Details

Biochemical Engineering

A Textbook for Engineers, Chemists and Biologists
2nd Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition

von: Shigeo Katoh, Jun-ichi Horiuchi, Fumitake Yoshida
70,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-VCH (D)
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	02.02.2015
ISBN/EAN:	9783527685011
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	328

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Completely revised, updated, and enlarged, this second edition now contains a subchapter on biorecognition assays, plus a chapter on bioprocess control added by the new co-author Jun-ichi Horiuchi, who is one of the leading experts in the field. The central theme of the textbook remains the application of chemical engineering principles to biological processes in general, demonstrating how a chemical engineer would address and solve problems. To create a logical and clear structure, the book is divided into three parts. The first deals with the basic concepts and principles of chemical engineering and can be read by those students with no prior knowledge of chemical engineering. The second part focuses on process aspects, such as heat and mass transfer, bioreactors, and separation methods. Finally, the third section describes practical aspects, including medical device production, downstream operations, and fermenter engineering. More than 40 exemplary solved exercises facilitate understanding of the complex engineering background, while self-study is supported by the inclusion of over 80 exercises at the end of each chapter, which are supplemented by the corresponding solutions. An excellent, comprehensive introduction to the principles of biochemical engineering.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the companion website xvii Nomenclature xix Part I Basic Concepts and Principles 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Background and Scope 3 1.2 Dimensions and Units 4 1.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties 6 1.4 Equilibria and Rates 6 1.5 Batch Versus Continuous Operation 8 1.6 Material Balance 8 1.7 Energy Balance 9 References 11 Further Reading 12 2 Elements of Physical Transfer Processes 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Heat Conduction and Molecular Diffusion 14 2.3 Fluid Flow and Momentum Transfer 15 2.4 Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow 18 2.5 Transfer Phenomena in Turbulent Flow 21 2.6 Film Coefficients of Heat and Mass Transfer 23 Further Reading 26 3 Chemical and Biochemical Kinetics 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Fundamental Reaction Kinetics 27 3.2.1 Rates of Chemical Reaction 27 3.2.1.1 Elementary Reaction and Equilibrium 28 3.2.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rate Constant k 29 3.2.1.3 Rate Equations for First- and Second-Order Reactions 30 3.2.2 Rates of Enzyme Reactions 34 3.2.2.1 Kinetics of Enzyme Reaction 35 3.2.2.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Parameters in Enzyme Reactions 37 3.2.2.3 Inhibition and Regulation of Enzyme Reactions 39 References 45 Further Reading 45 4 Cell Kinetics 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Cell Growth 47 4.3 Growth Phases in Batch Culture 49 4.4 Factors Affecting Rates of Cell Growth 52 4.5 Cell Growth in Batch Fermentors and Continuous Stirred-Tank Fermentors (CSTF) 53 4.5.1 Batch Fermentor 53 4.5.