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SIMPLE MODELS FOR THE RADIATIVE HAETING OF THE EARTH AND ITS ATMOSPHERE<br> Introduction<br> Radiative Heating of the Atmosphere<br> Global Energy Budget<br> The Window-Gray Approximation and the Greenhouse Effect<br> Climate Sensitivity<br> Radiative Time Constant<br> Radiation and the Earth's Global Mean Vertical Temperature Profile<br> Radiative Forcding Leads to Circulation<br> RADIATION AND ITS SOURCES<br> Basic Properties of Electromagnetic Wave<br> Wave-Particle Duality of Light<br> Blackbody Radiation<br> Incident Sunlight<br> TRANSFER OF RADIATION IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE<br> Cross Sections<br> Extinction Cross Section and Scattering Phase Function<br> Atmospheric Optical Phenomena Related to Light Scattering<br> Equation of Radiative Transfer<br> Transfer Equation for Solar Radiation<br> Transfer Equation for Terrestrial Radiation<br> SOLUTIONS TO THE EQUATION OF TRANSFER<br> Formal Solution to the Equation of Transfer<br> Solution for Thermal Emission<br> Solution for Scattering and Absorption<br> Single-Scattering Approximation<br> Fourier Decomposition of the Transfer Equation<br> Eddington Approximation for Scattering and Absorbing Atmosphere<br> Adding Layers in the Eddington Approximation<br> Adding a Surface with a Nonzero Albedo in the Eddington Approximation<br> Clouds in the Thermal Infrared<br> Diffusivity Factor<br> TREATMENT OF MOLECULAR ABSORPTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE<br> Absorption by Molecules<br> Molecular Absorption Lines and Line Shapes<br> Molecular Absorption Spectra<br> Distribution of Line Strengths for a Vibration Rotation Band<br> Absorption by a Single, Weak Absorption Line<br> Absorption by a Single, Strong, Pressure-Broadened Line<br> Inhomogeneous Ppaths<br> Bands of Isolated Lines<br> Approximate Treatments for Overlapping Lines<br> Exponential Sum-Fit and Correlated-K Methods<br> ABSORBTION OF SOLRA RADIATION IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE<br> Absorption of UV and Visible Sunlight by Ozone<br> Absorption of Sunlight by Water Vapor<br> SIMPLIFIED ESTIMATES OF EMISSION<br> Emission in the 15-?m band of CO2<br> Change in Emitted Flux Due to a Doubling of CO2<br> Change in Stratospheric Temperature Due to a Doubling of CO2<br> APPENDICES<br> Solving Differential Equations<br> Integrals of the Planck Function<br> Compilation of Line Parameters for Random Band Models<br> Absorption Cross Sections for Ozone and Oxygen at Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelengths<br>

<b>Professor James Coakley</b> received his degrees in Physics: B.S. (1968) UCLA, and MA (1970) and PhD (1972) Berkeley. He entered the atmospheric sciences in 1972 as a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Advanced Study Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and stayed at NCAR in various staff scientist positions until moving to Oregon State University in 1988 where he is currently a Professor of Atmospheric Sciences in the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences. His research focuses on the problem of climate change and in particular on the remote sensing of aerosol and cloud properties from satellites, and the effects of aerosols and clouds on the Earth's energy budget and climate. Dr. Coakley is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served on editorial advisory board for Tellus, as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research, and as Editor for the Journal of Climate. He has also served on various panels for the National Research Council and as a member for two of the Council's standing committees: Meteorological Analysis, Prediction, and Research and Climate Research. <br /><br /><b>Professor Ping Yang</b> received the B.S. (theoretical physics) and M.S. (atmospheric physics) degrees from Lanzhou, China, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in meteorology from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA, in 1995. He is currently a professor and the holder of the David Bullock Harris Chair in Geosciences, the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. His research interests cover the areas of remote sensing and radiative transfer. He has been actively conducting research in the modeling of the optical and radiative properties of clouds and aerosols, in particular, cirrus clouds, and their applications to space-borne and ground-based remote sensing. He has co-authored more than 160 peer-reviewed publications. He received a best paper award from the Climate and Radiation Branch, NASA Goddard Space Center in 2000, the U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER award in 2003, and the Dean's Distinguished Achievement Award for Faculty Research, College of Geosciences, Texas A&M University in 2004. He is a member of the MODIS Science Team and. He currently serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, and the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.

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