Details

Biofertilizers

Study and Impact
1. Aufl.

von: Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Mashallah Rezakazemi
190,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	02.08.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119724988
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	688

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Great attention has been paid to reduce the use of conventional chemical fertilizers harming living beings through food chain supplements from the soil environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative sustainable fertilizers to enhance soil sustainability and agriculture productivity. Biofertilizers are the substance that contains microorganisms (bacteria, algae, and fungi) living or latent cells that can enrich the soil quality with nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, organic matter, etc. They are a cost-effective, biodegradable, and renewable source of plant nutrients/supplements to improve the soil-health properties. Biofertilizers emerge as an attractive alternative to chemical fertilizers, and as a promising cost-effective technology for eco-friendly agriculture and a sustainable environment that holds microorganisms which enhance the soil nutrients' solubility leading a raise in its fertility, stimulates crop growth and healthy food safety. This book provides in-depth knowledge about history and fundamentals to advances biofertilizers, including latest reviews, challenges, and future perspectives. It covers fabrication approaches, and various types of biofertilizers and their applications in agriculture, environment, forestry and industrial sectors. Also, organic farming, quality control, quality assurance, food safety and case-studies of biofertilizers are briefly discussed. Biofertilizers' physical properties, affecting factors, impact, and industry profiles in the market are well addressed. This book is an essential guide for farmers, agrochemists, environmental engineers, scientists, students, and faculty who would like to understand the science behind the sustainable fertilizers, soil chemistry and agroecology.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xxi 1 Biofertilizer Utilization in Forestry 1 Wendy Ying Ying Liu and Ranjetta Poobathy 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Mechanisms of Actions of Biofertilizers 3 1.2.1 Facilitation of N Acquisition 3 1.2.1.1 Mutualistic N2 Fixation 4 1.2.1.2 Non-Symbiotic N2 Fixation 5 1.2.2 Facilitation of P Acquisition 5 1.2.2.1 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms 6 1.2.2.2 Mycorrhizas 7 1.2.3 Potassium Solubilization 8 1.2.4 Production of Siderophores 9 1.2.5 Modulation of Phytohormones 10 1.2.6 Phytoprotection 12 1.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome of Forestry-Related Biofertilizer Applications 13 1.4 Applications of Biofertilizers in Forestry 16 1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18 References 20 2 Impact of Biofertilizers on Horticultural Crops 39 Clement Kiing Fook Wong and Chui-Yao Teh 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Microbial Strains Used in Biofertilizers 41 2.3 Impact of Biofertilizer Application on Horticultural Crops 41 2.3.1 Increased Yield and Quality of Crops 41 2.3.1.1 Vegetable Crops 44 2.3.1.2 Fruit Crops 46 2.3.1.3 Ornamental Plants 48 2.3.2 Enhanced Nutritional Content of Produce 49 2.3.2.1 Mineral-Biofortified Crops 49 2.3.2.2 Enhanced Secondary Metabolites 50 2.3.2.3 Improved Vitamin Content 51 2.3.3 Improved Tolerance Against Biotic Stress 52 2.3.3.1 Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens 52 2.3.3.2 Viral Pathogens 56 2.3.3.3 Insect Pests 58 2.3.3.4 Nematodes 61 2.3.3.5 Weeds 64 2.3.4 Improved Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress 65 2.3.4.1 Drought 66 2.3.4.2 Salinity 68 2.3.4.3 Heavy Metal 70 2.3.4.4 Cold Stress 71 2.3.4.5 Heat Stress 73 2.3.5 Improved Vegetative Propagation Efficiency 73 2.3.5.1 Propagation by Cuttings 73 2.3.5.2 Grafting 74 2.