Details

Building Brains


Building Brains

An Introduction to Neural Development
New York Academy of Sciences 2. Aufl.

von: David J. Price, Andrew P. Jarman, John O. Mason, Peter C. Kind

59,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 25.09.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781119293712
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 384

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>Provides a highly visual, readily accessible introduction to the main events that occur during neural development and their mechanisms</b></p> <p><i>Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition</i> describes how brains construct themselves, from simple beginnings in the early embryo to become the most complex living structures on the planet. It explains how cells first become neural, how their proliferation is controlled, what regulates the types of neural cells they become, how neurons connect to each other, how these connections are later refined under the influence of neural activity, and why some neurons normally die. This student-friendly guide stresses and justifies the generally-held belief that a greater knowledge of how nervous systems construct themselves will help us find new ways of treating diseases of the nervous system that are thought to originate from faulty development, such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.</p> <ul> <li>A concise, illustrated guide focusing on core elements and emphasizing common principles of developmental mechanisms, supplemented by suggestions for further reading</li> <li>Text boxes provide detail on major advances, issues of particular uncertainty or controversy, and examples of human diseases that result from abnormal development</li> <li>Introduces the methods for studying neural development, allowing the reader to understand the main evidence underlying research advances</li> <li>Offers a balanced mammalian/non-mammalian perspective (and emphasizes mechanisms that are conserved across species), drawing on examples from model organisms like the fruit fly, nematode worm, frog, zebrafish, chick, mouse and human</li> <li>Associated Website includes all the figures from the textbook and explanatory movies</li> </ul> <p>Filled with full-colorartwork that reinforces important concepts; an extensive glossary and definitions that help readers from different backgrounds; and chapter summaries that stress important points and aid revision,<i> Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition</i> is perfect for undergraduate students and postgraduates who may not have a background in neuroscience and/or molecular genetics.</p> <p>“This elegant book ranges with ease and authority over the vast field of developmental neuroscience. This excellent textbook should be on the shelf of every neuroscientist, as well as on the reading list of every neuroscience student.” <br /><b>—Sir Colin Blakemore, Oxford University</b></p> <p>“With an extensive use of clear and colorful illustrations, this book makes accessible to undergraduates the beauty and complexity of neural development. The book fills a void in undergraduate neuroscience curricula.”<br /><b>—Professor Mark Bear, Picower Institute, MIT.</b></p> <p>Highly Commended, British Medical Association Medical Book Awards 2012</p> <p>Published with the New York Academy of Sciences</p>
<p>Preface to Second Edition xi</p> <p>Preface to First Edition xiii</p> <p>Conventions and Commonly used Abbreviations xv</p> <p>Introduction xix</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxiii</p> <p><b>1 Models and Methods for Studying Neural Development 1</b></p> <p>1.1 What is neural development? 1</p> <p>1.2 Why research neural development? 2</p> <p>The uncertainty of current understanding 2</p> <p>Implications for human health 3</p> <p>Implications for future technologies 4</p> <p>1.3 Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental mechanisms 4</p> <p>1.4 Invertebrate model organisms 5</p> <p>Fly 5</p> <p>Worm 7</p> <p>Other invertebrates 11</p> <p>1.5 Vertebrate model organisms 11</p> <p>Frog 11</p> <p>Chick 12</p> <p>Zebrafish 12</p> <p>Mouse 12</p> <p>Humans 19</p> <p>Other vertebrates 20</p> <p>1.6 Observation and experiment: methods for studying neural development 23</p> <p>1.7 Summary 24</p> <p><b>2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous Systems 25</b></p> <p>2.1 The nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm 