources 123 Project Characteristics 123 Ability to Make Changes 123 Risk Management 124 Cost Issues 124 Project Timing 124 Construction Times 125 Performance 126 Selection of a Procurement Route 126 Procurement Routes: A Review 130 Traditional (Design–Bid–Build) 130 Design and Build 133 Measurement (Remeasurement or Measure and Value) 138 Construction Management 139 Management Contracting 141 Design and Manage 142 New Models of Construction Procurement 143 Cost Led Procurement 143 Two Stage Open Book 144 Integrated Project Insurance 145 Adoption of the New Models of Construction Procurement in the Industry 145 References 146 8 Project Team Selection 149 Introduction 149 The Selection Process 151 Prequalification 151 Production of the Tender List 154 Tender Evaluation 154 Price 155 Technical Evaluation 155 Commercial Evaluation 155 Interview 155 Award of the Contract 156 Selecting a Consultant 156 Selecting a Contractor 159 Early Contractor Involvement 160 References 160 9 Managing the Procurement Process 163 Introduction 163 The Project Manager 164 First Tasks of the Project Manager 166 Developing the Project Execution Plan 166 Identifying the Project Team 167 Implementing the Procurement Strategy 167 Project Resources 167 Financial Resources 167 Human Resources 168 Physical Resources 168 Temporary Organisational Structure 169 Contractual Arrangements 169 Systems and Controls 170 Time Management 170 Design Management 172 Design Risk 173 Cost Management 174 Quality Control 177 Change Control 178 Commissioning 179 Occupation and Take-over 179 Building Information Modelling 180 The Construction Act 183 Social Value in Construction Procurement 184 Health, Safety and Wellbeing 186 Conclusion 187 References 187 10 The Value of Design 191 Introduction 191 Considering Value in the Business Context 192 The Value of Good Design 193 Managing Value 196 Value Management 196 Value Management Workshops 198 The Benefits of Value Management 199 Value Engineering 200 Application of Value Engineering in the Construction Industry 200 Value Engineering Workshops 201 References 201 11 Risk Management 203 Introduction 203 Risk and Uncertainty 204 Types of Risk 205 Risk Management Strategies 205 Identifying Risk 206 Assumption Analysis 206 Checklists 207 Brainstorming 207 Delphi Technique 207 Cause and Effect of Risk 209 Other Risk Identification Techniques 209 Examples of Risks 209 Analysing Risk 210 Qualitative Assessment 211 Quantitative Assessment 211 Sensitivity Analysis 212 Probability Analysis 213 Decision Trees 214 Choosing a Risk Management Strategy 216 Risk Management Strategies 216 Risk Avoidance 216 Risk Reduction 216 Risk Transfer 216 Risk Sharing 217 Risk Retention 217 Risk Allocation 217 The Empty Chair Theory 218 Monitoring and Controlling Risk 219 References 220 Further Reading 220 12 Partnering Culture and the Management of Relationships 221 Introduction 221 The Latham Review and Subsequent Developments 221 The Rise of Collaborative Approaches to Procurement 222 Collaborative Approaches to Construction Work 223 Contractual Approaches to Collaboration 224 The Joint Contracts Tribunal Forms of Contract Including the Standard Form of Building Contract 224 The New Engineering Contract Engineering and Construction Contract Edition 3 224 The Association of Consultant Architects Project Partnering Contract 225 Perform21 Public Sector Partnering Contract 225 Target Cost Contracts 226 What Advantages Does Partnering Bring? 227 Managing a Successful Partnering Arrangement 227 The Role of the Workshop Facilitator 228 Facilitation Guidelines 229 Agenda 229 Structure and Climate 229 Regular Summaries 229 Control of Phases 229 Gatekeeping 229 Team Composition 229 Managing Relationships 230 Why Is Relationship Management Important? 230 Establishing the ‘Cultural Fit’ 231 What Is Culture? 232 Understanding Culture 232 Achieving Cultural Fit 233 Mutual Objectives 234 Team Development 235 The Nature of Trust 237 Maintenance of the Relationship 238 The Project Supply Chain 240 The Holistic Approach 241 The Bicameral Approach 241 The Unilateral Approach 242 The Collaborative Approach 242 A Case Study: Procurement of a Long-Term Multi-Project Alliance – Sheffield Hallam University 243 Introduction 243 The Campus Development Plan 243 Procurement 244 The Stradia Brief 245 The Contractual Relationship 246 Organisation and Management 246 The Contractor Selection Process 247 The Written Submission 247 The Financial Submission – Tender Cost Models 247 Behavioural Assessment 248 Insurances 248 Selection of the Consultancy Group 248 Conclusion 249 Acknowledgements 249 References 249 13 Privately Financed Public Sector Projects 251 Introduction 251 Historical Development 251 Modern Models for Privatisation 254 Outright Privatisation 254 Participative Privately Financed Techniques 255 Corporatisation and the Use of Semi-Private (Mixed) Companies 256 Publicly Owned Corporations 256 Semi-Public Corporations 257 Management Contracts 257 The Leasing or Build–Lease–Transfer Model 258 Pre-Financing 259 Mixed Models 259 Concession-Based Methods 260 Build–Operate–Transfer 260 Build–Own–Operate–Transfer 261 Build–Transfer–Operate and Build–Transfer–Service–Maintain 262 Build–Own–Operate 262 Lease–Renovate–Operate–Transfer 262 Design–Build–Finance–Operate 263 Design–Construct–Manage–Finance and Design–Build–Finance–Operate–Manage 263 Public Private Partnerships 264 The Private Finance Initiative 264 Genesis 264 Problems 265 Understanding the Rules 266 High Bidding Costs 266 Risk 266 Refinancing 267 Value for Money 268 Design 270 The Relationship Between PFI Client and Contractor 270 Small Projects 273 Concession Agreements 273 Current Developments 277 Conclusion 279 References 279 14 Construction Procurement: Europe 283 Introduction and Background 283 The Development of the Professions 285 Europe 286 The European Union 286 European Procurement Practice 287 The French System 287 The Architect 288 Contractors 288 The Client 288 Contractual Approaches 289 Tender Documentation 292 Contracts 292 Contemporary Developments 294 The Northern European Approach 294 The Mediterranean Approach 296 Greece 297 Italy 297 Spain and Portugal 298 Procurement Rules: European Union Principles and Procedures 299 Non-discrimination and Transparency: The Role of the EU 299 EU Directives 300 The Supplies Directive and Amendments 301 The Works Directive and Amendments 301 The Utilities Directive and the Utilities Remedies Directive 302 The Services Directive 302 The Public Sector Directive 303 Tendering 303 Value Thresholds 304 Tendering Procedures 305 Open Tendering 305 Restricted Tendering 305 Negotiated Tendering 305 Competitive Dialogue 306 Framework Agreements 307 Electronic Auctions 308 Sustainability and Environmental Issues 309 Specifying Sustainability Requirements and the Selection of Tenderers 310 Sheltered Workshops 310 Use of Variant Bids 310 Use of Contract Award Criteria 310 Timescales 310 Award Procedures 311 The Remedies Directive 313 Enforcement of EU Directives 313 References 314 15 Construction Procurement: USA, the Middle East, Africa, and China 315 Introduction and Background 315 Construction Procurement in the USA 316 Introduction 316 Procurement Routes 316 Design–Bid–Build 317 Design–Build Process 317 Construction Management 318 Construction Management at Risk 318 Job Order Contracting 319 Time and Materials Contracting 319 Best Value Selection 319 Summary 320 The Middle East 320 Construction Procurement in Sub-Saharan Africa 322 Introduction 322 Procurement Approaches 323 Public Private Partnerships 325 The Influence of Chinese Investment on Procurement in SSA 327 The People’s Republic of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 328 The Chinese Construction Industry 329 The ‘External’ Construction Industry 329 The Indigenous Construction Industry 330 The Construction Professions 330 Opportunities for Western Companies 331 References 332 16 Procurement of Work to Heritage Buildings 335 Introduction 335 The Heritage Challenge 336 Procurement: The Heritage Context 337 The Value of Built Heritage 341 The Importance of Cultural Significance 343 Statutory Protection for Heritage Buildings 345 Listed Buildings 345 Conservation Areas 346 Scheduled Monuments 346 World Heritage Sites 347 Managing Change in the Historic Environment 347 Planning for Conservation 347 Conservation Plans 347 Conservation Statements 348 Asset Management Plans 348 Heritage Impact Assessments 348 The Planning Process 349 The Role of the Conservation Advisor 349 Procurement Processes and Procedures 350 The Investigation Contract 351 A Case Study in the Procurement of Work to Historic Buildings: The Derby Roundhouse 351 The Existing Buildings: Historical Background 353 The Genesis of the Project 358 The Final Scheme 359 Site Surveys and Pre-tender Investigations 363 The Tender Process 364 The Partnering Process 365 Post-contract Processes 366 Practical Issues on Site 366 Repairs to Historic Structures 366 Integration of Building Services 367 Project Timeframe, Costs, and Team 367 A Case Study in the Procurement of Work to Historic Buildings: The Belton House Stables Project 368 The Existing Buildings: Historical Background 368 The Stables Building 369 The Stables Scheme 370 Feasibility Studies and Project Design 372 Site Surveys and Pre-tender Investigations 374 Procurement Approach 375 Post-contract Processes 375 Practical Issues on Site and Variations 376 Programme and Cost 377 Summary 378 Acknowledgements 379 References 379 17 Summary 383 References 386 A Procurement Route Selection Checklists 387 Checklist 1: Time 387 Checklist 2: Design 388 Checklist 3: Cost 388 Analysis 389 Index 391

