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<p>Introduction xiii</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Electricity and Matter 1</b></p> <p>Elements, Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 1</p> <p>Electron Theory 3</p> <p>Electric Current 9</p> <p>Insulators and Conductors 11</p> <p>Questions 12</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Units and Definitions 13</b></p> <p>Fundamental and Derived Units 13</p> <p>Definitions 15</p> <p>Magnetic Units 17</p> <p>Temperature Units 18</p> <p>Questions 18</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Electrical Symbols 21</b></p> <p>Graphic Electrical Wiring Symbols 21</p> <p>0.1 Drafting Practices Applicable to Graphic Electrical Wiring Symbols 21</p> <p>0.2 Explanation Supplementing the Schedule of Symbols 23</p> <p>List of Symbols 27</p> <p>1.0 Lighting Outlets 27</p> <p>2.0 Receptacle Outlets 28</p> <p>3.0 Switch Outlets 31</p> <p>4.0 Signaling System Outlets: Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Occupancies 31</p> <p>5.0 Signaling System Outlets: Residential Occupancies 36</p> <p>6.0 Panelboards, Switchboards, and Related Equipment 37</p> <p>7.0 Bus Ducts and Wireways 38</p> <p>8.0 Remote Control Stations for Motors or Other Equipment* 39</p> <p>9.0 Circuiting 39</p> <p>10.0 Electric Distribution or Lighting System, Underground 40</p> <p>11.0 Electric Distribution or Lighting System Aerial 41</p> <p>Arrester, Lightning Arrester (Electric Surge, etc.) Gap 42</p> <p>Battery 43</p> <p>Circuit Breakers 43</p> <p>Circuit Return 45</p> <p>Coil, Magnetic Blowout* 45</p> <p>Contact, Electrical 46</p> <p>Contactor 48</p> <p>Machine, Rotating 49</p> <p>Meter Instrument 53</p> <p>Path, Transmission, Conductor, Cable Wiring 55</p> <p>Polarity Symbol 56</p> <p>Switch 57</p> <p>Transformer 58</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 63</b></p> <p>Magnetic Poles 63</p> <p>Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 64</p> <p>The Earth as Magnet 64</p> <p>Magnetic Lines of Force 65</p> <p>Molecular Theory of Magnetism 66</p> <p>Strength of a Magnet 68</p> <p>Lifting Power of a Magnet 68</p> <p>Questions 69</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Ohm’s Law 71</b></p> <p>Statement of Ohm’s Law 71</p> <p>Analogy of Ohm’s Law 71</p> <p>Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 72</p> <p>Ohm’s Law and Power 74</p> <p>The Ohm’s Law Circle 74</p> <p>Formulas 75</p> <p>Ohm’s Law 75</p> <p>Power in Watts 75</p> <p>Questions 76</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Capacitors 77</b></p> <p>Capacitance 83</p> <p>Capacitance in Series and Parallel 84</p> <p>Capacitance in Other Than Regular Capacitors 86</p> <p>Formulas 87</p> <p>Questions 87</p> <p>Chapter 7 Resistance 89</p> <p>Skin Effect 97</p> <p>Conductivity 97</p> <p>Voltage-Drop Calculation 99</p> <p>Measuring Conductors 100</p> <p>Questions 101</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Resistance in Series and Parallel 103</b></p> <p>Resistances in Series 103</p> <p>Resistances in Parallel 104</p> <p>Series-Parallel Circuits 107</p> <p>Questions 109</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Electrolysis 111</b></p> <p>Terminology 111</p> <p>Chemistry of Electrolysis 112</p> <p>Electroplating 114</p> <p>Corrosion 114</p> <p>Questions 116</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Primary and Secondary Cells 117</b></p> <p>The Voltaic Cell 117</p> <p>Primary Cells 119</p> <p>Secondary Cells 122</p> <p>Questions 127</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Electromagnetism 129</b></p> <p>Galvanoscope 134</p> <p>Solenoids 135</p> <p>Questions 136</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Laws Governing Magnetic Circuits 139</b></p> <p>Strength of a Magnetic Pole 