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Fermentor 54 Reference 56 Further Reading 56 Part II Unit Operations and Apparatus for Biosystems 57 5 Heat Transfer 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Overall Coefficients U and Film Coefficients h 59 5.3 Mean Temperature Difference 62 5.4 Estimation of Film Coefficients h 64 5.4.1 Forced Flow of Fluids through Tubes (Conduits) 65 5.4.2 Forced Flow of Fluids across a Tube Bank 67 5.4.3 Liquids in Jacketed or Coiled Vessels 67 5.4.4 Condensing Vapors and Boiling Liquids 68 5.5 Estimation of Overall Coefficients U 68 References 72 Further Reading 72 6 Mass Transfer 73 6.1 Introduction 73 6.2 Overall Coefficients K and Film Coefficients k of Mass Transfer 73 6.3 Types of Mass Transfer Equipment 77 6.3.1 Packed Column 78 6.3.2 Plate Column 79 6.3.3 Spray Column 79 6.3.4 Bubble Column 79 6.3.5 Packed- (Fixed-) Bed Column 80 6.3.6 Other Separation Methods 80 6.4 Models for Mass Transfer at the Interface 80 6.4.1 Stagnant Film Model 80 6.4.2 Penetration Model 81 6.4.3 Surface Renewal Model 81 6.5 Liquid Phase Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactions 82 6.6 Correlations for Film Coefficients of Mass Transfer 84 6.6.1 Single-Phase Mass Transfer Inside or Outside Tubes 84 6.6.2 Single-Phase Mass Transfer in Packed Beds 85 6.6.3 J-Factor 86 6.7 Performance of Packed Column 87 6.7.1 Limiting Gas and Liquid Velocities 87 6.7.2 Definitions of Volumetric Coefficients and HTUs 88 6.7.3 Mass Transfer Rates and Effective Interfacial Areas 91 References 95 Further Reading 95 7 Bioreactors 97 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Some Fundamental Concepts 98 7.2.1 Batch and Continuous Reactors 98 7.2.2 Effects of Mixing on Reactor Performance 99 7.2.2.1 Uniformly Mixed Batch Reactor 99 7.2.2.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 99 7.2.2.3 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) 100 7.2.2.4 Comparison of Fractional Conversions by CSTR and PFR 101 7.2.3 Effects of Mass Transfer Around and within Catalyst or Enzymatic Particles on the Apparent Reaction Rates 102 7.2.3.1 Liquid Film Resistance Controlling 102 7.2.3.2 Effects of Diffusion within Catalyst Particles 103 7.2.3.3 Effects of Diffusion within Immobilized Enzyme Particles 105 7.3 Bubbling Gas–Liquid Reactors 106 7.3.1 Gas Holdup 106 7.3.2 Interfacial Area 107 7.3.3 Mass Transfer Coefficients 108 7.3.3.1 Definitions 108 7.3.3.2 Measurements of kLa 109 7.4 Mechanically Stirred Tanks 111 7.4.1 General 111 7.4.2 Power Requirements of Stirred Tanks 113 7.4.2.1 Ungassed Liquids 113 7.4.2.2 Gas-Sparged Liquids 114 7.4.3 kLa in Gas-Sparged Stirred Tanks 116 7.4.4 Liquid Mixing in Stirred Tanks 118 7.4.5 Suspending of Solid Particles in Liquid in Stirred Tanks 119 7.5 Gas Dispersion in Stirred Tanks 120 7.6 Bubble Columns 120 7.6.1 General 120 7.6.2 Performance of Bubble Columns 121 7.6.2.1 Gas Holdup 121 7.6.2.2 kLa 122 7.6.2.3 Bubble Size 122 7.6.2.4 Interfacial Area a 122 7.6.2.5 kL123 7.6.2.6 Other Correlations for kLa 123 7.6.2.7 kLa and Gas Holdup for Suspensions and Emulsions 124 7.7 Airlift Reactors 125 7.7.1 IL Airlifts 125 7.7.2 EL Airlifts 126 7.8 Packed-Bed Reactors 127 7.9 Microreactors 127 References 131 Further Reading 132 8 Membrane Processes 133 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Dialysis 134 8.3 Ultrafiltration 136 8.4 Microfiltration 138 8.5 Reverse Osmosis 139 8.6 Membrane Modules 141 8.6.1 Flat Membrane 141 8.6.2 Spiral Membrane 142 8.6.3 Tubular Membrane 142 8.6.4 Hollow-Fiber Membrane 142 References 143 Further Reading 143 9 Cell–Liquid Separation and Cell Disruption 145 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Conventional Filtration 145 9.3 Microfiltration 147 9.4 Centrifugation 148 9.5 Cell Disruption 151 References 153 10 Sterilization 155 10.1 Introduction 155 10.2 Kinetics of Thermal Death of Cells 155 10.3 Batch Heat Sterilization of Culture Media 156 10.4 Continuous Heat Sterilization of Culture Media 158 10.5 Sterilizing Filtration 161 References 164 11 Adsorption and Chromatography 165 11.1 Introduction 165 11.2 Equilibria in Adsorption 165 11.2.1 Linear Equilibrium 165 11.2.2 Adsorption Isotherms of Langmuir Type and Freundlich Type 166 11.3 Rates of Adsorption into Adsorbent Particles 167 11.4 Single- and Multistage Operations for Adsorption 168 11.5 Adsorption in Fixed Beds 170 11.5.1 Fixed-Bed Operation 170 11.5.2 Estimation of the Break Point 171 11.6 Separation by Chromatography 174 11.6.1 Chromatography for Bioseparation 174 11.6.2 General Theories on Chromatography 176 11.6.2.1 Equilibrium Model 176 11.6.2.2 Stage Model 177 11.6.2.3 Rate Model 177 11.6.3 Resolution Between Two Elution Curves 178 11.6.4 Gel Chromatography 179 11.6.5 Affinity Chromatography 181 11.7 Biorecognition Assay 183 11.7.1 Antigen Recognition by an Antibody 183 11.7.