Autorenportrait

ABOUT THE AUTHORSRoy Morledge is Professor Emeritus of Construction Procurement, Nottingham Trent University.Adrian Smith is a Senior Consultant in Procurement and Project Management at Stradia Ltd, Sheffield and former Visiting Professor at Nottingham Trent University. Adrian is also a Tutor at the College of Estate Management, Reading.Samuel Appiah is a Director at Stanwell Consulting Ltd and Principal Consultant at HLN Ltd. He is also a Part-time Tutor at Nottingham Trent University.

Back cover copy

As an industrial process, construction is unique. The procurement processes used to achieve the successful completion of built assets requires a different approach to that adopted in most other industries, due to the bespoke nature of building design and geographically varied sites. The procurement process is central to the success of any construction project and many of the problems which impact construction projects can be traced back to the procurement phase, so a good understanding of the methods of procurement, the development of a procurement strategy and the influence it has on project success is essential for all those working in the industry.Much has changed in the global construction industry since publication of the second edition of Building Procurement, for example the increase in debt burden of many major economies, widespread adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) Technology in the industry and the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union. This new edition has been rewritten to take account of these significant developments, but at its core it continues to provide a critical examination and review of current procurement practices in the UK, continental Europe (including EU procurement procedures), China, Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa and the USA. It retains its original strong emphasis on the need for clients to establish achievable objectives which reflect the project business case and focuses on development of suitable strategies and management structures to meet those objectives in the current construction climate.Building Procurement will be essential reading for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students of construction management and related disciplines, and practitioners working in all areas of construction management.Review of the first edition “...a thorough and comprehensive investigation of building procurement...” Construction Management and Economics