25</p> <p>2.2 Anatomical terms used to describe locations in embryos 26</p> <p>2.3 Development of the neuroectoderm of invertebrates 27</p> <p>C. elegans 27</p> <p>Drosophila 27</p> <p>2.4 Development of the neuroectoderm of vertebrates and the process of neurulation 30</p> <p>Frog 31</p> <p>Chick 33</p> <p>Zebrafish 35</p> <p>Mouse 36</p> <p>Human 43</p> <p>2.5 Secondary neurulation in vertebrates 47</p> <p>2.6 Formation of invertebrate and vertebrate peripheral nervous systems 47</p> <p>Invertebrates 49</p> <p>Vertebrates: the neural crest and the placodes 49</p> <p>Vertebrates: development of sense organs 50</p> <p>2.7 Summary 52</p> <p><b>3 Neural Induction: An Example of How Intercellular Signalling Determines Cell Fates 53</b></p> <p>3.1 What is neural induction? 53</p> <p>3.2 Specification and commitment 54</p> <p>3.3 The discovery of neural induction 54</p> <p>3.4 A more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules that mediate neural induction 56</p> <p>3.5 Conservation of neural induction mechanisms in Drosophila 58</p> <p>3.6 Beyond the default model – other signalling pathways involved in neural induction 59</p> <p>3.7 Signal transduction: how cells respond to intercellular signals 64</p> <p>3.8 Intercellular signalling regulates gene expression 65</p> <p>General mechanisms of transcriptional regulation 65</p> <p>Transcription factors involved in neural induction 67</p> <p>What genes do transcription factors control? 69</p> <p>Gene function can also be controlled by other mechanisms 71</p> <p>3.9 The essence of development: a complex interplay of intercellular and intracellular signalling 75</p> <p>3.10 Summary 75</p> <p><b>4 Patterning the Neuroectoderm 77</b></p> <p>4.1 Regional patterning of the nervous system 77</p> <p>Patterns of gene expression are set up by morphogens 78</p> <p>Patterning happens progressively 80</p> <p>4.2 Patterning the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila CNS 81</p> <p>From gradients of signals to domains of transcription factor expression 81</p> <p>Dividing the ectoderm into segmental units 83</p> <p>Assigning segmental identity – the Hox code 83</p> <p>4.3 Patterning the AP axis of the vertebrate CNS 86</p> <p>Hox genes are highly conserved 87</p> <p>Initial AP information is imparted by the mesoderm 88</p> <p>Genes that pattern the anterior brain 90</p> <p>4.4 Local patterning in Drosophila: refining neural patterning within segments 91</p> <p>In Drosophila a signalling boundary within each segment provides local AP positional information 92</p> <p>Patterning in the Drosophila dorsoventral(DV) axis 94</p> <p>Unique neuroblast identities from the integration of AP and DV patterning information 96</p> <p>4.5 Local patterning in the vertebrate nervous system 97</p> <p>In the vertebrate brain, AP boundaries organize local patterning 97</p> <p>Patterning in the DV axis of the vertebrate CNS 99</p> <p>Signal gradients that drive DV patterning 100</p> <p>SHH and BMP are morphogens for DV progenitor domains in the neural tube 101</p> <p>Integration of AP and DV patterning information 103</p> <p>4.6 Summary 103</p> <p><b>5 Neurogenesis: Generating Neural Cells 105</b></p> <p>5.1 Generating neural cells 105</p> <p>5.2 Neurogenesis in Drosophila 106</p> <p>Proneural genes promote neural commitment 106</p> <p>Lateral inhibition: Notch signalling inhibits commitment 106</p> <p>5.3 Neurogenesis in vertebrates 107</p> <p>Proneural genes are conserved 107</p> <p>In the vertebrate CNS, neurogenesis involves radial glial cells 111</p> <p>Proneural factors and Notch signaling in the vertebrate CNS 111</p> <p>5.4 The regulation of neuronal subtype identity 114</p> <p>Different proneural genes – different programmes of neurogenesis 114</p> <p>Combinatorial control by transcription factors creates neuronal diversity 114</p> <p>5.5 The regulation of cell proliferation during neurogenesis 117</p> <p>Signals that promote proliferation 117</p> <p>Cell division patterns during neurogenesis 118</p> <p>Asymmetric cell division in Drosophila requires Numb 118</p> <p>Control of asymmetric cell division in vertebrate neurogenesis 121</p> <p>In vertebrates, division patterns are regulated to generate vast numbers of neurons 122</p> <p>5.6 Temporal regulation of neural identity 124</p> <p>A neural cell’s time of birth is important for neural identity 124</p> <p>Time of birth can generate spatial patterns of neurons 126</p> <p>How does birth date influence a neurons fate? 128</p> <p>Intrinsic mechanism of temporal control in Drosophila neuroblasts 128</p> <p>Birth date, lamination and competence in the mammalian cortex 129</p> <p>5.7 Why do we need to know about neurogenesis? 