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 183 References 187 Further Reading 187 Part III Practical Aspects in Bioengineering 189 12 Fermentor Engineering 191 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2 Stirrer Power Requirements for Non-Newtonian Liquids 193 12.3 Heat Transfer in Fermentors 195 12.4 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer in Fermentors 197 12.4.1 Special Factors Affecting kLa 198 12.4.1.1 Effects of Electrolytes 198 12.4.1.2 Enhancement Factor 198 12.4.1.3 Presence of Cells 199 12.4.1.4 Effects of Antifoam Agents and Surfactants 199 12.4.1.5 kLa in Emulsions 199 12.4.1.6 kLa in Non-Newtonian Liquids 201 12.4.2 Desorption of Carbon Dioxide 202 12.5 Criteria for Scaling-Up Fermentors 204 12.6 Modes of Fermentor Operation 206 12.6.1 Batch Operation 207 12.6.2 Fed-Batch Operation 207 12.6.3 Continuous Operation 209 12.6.4 Operation of Enzyme Reactors 211 12.7 Fermentors for Animal Cell Culture 213 References 214 Further Reading 215 13 Instrumentation and Control of Bioprocesses 217 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 Instrumentation of Bioprocesses 218 13.2.1 Process Variables and Sensors in Bioprocess Operations 218 13.2.1.1 Physical Variables 220 13.2.1.2 Chemical Variables 221 13.2.1.3 Biochemical Variables 222 13.3 Control of Bioprocesses 223 13.3.1 Schematic View of Instrumentation and Control of Bioprocesses 223 13.3.2 Principles of Control Systems Used for Bioprocesses 224 13.3.2.1 Closed-Loop System with Feedback 224 13.3.2.2 Algorithms for Manipulation of Control Variables 225 13.3.3 Examples of Bioprocess Control 229 13.3.3.1 pH and Temperature Control 229 13.3.3.2 DO Control 230 13.3.3.3 Respiratory Quotient 230 13.3.3.4 pH Stat 231 13.3.3.5 DO Stat 231 13.4 Advanced Control of Bioprocesses 231 13.4.1 Optimization and Control of Bioprocesses 232 13.4.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Bioprocess Control 232 13.4.2.1 Fuzzy Control 232 13.4.2.2 Artificial Neural Network 233 13.4.2.3 Expert System 233 References 234 Further Reading 234 14 Downstream Operations in Bioprocesses 235 14.1 Introduction 235 14.2 Separation of Microorganisms by Filtration and Microfiltration 238 14.2.1 Dead-End Filtration 238 14.2.2 Cross Flow Filtration 240 14.3 Separation by Chromatography 242 14.3.1 Factors Affecting the Performance of Chromatography Columns 242 14.3.1.1 Velocity of Mobile Phase and Diffusivities of Solutes 242 14.3.1.2 Radius of Packed Particles 243 14.3.1.3 Sample Volume Injected 243 14.3.1.4 Column Diameter 244 14.3.2 Scale-Up of Chromatography Columns 245 14.4 Separation in Fixed-Beds 246 14.5 Sanitation in Downstream Processes 247 References 248 Further Reading 249 15 Medical Devices 251 15.1 Introduction 251 15.2 Blood and Its Circulation 251 15.2.1 Blood and Its Components 251 15.2.2 Blood Circulation 253 15.3 Oxygenation of Blood 254 15.3.1 Use of Blood Oxygenators 254 15.3.2 Oxygen in Blood 255 15.3.3 Carbon Dioxide in Blood 256 15.3.4 Types of Blood Oxygenators 258 15.3.5 Oxygen Transfer Rates in Blood Oxygenators 259 15.3.5.1 Laminar Blood Flow 259 15.3.5.2 Turbulent Blood Flow 260 15.3.6 Carbon Dioxide Transfer Rates in Blood Oxygenators 265 15.4 Artificial Kidney 266 15.4.1 Human Kidney Functions 266 15.4.2 Artificial Kidneys 268 15.4.2.1 Hemodialyzer 268 15.4.2.2 Hemofiltration 270 15.4.2.3 Peritoneal Dialysis 270 15.4.3 Mass Transfer in Hemodialyzers (cf. 8.2) 271 15.5 Bioartificial Liver 275 15.5.1 Human Liver 275 15.5.2 Bioartificial Liver Devices 276 References 278 Appendix A: Conversion Factors for Units 279 Appendix B: Solutions to the Problems 281 Index 295