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges Ahead 75 2.5 Conclusion 79 References 79 3 N2 Fixation in Biofertilizers 105 Rekha Sharma, Sapna Nehra and Dinesh Kumar 3.1 Introduction 106 3.2 Biofertilizers 108 3.2.1 Origin 108 3.3 Biofertilizer: Transporter Constituents 108 3.4 Mechanism of Actions of Biofertilizers 109 3.5 Biochemistry of Manufacture of Biofertilizer 109 3.6 Benefits of Biofertilizer Over Biochemical Fertilizers 110 3.7 Variances Among Organic and Biofertilizer 111 3.8 Types of Biofertilizers 111 3.9 Microorganisms Utilized to Make Biofertilizer 111 3.10 Microorganism in Nitrogen Fixation 113 3.10.1 Biofertilizers: Symbiotic N-Fixers 113 3.10.2 Biofertilizers: Free Living N-Fixers 114 3.10.3 Biofertilizers: Associative Symbiotic N-Fixers 114 3.11 Phosphorus Solubilizing Microbes 115 3.12 Conclusion and Future Prospect 115 Acknowledgments 116 Abbreviations 116 References 117 4 Organic Farming by Biofertilizers 121 Anuradha and Jagvir Singh 4.1 Introduction 122 4.2 Biofertilizers 123 4.2.1 Benefits of Biofertilizers 126 4.2.2 Method of Biofertilizer Application 126 4.2.2.1 Seed Treatment 126 4.2.2.2 Seedling Treatment 127 4.2.2.3 Setts and Tuta Treatment 127 4.2.2.4 Soil Treatment 127 4.2.3 Precautions During Application of Biofertilizers 127 4.3 Classification of Biofertilizers 128 4.3.1 Nitrogen Fixer Bacteria 128 4.3.1.1 Commercial Applications 129 4.3.2 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizers 130 4.3.2.1 Commercial Applications 130 4.3.2.2 Factors Affecting Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer 131 4.3.3 Mycorrhiza as Biofertilizers 131 4.3.3.1 Ectotrophic Mycorrhiza 132 4.3.3.2 Endotrophic Mycorrhiza 132 4.3.3.3 Changes in Mineral Compounds 133 4.3.3.4 Manure Value and Its Importance 133 4.3.4 Azolla as Biofertilizer 134 4.3.5 Vermicompost 135 4.3.5.1 Method of Vermicompost 135 4.4 Organic Farming 136 4.4.1 Objectives of Organic Farming 136 4.4.2 Benefits of Organic Farming 136 4.4.3 Benefit for Environment 137 4.4.4 Methods of Organic Farming 137 4.4.5 Techniques for Organic Farming 137 4.4.5.1 Crop Diversity 138 4.4.5.2 Soil Management 138 4.4.5.3 Weed Management 138 4.5 Traditional Agriculture vs. Organic and Inorganic Farming 139 4.5.1 Problems Created by Traditional Farming 139 4.6 Reasons for Doing Organic Farming 140 4.6.1 To Save Soil Health 140 4.6.2 To Preserve Nutrients 141 4.6.3 To Reduce the Cost of Agriculture 141 4.6.4 To Prevent Hazardous Elements in Animal Products 141 4.6.5 To Protect the Environment 141 4.6.6 Natural and Good Taste 142 4.7 Advantage of Organic Farming 142 4.7.1 Good Nutrition 142 4.7.2 Good Health 142 4.7.3 Freedom From Poison 142 4.7.4 Less Money 143 4.7.5 Great Taste 143 4.7.6 Environmental Safety 143 4.8 Disadvantages of Organic Farming 143 4.8.1 Lack of Information 143 4.8.2 Lack of Outline 143 4.8.3 Making More Money in the Beginning 144 4.9 Conclusion 144 Acknowledgement 144 References 144 5 Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms 151 Rafig Gurbanov, Berkay Kalkanci, Hazel Karadag and Gizem Samgane 5.1 Phosphorus Pollution 152 5.2 Phosphate Solubilization 153 5.3 Microbial Mechanisms of Phosphate Solubilization 155 5.3.1 Organic Phosphate Solubilization 156 5.3.2 Inorganic Phosphate Solubilization 156 5.4 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria 158 5.5 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi 160 5.5.1 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi as Plant Growth Promoters 162 5.5.2 The Methods of using Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi in Agriculture 164 5.6 Bacteria-Fungi Consortium for Phosphate Solubilization 165 5.7 Conclusions 167 References 167 6 Exophytical and Endophytical Interactions of Plants and Microbial Activities 183 A. Mbotho, D. Selikane, J.S. Sefadi and M.J. Mochane 6.1 Introduction 184 6.2 Beneficial Interactions 185 6.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 186 6.2.