133</p> <p>5.8 Summary 133</p> <p><b>6 How Neurons Develop Their Shapes 135</b></p> <p>6.1 Neurons form two specialized types</p> <p>of outgrowth 135</p> <p>Axons and dendrites 135</p> <p>The cytoskeleton in mature axons and dendrites 137</p> <p>6.2 The growing neurite 138</p> <p>A neurite extends by growth at its tip 138</p> <p>Mechanisms of growth cone dynamics 139</p> <p>6.3 Stages of neurite outgrowth 141</p> <p>Neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neuron 141</p> <p>Neurite outgrowth in vivo 142</p> <p>6.4 Neurite outgrowth is influenced by a neuron’s surroundings 143</p> <p>The importance of extracellular cues 143</p> <p>Extracellular signals that promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth 143</p> <p>6.5 Molecular responses in the growth cone 145</p> <p>Key intracellular signal transduction events 145</p> <p>Small G proteins are critical regulators of neurite growth 145</p> <p>Effector molecules directly influence actin filament dynamics 147</p> <p>Regulation of other processes in the extending neurite 148</p> <p>6.6 Active transport along the axon is</p> <p>important for outgrowth 149</p> <p>6.7 The developmental regulation</p> <p>of neuronal polarity 149</p> <p>Signalling during axon specification 149</p> <p>Ensuring there is just one axon 151</p> <p>Which neurite becomes the axon? 152</p> <p>6.8 Dendrites 153</p> <p>Regulation of dendrite branching 153</p> <p>Dendrite branches undergo</p> <p>self?]avoidance 154</p> <p>Dendritic fields exhibit tiling 155</p> <p>6.9 Summary 156</p> <p><b>7 Neuronal Migration 157</b></p> <p>7.1 Many neurons migrate long distances during formation of the nervous system 157</p> <p>7.2 How can neuronal migration be observed? 157</p> <p>Watching neurons move in living embryos 158</p> <p>Observing migrating neurons in cultured tissues 158</p> <p>Tracking cell migration by indirect methods 158</p> <p>7.3 Major modes of migration 164</p> <p>Some migrating neurons are guided by a scaffold 164</p> <p>Some neurons migrate in groups 165</p> <p>Some neurons migrate individually 168</p> <p>7.4 Initiation of migration 169</p> <p>Initiation of neural crest cell migration 170</p> <p>Initiation of neuronal migration 170</p> <p>7.5 How are migrating cells guided to their destinations? 170</p> <p>Directional migration of neurons in C. elegans 171</p> <p>Guidance of neural crest cell migration 173</p> <p>Guidance of neural precursors in the developing lateral line of zebrafish 174</p> <p>Guidance by radial glial fibres 174</p> <p>7.6 Locomotion 176</p> <p>7.7 Journey’s end – termination of migration 179</p> <p>7.8 Embryonic cerebral cortex contains both radially and tangentially migrating cells 182</p> <p>7.9 Summary 184</p> <p><b>8 Axon Guidance 185</b></p> <p>8.1 Many axons navigate long and complex routes 185</p> <p>How might axons be guided to their targets? 185</p> <p>The growth cone 187</p> <p>Breaking the journey – intermediate targets 188</p> <p>8.2 Contact guidance 190</p> <p>Contact guidance in action: pioneers and followers, fasciculation and defasciculation 191</p> <p>Ephs and ephrins: versatile cell surface molecules with roles in contact guidance 191</p> <p>8.3 Guidance of axons by diffusible cues – chemotropism 194</p> <p>Netrin – a chemotropic cue expressed at the ventral midline 195</p> <p>Slits 195</p> <p>Semaphorins 198</p> <p>Other axon guidance molecules 198</p> <p>8.4 How do axons change their behavior at choice points? 199</p> <p>Commissural axons lose their attraction to netrin once they have crossed the floor plate 199</p> <p>Putting it all together – guidance cues and their receptors choreograph commissural axon pathfinding at the ventral midline 202</p> <p>After crossing the midline, commissural axons project towards the brain 205</p> <p>8.5 How can such a small number of cues guide such a large number of axons? 