Rezension

“I would like to congratulate the authors and publishers for producing such an excellent book. I found it easy to comprehend and well structured. The book has been written with an assumption of minimal prior knowledge of chemical engineering . . .In conclusion, the book constitutes not only a very good starting point for a novice reader but also a comprehensive refresher course for someone who is already familiar with the field.” (Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1 September 2015)

Autorenportrait

Prof. Shigeo Katoh is now Professor emeritus at Kobe University, Japan. He was - after his retirement - a full professor at Hanyang University at Korea and a visiting professor at Cheng Kung University at Taiwan. Before his retirement, he was Head of the Bioengineering Laboratory at Kobe University, Japan. He holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Kyoto, Japan. Prof. Katoh is an enthusiastic lecturer in Biochemical Engineering, Bioseparation Engineering and Immunotechnology. He is an outstanding expert in biochemical engineering and has published numerous papers in this field. Prof. Jun-ichi Horiuchi is Director of the Instrumental Analysis Center at the Kitami Institute of Technology (Japan) since 2010. He obtained his Master degree in Engineering from Hokkaido University and thereafter went to the Science University of Tokyo, where he received his PhD in biotechnology in 1995. Afterwards he spent several years as research engineer at Toyo Engineering Corporation, before he became Professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology in 1998. Prof. Horiuchis research interests are in the field of bioprocess control and optimization and up to now he published over 60 peer reviewed jounal contributions, 12 patents and 9 book contributions. Prof. em. Fumitake Yoshida was one of the world's most respected chemical engineers. Most recently he was professor emeritus of chemical engineering at Kyoto University and well beyond his retirement he continued to be a visiting lecturer at universities around the world. He conducted research on various mass transfer operations, gas-liquid systems in particular, investigating their applications in bioengineering and medical technology. Yoshida received his BS and PhD degrees in engineering from Kyoto University. Among his many awards and citations was election to the National Academy of Engineering of the United States in 1979 for his leadership in chemical, biochemical, and biomedical engineering in Japan.

Back cover copy

Completely revised, updated, and enlarged, this second edition now contains a subchapter on biorecognition assays, plus a chapter on bioprocess control added by the new co-author Jun-ichi Horiuchi, who is one of the leading experts in the field. The central theme of the textbook remains the application of chemical engineering principles to biological processes in general, demonstrating how a chemical engineer would address and solve problems. To create a logical and clear structure, the book is divided into three parts. The first deals with the basic concepts and principles of chemical engineering and can be read by those students with no prior knowledge of chemical engineering. The second part focuses on process aspects, such as heat and mass transfer, bioreactors, and separation methods. Finally, the third section describes practical aspects, including medical device production, downstream operations, and fermenter engineering. More than 40 exemplary solved exercises facilitate understanding of the complex engineering background, while self-study is supported by the inclusion of over 80 exercises at the end of each chapter, which are supplemented by the corresponding solutions. An excellent, comprehensive introduction to the principles of biochemical engineering.