141</p> <p>Intensity of Magnetizing Force 142</p> <p>Magnetic Reluctance 142</p> <p>Formulas 149</p> <p>Questions 149</p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Work, Power, Energy, Torque, and Efficiency 151</b></p> <p>Torque 155</p> <p>Prony Brake 156</p> <p>Formulas 158</p> <p>Questions 158</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 Instruments and Measurements 161</b></p> <p>Voltmeters and Ammeters 163</p> <p>Edison Pendulum Ammeter 163</p> <p>Battery Gauge 164</p> <p>Indicating Wattmeter 165</p> <p>Ohmmeters 168</p> <p>Thermostats 169</p> <p>Thermocouples 169</p> <p>Questions 170</p> <p><b>Chapter 15 Insulation Testing 171</b></p> <p>Test Voltages vs. Equipment Ratings 172</p> <p>Cables and Conductors 174</p> <p>Conductors in Parallel 181</p> <p>Effect of Temperature on Insulation Resistance* 185</p> <p>Questions 185</p> <p><b>Chapter 16 Electromagnetic Induction 187</b></p> <p>Basic Principles 187</p> <p>Lenz's Law 188</p> <p>Fleming's Rule 192</p> <p>Mutual Induction 192</p> <p>Eddy Currents 194</p> <p>Questions 195</p> <p><b>Chapter 17 Alternating Currents 197</b></p> <p>Advantages of AC 197</p> <p>Generation of AC 197</p> <p>AC Sine Wave 201</p> <p>Paralleling Alternators 203</p> <p>Formulas 204</p> <p>Questions 204</p> <p><b>Chapter 18 DC Generators 207</b></p> <p>Generators vs. Alternators 207</p> <p>Generation of EMF 207</p> <p>Armatures 208</p> <p>Brushes 211</p> <p>Types of Generators 212</p> <p>Generator Voltage Control 214</p> <p>Questions 214</p> <p><b>Chapter 19 DC Motors 215</b></p> <p>Armature Movement 215</p> <p>DC Motors vs. DC Generators 215</p> <p>Regulation of DC Motors 216</p> <p>Starting the DC Motor 220</p> <p>Reversing Motor Direction 220</p> <p>Questions 221</p> <p><b>Chapter 20 Inductance and Reactance 223</b></p> <p>Inductance 223</p> <p>Inductive Reactance 223</p> <p>Impedance 224</p> <p>Effects of Circuit Inductance 225</p> <p>Phase Angle 226</p> <p>True Power and Power Factor 229</p> <p>Worked Examples 230</p> <p>Formulas 232</p> <p>Questions 233</p> <p><b>Chapter 21 Capacitance in AC Circuits 235</b></p> <p>Analogy of Capacitor Action 235</p> <p>Capacitor Action 236</p> <p>Capacitance 236</p> <p>Current and Voltage Relations 237</p> <p>Capacitive Reactance 238</p> <p>Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 238</p> <p>Formulas 241</p> <p>Questions 241</p> <p><b>Chapter 22 Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance in Series and Parallel 243</b></p> <p>RC Circuit 243</p> <p>RLC Circuit 244</p> <p>Parallel LC Circuit 248</p> <p>Resonance 249</p> <p>System Power Factor 251</p> <p>Formulas 253</p> <p>Questions 253</p> <p><b>Chapter 23 Polyphase Circuits 255</b></p> <p>Multiphase Systems 255</p> <p>Two-Phase Systems 255</p> <p>Three-Phase Systems 257</p> <p>Questions 261</p> <p><b>Chapter 24 Power in Polyphase Circuits 263</b></p> <p>Three-Phase Wye Connection 264</p> <p>Three-Phase Delta Connection 266</p> <p>Economy and Phases 268</p> <p>Neutral Current in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 269</p> <p>Formulas 273</p> <p>Questions 274</p> <p><b>Chapter 25 Transformer Principles 277</b></p> <p>Induction Coil 277</p> <p>Transformer Types 279</p> <p>Principles of Operation 280</p> <p>Windings and Voltages 281</p> <p>Formulas 284</p> <p>Questions 284</p> <p><b>Chapter 26 Transformer Facts 285</b></p> <p>Transformer Impedance 287</p> <p>Transformers in Parallel 289</p> <p>Transformer Insulation 289</p> <p>Types of Transformers 290</p> <p>Effects of Altitudes 290</p> <p>Ambient Temperature 290</p> <p>Transformer Polarity 291</p> <p>Termination Marking 292</p> <p>Formulas 293</p> <p>Questions 294</p> <p><b>Chapter 27 Transforming Polyphase Power 295</b></p> <p>Single-Phase for Three-Phase 295</p> <p>Three-Phase Transformers 297</p> <p>Two-Phase