207</p> <p>The same guidance cues are deployed in multiple axon pathways 208</p> <p>Interactions between guidance cues and their receptors can be altered by co?]factors 208</p> <p>8.6 Some axons form specific connections over very short distances, probably using different mechanisms 209</p> <p>8.7 The growth cone has autonomy in its ability to respond to guidance cues 209</p> <p>Growth cones can still navigate when severed from their cell bodies 209</p> <p>Local translation in growth cones 210</p> <p>8.8 Transcription factors regulate axon guidance decisions 211</p> <p>8.9 Summary 212</p> <p><b>9 Life and Death in the Developing Nervous System 215</b></p> <p>9.1 The frequency and function of cell death during normal development 215</p> <p>9.2 Cells die in one of two main ways: apoptosis or necrosis 217</p> <p>9.3 Studies in invertebrates have taught us much about how cells kill themselves 219</p> <p>The specification phase 221</p> <p>The killing phase 221</p> <p>The engulfment phase 222</p> <p>9.4 Most of the genes that regulate programmed cell death in C. elegans are conserved in vertebrates 222</p> <p>9.5 Examples of neurodevelopmental processes in which programmed cell death plays a prominent role 224</p> <p>Programmed cell death in early progenitor cell populations 224</p> <p>Programmed cell death contributes to sexual differences in the nervous system 225</p> <p>Programmed cell death removes cells with transient functions once their task is done 227</p> <p>Programmed cell death matches the numbers of cells in interacting neural tissues 230</p> <p>9.6 Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of cell survival and death 232</p> <p>Growth factors 232</p> <p>Cytokines 235</p> <p>9.7 A role for electrical activity in regulating programmed cell death 235</p> <p>9.8 Summary 237</p> <p><b>10 Map Formation 239</b></p> <p>10.1 What are maps? 239</p> <p>10.2 Types of maps 239</p> <p>Coarse maps 241</p> <p>Fine maps 242</p> <p>10.3 Principles of map formation 243</p> <p>Axon order during development 244</p> <p>Theories of map formation 245</p> <p>10.4 Development of coarse maps: cortical areas 246</p> <p>Protomap versus protocortex 246</p> <p>Spatial position of cortical areas 247</p> <p>10.5 Development of fine maps: topographic 248</p> <p>Retinotectal pathways 248</p> <p>Sperry and the chemoaffinity hypothesis 250</p> <p>Ephrins act as molecular postcodes in the chick tectum 252</p> <p>10.6 Inputs from multiple structures: when maps collide 253</p> <p>From retina to cortex in mammals 254</p> <p>Activity?]dependent eye?]specific segregation: a role for retinal waves 254</p> <p>Formation of ocular dominance bands 257</p> <p>Ocular dominance bands form by directed In growth of thalamocortical axons 257</p> <p>Activity and the formation of ocular dominance bands 259</p> <p>Integration of sensory maps 260</p> <p>10.7 Development of feature maps 261</p> <p>Feature maps in the visual system 261</p> <p>Role of experience in orientation and direction map formation 263</p> <p>10.8 Summary 264</p> <p><b>11 Maturation of Functional</b></p> <p>Properties 265</p> <p>11.1 Neurons are excitable cells 266</p> <p>What makes a cell excitable? 266</p> <p>Electrical properties of neurons 267</p> <p>Regulation of intrinsic neuronal</p> <p>physiology 269</p> <p>11.2 Neuronal excitability during development 271</p> <p>Neuronal excitability changes dramatically during development 271</p> <p>Early action potentials are driven by Ca2+, not Na+ 271</p> <p>Neurotransmitter receptors regulate excitability prior to synapse formation 273</p> <p>GABAergic receptor activation switches from being excitatory to inhibitory 273</p> <p>11.3 Developmental processes regulated by neuronal excitability 275</p> <p>Electrical excitability regulates neuronal proliferation and migration 275</p> <p>Neuronal activity and axon guidance 277</p> <p>11.4 Synaptogenesis 277</p> <p>The synapse 278</p> <p>Electrical properties of dendrites 278</p> <p>Stages of synaptogenesis 280</p> <p>Synaptic specification and induction 281</p> <p>Synapse formation 285</p> <p>Synapse selection: stabilization and withdrawal 286</p> <p>11.5 Spinogenesis 286</p> <p>Spine shape and dynamics 287</p> <p>Theories of spinogenesis 289</p> <p>Mouse models of spinogenesis: the weaver mutant 290</p> <p>Molecular regulators of spine development 291</p> <p>11.6 Summary 293</p> <p><b>12 Experience?]Dependent Development 295</b></p> <p>12.1 Effects of experience on visual system development 296</p> <p>Seeing one world with two eyes: ocular dominance of cortical cells 296</p> <p>Visual experience regulates ocular dominance 297</p> <p>Competition regulates experiencedependent plasticity: the effects of darkrearing and strabismus 299</p> <p>Physiological changes in ocular dominance prior to anatomical changes 301</p> <p>Cooperative binocular interactions and visual cortex plasticity 304</p> <p>The timing of developmental plasticity: sensitive or critical periods 305</p> <p>Multiple sensitive periods in the developing visual system 306</p> <p>12.2 How does experience change functional connectivity? 