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms 189 6.2.3 Rhizobia 193 6.2.4 Endophytes 194 6.3 Pathogenic (Harmful) Interactions 194 6.3.1 Oomycetes 195 6.3.2 Fungi 198 6.3.3 Bacteria 199 6.3.4 Viruses 200 6.4 Conclusion 203 References 204 7 Biofertilizer Formulations 211 Sana Saif, Zeeshan Abid, Muhammad Faheem Ashiq, Muhammad Altaf and Raja Shahid Ashraf List of Abbreviations 212 7.1 Introduction 212 7.1.1 Evolution of Biofertilizers 212 7.1.2 Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Approach 213 7.2 Biofertilizer Formulations 215 7.2.1 Selection of Strain 215 7.2.1.1 Microbial Strains 215 7.3 Types of Formulations 227 7.3.1 Carrier-Based/Powder Formulations 230 7.3.1.1 Selection of Carrier Material 230 7.3.1.2 Sterilization of Carrier 235 7.3.2 Granular Formulations 236 7.3.3 Liquid Formulations 236 7.3.3.1 Inoculant Preparation 237 7.3.3.2 Common Additives 238 7.3.4 Cell Immobilization 239 7.3.4.1 Polymer Entrapped Formulations 239 7.3.4.2 Advantages and Constrains 243 7.3.5 Fluid Bed-Dried Formulation 243 7.3.6 Mycorrhizal Formulations 244 7.4 Stickers 246 7.5 Additives 246 7.6 Packaging 246 7.7 Conclusion 247 References 247 8 Scoping the Use of Transgenic Microorganisms as Potential Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Safety 257 Vasavi Rama Karri and Nirmala Nalluri 8.1 Introduction 258 8.2 Role of Nitrogen in Plant Growth and Development 260 8.2.1 Microorganisms Involved in Nitrogen Fixation 260 8.3 Importance of Phosphorus 261 8.3.1 Microbes Involved in Phosphate Solubilization 262 8.3.2 Reducing the pH of Soil 262 8.3.3 Mineralization 263 8.3.4 Chelation 263 8.3.5 Promotion of Plant Growth by PSMs 263 8.3.6 Approach of Using PSMs as Biofertilizer and the Future Perspective 264 8.4 Significance of Potassium (K) 265 8.4.1 Microorganisms Involved in Potassium Hydrolyzation 265 8.4.2 Effect of KSB on Plant Growth and Yield 266 8.4.3 Abilities and Objections of K Solubilizing Bacteria 266 8.5 Biofertilizers Used in Agriculture 267 8.5.1 Mycorrhiza 268 8.5.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 268 8.6 Role of Biotechnology in Agricultural Sector 268 8.6.1 Development of Potent Microbial Strains Through Genetic Engineering Approach to Produce Efficient Biofertilizers 269 8.6.2 Genetically Altered Transgenic Azotobacter vinelandii as an Effective Diazotrophs Biofertilizer 270 8.6.3 Phytostimuators and Biofertilizers 271 8.6.4 Azospirillum 272 8.6.5 Generation of Genetically Modified Transgenic Azospirillum Strains With Enhanced Levels of Phytoharmone Secretion 274 8.6.6 Development of Rhizobium Strains With Increased Competitiveness by Genetic Modification 275 8.6.7 Effect of GM Rhizobial strains on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi 278 8.6.8 Release of Genetically Manipulated Rhizobium for Field Trails 279 8.7 Conclusion 280 Acknowledgements 281 References 281 9 Biofertilizer Utilization in Agricultural Sector 293 Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor and Inamuddin 9.1 Introduction 294 9.2 Application of Biofertilizer as Bioaugmentation Agent for Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Soil 295 9.3 Advantages of Biofertilizer in Comparison With Synthetic Fertilizer 296 9.4 Specific Examples of a Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement in Agricultural Sector 298 9.5 Management of Biotic and Abiotic Stress 301 9.6 Combinatory Effect of Biofertilizer With Other Substance and Their Effect on Crops 303 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge 305 References 306 10 Azospirillum: A Salient Source for Sustainable Agriculture 309 Rimjim Gogoi, Sukanya Baruah and Jiban Saikia 10.1 Introduction 309 10.1.1 The Genus Azospirillum 311 10.1.2 Properties of Azospirillum spp. 312 10.1.2.1 Chemotaxis 312 10.1.2.2 Aerotaxis 313 10.1.2.3 Formation of Cysts and Aggregates or Flocs 313 10.1.2.4 Survivability in Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil 314 10.1.2.5 Competition With Other Soil Microorganisms 316 10.1.2.6 Association With Plant Roots 316 10.2 Azospirillum and Induction of Stimulatory Effects for Promoting Plant Growth 318 10.3 Applications in Various Fields 320 10.4 Current Status 324 10.5 Challenges in Large-Scale Commercial Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants 327 10.6 Programs Employed for Enhanced Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants 328 10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 329 References 330 11 Actinomycetes: Implications and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture 335 V. Shanthi 11.1 Introduction 336 11.2 Role in Maintaining Soil Fertility 338 11.