to Three-Phase Conversion 299</p> <p>Delta- and Wye-Connection Voltages and Currents 301</p> <p>Questions 302</p> <p><b>Chapter 28 Autotransformers 303</b></p> <p>Autotransformers and Conventional Transformers 303</p> <p>Induction Voltage Regulator 304</p> <p>Transformer Booster 305</p> <p>Questions 306</p> <p><b>Chapter 29 Instrument Transformers 307</b></p> <p>Use of Instrument Transformers 307</p> <p>Types of Instrument Transformers 307</p> <p>Potential Transformers 308</p> <p>Current Transformers 309</p> <p>Ratings 309</p> <p>Opening the Secondary Circuit 309</p> <p>Symbols 310</p> <p>Ground Fault Protection 310</p> <p>Questions 312</p> <p><b>Chapter 30 Polyphase Induction Motors 313</b></p> <p>Rotating Magnetic Field 313</p> <p>Squirrel Cage Rotor Winding 316</p> <p>Wound Rotors 320</p> <p>Dual Voltages 320</p> <p>Induction Motors on Start 324</p> <p>Altitude Correction 326</p> <p>Power Factor 326</p> <p>Questions 328</p> <p><b>Chapter 31 Power-Factor Correction 329</b></p> <p>Reactive Kilovolt-Amperes 329</p> <p>Use of Correction Table 329</p> <p>Correction with Capacitors 331</p> <p>Use of Chart 331</p> <p>Use of Mathematics 332</p> <p>Overloads 335</p> <p>Reasons for Corrections 335</p> <p>Questions 336</p> <p><b>Chapter 32 Synchronous Motors 337</b></p> <p>Characteristics 337</p> <p>Operation 337</p> <p>Power Factor 339</p> <p>Regulation 340</p> <p>Questions 342</p> <p><b>Chapter 33 Single-Phase Motors 343</b></p> <p>Phase Splitting 343</p> <p>Shading-Coil Motors 344</p> <p>Universal Motors 345</p> <p>Hysteresis Motors 345</p> <p>Split-Phase Induction Motor 345</p> <p>Capacitor-Start Motors 347</p> <p>Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motor 347</p> <p>Repulsion Motors 348</p> <p>Repulsion-Induction Motors 350</p> <p>Questions 351</p> <p><b>Chapter 34 Grounding and Ground Testing 353</b></p> <p>Grounding Requirements 353</p> <p>Conduction in Soil 354</p> <p>Grounding Electrode 356</p> <p>Fall-of-Potential Method 356</p> <p>System Grounding 362</p> <p>Questions 366</p> <p><b>Chapter 35 Rectifiers 367</b></p> <p>Mercury-Arc Rectifier 367</p> <p>Dry-Contact Rectifiers 368</p> <p>Solid-State Rectifiers 370</p> <p>Rectifier Connections 371</p> <p>Questions 373</p> <p><b>Chapter 36 Number of Bends in Conduit 375</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 37 Torque Test for Bolts and Screws 381</b></p> <p>Appendix 383</p> <p>Index 391</p>

<p><b>Paul Rosenberg</b> is a master electrician with extensive experience in all aspects of the industry. An instructor at Iowa State University, he has written for all the major electrical industry publications. He is also the author of <i>Audel Questions and Answers for Electrician's Examinations, 14th Edition</i>.

<p><b>AUDEL^™</b> <p><b>Spend your study time wisely</b> <p>As you advance from student to apprentice to journeyman status, you log a lot of study hours. Make the most of those hours with this fully updated, sharply focused self-study course. It contains everything you need to know about electrical theory and applications, clearly defined and logically organized, with illustrations for clarity and review questions at the end of each chapter to help you test your knowledge. <ul> <li>Understand electron theory and how electricity affects matter</li> <li>Recognize applications for both alternating and direct current</li> <li>Comprehend Ohm's Law and the laws governing magnetic circuits</li> <li>Learn from detailed drawings and diagrams</li> <li>Explore trigonometry and alternative methods of calculation</li> <li>Identify instruments and measurements used in electrical applications</li> <li>Apply proper grounding and ground testing, insulation testing, and power factor correction</li> </ul>

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