307</p> <p>Cellular basis of plasticity: synaptic strengthening and weakening 309</p> <p>The time?]course of changes in synaptic weight in response to monocular deprivation 310</p> <p>Cellular and molecular mechanisms of LTP/LTD induction 312</p> <p>Synaptic changes that mediate the expression of LTP/LTD and experiencedependent plasticity 314 Metaplasticity 318</p> <p>Spike?]timing dependent plasticity 320</p> <p>12.3 Cellular basis of plasticity: development of inhibitory networks 322</p> <p>Inhibition contributes to the expression of the effects of monocular deprivation 322</p> <p>Development of inhibitory circuits regulates the time?]course of the sensitive period for monocular deprivation 323</p> <p>12.4 Homeostatic plasticity 324</p> <p>Mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity 325</p> <p>12.5 Structural plasticity and the role of the extracellular matrix 327</p> <p>12.6 Summary 328</p> <p>Glossary 329</p> <p>Index 349</p> <p> </p>
<p><b> DAVID J. PRICE, ANDREW P. JARMAN, JOHN O. MASON, PETER C. KIND,</b> Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
<p><b> Praise for the First Edition</b><br> "This elegant book ranges with ease and authority over the vast field of developmental neuroscience. This excellent textbook should be on the shelf of every neuroscientist, as well as on the reading list of every neuroscience student." <p><b> Sir Colin Blakemore,</b><i> Oxford University </i> <p> "With an extensive use of clear and colorful illustrations, this book makes accessible to undergraduates the beauty and complexity of neural development. The book fills a void in undergraduate neuroscience curricula." <p><b> Professor Mark Bear,</b><i> Picower Institute, MIT. </i> <p> Highly Commended, British Medical Association Medical Book Awards 2012 <p><b> Provides a highly visual, readily accessible introduction to the main events that occur during neural development and their mechanisms </b> <p><i> Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, Second Edition</i> describes how brains construct themselves, from simple beginnings in the early embryo to become the most complex living structures on the planet. It explains how cells first become neural, how their proliferation is controlled, what regulates the types of neural cells they become, how neurons connect to each other, how these connections are later refined under the influence of neural activity, and why some neurons normally die. This student-friendly guide stresses and justifies the generally-held belief that a greater knowledge of how nervous systems construct themselves will help us find new ways of treating diseases of the nervous system that are thought to originate from faulty development, such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. <ul> <li>A concise, illustrated guide focusing on core elements and emphasizing common principles of developmental mechanisms, supplemented by suggestions for further reading</li> <li>Text boxes provide detail on major advances, issues of particular uncertainty or controversy, and examples of human diseases that result from abnormal development</li> <li>Introduces the methods for studying neural development, allowing the reader to understand the main evidence underlying research advances</li> <li>Offers a balanced mammalian/non-mammalian perspective (and emphasizes mechanisms that are conserved across species), drawing on examples from model organisms like the fruit fly, nematode worm, frog, zebrafish, chick, mouse and human</li> <li>Associated Website includes all the figures from the textbook and explanatory videos</li> </ul> <br> <p> Filled with full-color artwork that reinforces important concepts; an extensive glossary and definitions that help readers from different backgrounds; and chapter summaries that stress important points and aid revision, <i>Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, Second Edition</i> is perfect for undergraduate students and postgraduates who may not have a background in neuroscience and/or molecular genetics. <p> Published with the New York Academy of Sciences

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