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation 338 11.2.2 Phosphate Solubilization 340 11.2.3 Potassium Solubilization 342 11.3 Role in Maintaining Soil Ecology 342 11.4 Role as Biocontrol Agents 345 11.4.1 Production of Antibiotics 346 11.4.2 Production of Siderophores 348 11.4.3 Production of Hydrogen Cyanide 349 11.4.4 Production of Lytic Enzymes 349 11.5 Role as Plant Stress Busters 351 11.5.1 Resistance From Heavy Metal Toxicity 352 11.5.2 Resistance Against Drought/Water Deficit 354 11.5.3 Resistance Toward Salinity 355 11.6 Conclusion 355 11.7 Future Perspectives 356 References 357 12 Influence of Growth Pattern of Cyanobacterial Species on Biofertilizer Production 371 Jasti Tejaswi, Kaligotla Venkata Subrahmanya Anirudh, Lalitha Rishika Majeti, Viswanatha Chaitanya Kolluru and Rajesh K. Srivastava 12.1 Introduction 371 12.2 Habit and Habitat of Cyanobacteria 373 12.3 Morphology and Mode of Reproduction 373 12.4 Role of a Fertilizer in Plant Growth 375 12.4.1 Synthetic Fertilizers 376 12.4.2 Organic Fertilizers 377 12.4.3 Biofertilizer 377 12.5 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizer 379 12.6 Production of Cyanobacteria 381 12.7 Methods for In Vitro Culture of Cyanobacteria 382 12.7.1 Macro- and Microelements 382 12.7.2 Temperature 383 12.7.3 Light and Cell Density 383 12.7.4 Media 383 12.8 Methods for Gene Transfer into Cyanobacteria 384 12.8.1 DNA-Mediated Transformation 385 12.8.2 Electroporation 385 12.8.3 Conjugation 386 12.8.4 Biolistic Method 386 12.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 386 12.10 Abbreviations 387 References 388 13 Biofertilizers Application in Agriculture: A Viable Option to Chemical Fertilizers 393 Rajesh K. Srivastava 13.1 Introduction 394 13.2 Chemical Fertilizer 397 13.2.1 Customized Fertilizers 400 13.2.2 Fortified Fertilizer 400 13.3 Biofertilizers 400 13.3.1 Biocompost 403 13.3.2 Trichocard 404 13.3.3 Trichocard Production 405 13.3.4 Azotobacter 405 13.3.5 Phosphorus 406 13.3.6 Vermicompost 406 13.4 Conclusion 408 13.5 Abbreviations 408 References 408 14 Quality Control of Biofertilizers 413 Swati Agarwal, Sonu Kumari and Suphiya Khan 14.1 Introduction 413 14.2 Biofertilizer Requirement and Supply 414 14.3 Process of Biofertilizer Quality Control 416 14.4 Requirement of Quality Control 417 14.5 Standards for Biofertilizers Quality Control 419 14.6 Methods for Quality Testing 421 14.6.1 Microbiological Methods 422 14.6.2 Serological Methods 422 14.6.3 Molecular Methods 423 14.7 Conclusion 423 Acknowledgement 423 References 424 15 Biofertilizers: Characteristic Features and Applications 429 Tanushree Chakraborty and Nasim Akhtar 15.1 Introduction 430 15.2 Types of Biofertilizers 430 15.3 Characteristic Features and Applications of Biofertilizers 431 15.3.1 Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer 431 15.3.2 Actinomycetes 435 15.3.3 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii 436 15.3.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 436 15.3.5 Bacillus thuringiensis 437 15.3.6 Microalgae 438 15.4 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and Fungus (PSF) 438 15.4.1 Azotobacter 439 15.4.2 Azospirillum 440 15.4.3 Paenibacillus 440 15.4.4 Phyllosphere Associated Methylobacterium 441 15.4.5 MO Plus Biofertilizer 441 15.5 Effect of Biofertilizer on Various Plants (Experimental Design) 442 15.5.1 Azotobacter spp. (AZT) and Azospirillum spp. (AZP) on Eucalyptus grandis 442 15.5.2 Bradyrhizobium Strains and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Some Leguminous, Cereal, and Vegetable Crops 443 15.5.3 Rhizobium and Rhizobacteria on Trifolium repens 444 15.5.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi on Coffee Plants 445 15.5.5 Glutamicibacter halophytocola KLBMP 5180 on Tomato Seedlings 446 15.6 Screening of Microbes for Biofertilizer 447 15.6.1 Screening for Phosphate Solubilization 447 15.6.2 Screening for Potassium Solubilizing 447 15.6.3 Screening for Nitrogen-Fixing 448 15.6.4 Screening for Zinc Solubilization 448 15.6.5 Screening for Ammonia Production 448 15.6.6 Screening for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production 448 15.6.7 Screening for Siderophores 448 15.6.8 Screening for Auxin Production 449 15.6.9 Screening for Gibberellic Acid Production 449 15.6.10 Screening for Production of Chitinase 449 15.7 Limitations of Biofertilizers 449 15.8 Success of Biofertilizer 450 15.9 Debottlenecking 453 15.10 Optimization of Biofertilizer 456 15.10.1 Optimization of Phosphate Solubilization 456 15.11 Concomitant of Biofertilizer 458 15.12 New Approach 458 15.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects 459 References 460 16 Fabrication Approaches for Biofertilizers 491 Andrew N. Amenaghawon, Chinedu L. Anyalewechi and Heri Septya Kusuma 16.1 Introduction 492 16.2 Biofertilizers 492 16.3 Types of Biofertilizers 493 16.3.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers 493 16.3.1.1 Rhizobium 494 16.3.1.2 Azospirillum 494 16.3.1.3 Azotobacter 495 16.3.2 Phosphorus-Solubilizing Biofertilizers 495 16.3.3 Phosphate-Mobilizing Biofertilizer (Mycorrhizae) 496 16.3.4 Potassium Biofertilizer 497 16.3.5 Growth-Promoting Biofertilizers 497 16.3.6 Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) 498 16.4 Preparation Approaches for Biofertilizers 499 16.4.1 Inoculant Formulation 499 16.4.2 Carriers for Biofertilizer Preparation 500 16.4.2.1 Sterilized Carriers 500 16.4.3 Carrier Form 501 16.5 Methods of Biofertilizer Formulation 501 16.5.1 Solid-Based Carrier Bioformulation 501 16.5.1.1 Peat Formulations 502 16.5.2 Liquid Inoculants Formulation 503 16.5.3 Polymer-Based Formulation 504 16.5.3.1 Alginate Formulations 504 16.5.4 Fluidized Bed Dried Formulation 504 16.5.5 Particles From Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS) Method 505 16.5.6 Bionanoformulations 505 16.6 Application Modes for Biofertilizers 506 16.6.1 Seed Treatment 506 16.6.2 Seedling Root Dipping 506 16.6.3 Soil Application 507 16.7 Factors Affecting the Preparation of Biofertilizers 507 16.8 Beneficial Effects of Biofertilizers 508 16.9 Challenges and Limitations of Biofertilizers 509 16.10 Future Prospects 509 16.11 Conclusion 510 References 511 17 Biofertilizers From Waste 517 Rafaela Basso Sartori, Ihana Aguiar Severo, Álisson Santos de Oliveira, Paola Lasta, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 17.1 Introduction 518 17.2 Waste Sources 519 17.3 Technologies for Waste Treatment 521 17.3.1 Conventional Technologies 521 17.3.2 Emerging Technologies 522 17.3.2.1 Nutrients Recovery From Wastes by Microalgae 523 17.3.2.2 Overall Process Operations 526 17.4 Main Applications of Microalgae Biofertilizers 528 17.4.1 Fertility and Soil Quality 528 17.4.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation 528 17.4.1.2 Carbon Sequestration 529 17.4.1.3 Soil Organic Matter, Improvement, and Recovery 530 17.4.2 Promotion of Plant Growth, Disease, and Pest Control 531 17.4.2.1 Plant Colonization and Hormone Production 531 17.4.2.2 Disease and Pest Control 532 17.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 532 References 533 18 Biofertilizers Industry Profiles in Market 541 Kashish Gupta 18.1 Biofertilizers and Biofertilizer Technology 541 18.1.1 Benefits of Different Biofertilizers 542 18.2 Limitations in Usage of Biofertilizers 543 18.3 Biofertilizer Market Segments 544 18.4 Biofertilizers Market Drivers in India 546 18.5 Present Scenario of Biofertilizer Market 547 18.6 Key Players of Biofertilizers in Indian Market 549 18.7 Problems in Promotion of Biofertilizer 550 18.8 Popular Marketed Biofertilizers in Indian Market 553 18.9 Recent Trends in Biofertilizer: Liquid Biofertilizer 554 18.9.1 Specialties of Liquid Biofertilizer 554 18.10 Conclusion and Future Scope 555 References 556 19 Case Study on Biofertilizer Utilization in African Continents 561 Osikemekha Anthony Anani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 19.1 Introduction 562 19.2 Specific Examples of Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement, Environmental Bioremediation, and Their Advantages and Challenges in Africa 563 19.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 570 References 570 20 Biofertilizers: Prospects and Challenges for Future 575 Tanushree Chakraborty and Nasim Akhtar 20.1 Introduction 576 20.2 Definition 579 20.2.1 Helper Bacteria 579 20.2.2 The Point of Difference 580 20.3 Advances in Biofertilizer 580 20.4 Preparation of Biofertilizer 581 20.5 The Carrier Materials 581 20.6 Production System of Biofertilizer 582 20.7 Mechanism of Growth-Promoting Activity of Biofertilizers 583 20.8 Advantages and Limitations 584 20.9 Future Aspects 584 20.10 Conclusion 585 References 586 21 Biofertilizers: Past, Present, and Future 591 Mukta Sharma and Manoj Sharma 21.1 Introduction 592 21.2 Biofertilizer: A Brief History 593 21.3 Biofertilizer Classification 594 21.4 Different Paradigms of Biofertilizers 596 21.4.1 Impregnation of Fertilizers and Fertilizer Use Efficiency 596 21.4.2 Inoculants of Mixtures of Microorganisms 597 21.4.3 Different Formulations of Inoculants 597 21.4.4 Inoculant Carrier 598 21.4.5 Biofertilizer Carriers and Liquid Formulations 599 21.4.6 Controlled Release Techniques: Encapsulation, Lyophilization, and Drying 600 21.5 Biofertilizers: Current Status 601 21.6 Biofertilizers: Future Paradigm 601 21.7 Conclusion 602 References 603 22 Algal Biofertilizer 607 Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Zahid Shafiq and Haseeba Razzaq 22.1 Introduction 608 22.2 Algae and Algal Biofertilizers 609 22.2.1 Algae is a Polyphyletic Functional Group 609 22.2.2 Multifaceted Role of Algal Biofertilizer in Sustainable Cultivation 610 22.2.3 Biostimulants From Algae 612 22.3 Techniques of Application of Algal Biofertilizer 613 22.3.1 Algal Extracts as Biofertilizer 613 22.3.2 Addition of Algal Strains and Algal Biofertilizer to Soil 619 22.4 Cultivation of Algae and Production of Algal Biofertilizer 625 22.5 Conclusion 630 References 630 Index 637

Autorenportrait

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning. Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over twenty book chapters. Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).

Back cover copy

Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this new volume provides in-depth knowledge about the history, fundamentals, and latest advances in biofertilizers, including the latest reviews, challenges, and future perspectives. Great attention has been paid to reduce the use of conventional chemical fertilizers harming living beings through food chain supplements from the soil environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative sustainable fertilizers to enhance soil sustainability and agriculture productivity. Biofertilizers are the substance that contains microorganisms (bacteria, algae, and fungi), living or latent cells that can enrich the soil quality with nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and organic matter. They are a cost-effective, biodegradable, and renewable source of plant nutrients/supplements to improve the soil-health properties. Biofertilizers emerge as an attractive alternative to chemical fertilizers, and as a promising cost-effective technology for eco-friendly agriculture and a sustainable environment that holds microorganisms which enhance the soil nutrients’ solubility. This leads to increased fertility and stimulates crop growth and food safety. This book provides in-depth knowledge about history and fundamentals to advances in biofertilizers, including latest reviews, challenges, and future perspectives. It covers fabrication approaches, and various types of biofertilizers and their applications in agriculture, environment, forestry and industrial sectors. Also, organic farming, quality control, quality assurance, food safety and case-studies of biofertilizers are briefly discussed. Biofertilizers’ physical properties, affecting factors, impact, and industry profiles in the market are well addressed. This book is an essential guide for farmers, agrochemists, environmental engineers, scientists, students, and faculty who would like to understand the science behind the sustainable fertilizers, soil chemistry and agroecology. This outstanding new volume: <ul><li>Includes new concepts, case studies, and patents, making this a unique volume among existing resources</li> <li>Introduces cutting-edge technology based on biofertilizers</li> <li>Describes environmentally accepted biofertilizer technologies and applications</li> <li>Reviews biofertilizers as a sustainable renewable source, and documents global fertilizer development</li></ul> Audience: Mechanical engineers, process engineers, chemical engineers, agrochemists, chemists, environmental engineers, and other engineers and operators working with biofertilizers across many engineering disciplines