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<p><b>Part I Fundamentals 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Polyoxometalates 3</b><br /><i>Daniela Flores and Carlos M. Granadeiro</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Polyoxometalate Structures 5</p> <p>1.3 POM-based Composites and Materials 12</p> <p>1.4 Conclusions 15</p> <p><b>2 Design and Strategies to Enhance the Electrochemical Properties of POM Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis 27</b><br /><i>Adedayo Oghenenerhuvwu Dada, Kieran Dylan Jones, Darren Anthony Walsh, and Graham Neil Newton</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Design Approaches via Organofunctionalization 34</p> <p>2.3 Conclusion 51</p> <p><b>Part II Polyoxometalates for Oxidative Electrocatalysis 59</b></p> <p><b>3 POM-based Electrocatalysts for L-Cysteine and NADH Oxidation 61</b><br /><i>Israël Mbomekallé, Anne-Lucie Teillout, and Pedro de Oliveira</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 61</p> <p>3.2 The Electrocatalytic Oxidation of L-cysteine (Cys) 61</p> <p>3.3 The Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) 76</p> <p>3.4 Conclusion 85</p> <p><b>4 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Pharmaceutical Molecules Oxidation 93</b><br /><i>Diana M. Fernandes</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 93</p> <p>4.2 Preparation Methods of POM-based Films and (Nano)composites 94</p> <p>4.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis 97</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions 112</p> <p><b>Part III Polyoxometalates for Reductive Electrocatalysis 123</b></p> <p><b>5 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Inorganic Water Contaminants and Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction 125</b><br /><i>Diana M. Fernandes</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 125</p> <p>5.2 Nitrite Reduction 126</p> <p>5.3 Bromate Reduction 134</p> <p>5.4 Iodate Reduction 138</p> <p>5.5 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 142</p> <p>5.6 Conclusions 145</p> <p><b>6 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction 157</b><br /><i>Bruno Fabre, Clément Falaise, and Emmanuel Cadot</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 157</p> <p>6.2 Thermodynamics of CO2 Reduction 158</p> <p>6.3 Appealing Properties of POMs for CO2 Reduction 159</p> <p>6.4 Coordination of CO2 by POM Compounds 164</p> <p>6.5 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Dissolved POMs 165</p> <p>6.6 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 at POMs-modified (Semi)conducting Electrode Surfaces 173</p> <p>6.7 Conclusions 178</p> <p><b>Part IV Polyoxometales for Fuel Cells and Electrolysers 183</b></p> <p><b>7 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 185</b><br /><i>Víctor K. Abdelkader-Fernández, Pablo Garrido-Barros, Marta Nunes, and Marcos Gil-Sepulcre</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction: The OER Process 185</p> <p>7.2 Pure POMs as OER Electrocatalysts 188</p> <p>7.3 POM-containing (Nano)composites as OER Electrocatalysts 195</p> <p>7.4 Heterogeneous Materials Derived from POM and POM-containing Nanocomposites 206</p> <p>7.5 Concluding Remarks 209</p> <p><b>8 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 219</b><br /><i>Inês S. Marques, Renata Matos, and Diana M. Fernandes</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction: HER Process 219</p> <p>8.2 Pure POMs as HER Electrocatalysts 221</p> <p>8.3 Composite/Hybrid Materials 221</p> <p>8.4 POM-derived Electrocatalysts 235</p> <p>8.5 Concluding Remarks 252</p> <p><b>9 POM-based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions 263</b><br /><i>Henrique Araújo, Biljana Sljukic, and Diogo M.F. Santos</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 263</p> <p>9.2 Fundamentals of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 265</p> <p>9.3 State-of-the-Art Electrocatalysts for the ORR 269</p> <p>9.4 POM-based Electrocatalysts for the ORR 270</p> <p>9.5 Conclusions 276</p> <p><b>Part V Polyoxometales for Batteries and Supercapacitors 283</b></p> <p><b>10 POM-based Nanomaterials for Battery Applications 285</b><br /><i>Sanaz Taghaddosi and Ulrich Stimming</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>10.2 Criteria for Efficient Redox Flow Batteries 286</p> <p>10.3 Electrolyte Requirements for Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) 289</p> <p>10.4 Classification of POMs 292</p> <p>10.5 Suitability of POMs for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices 295</p> <p>10.6 Further Possibilities 313</p> <p>10.7 POM-based RFBs in Comparison with Other RFBs 315</p> <p>10.8 Conclusions 316</p> <p><b>11 POM-based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors 323</b><br /><i>Ana C. Alves and Marta M. Alves</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction to Energy-storage Devices 323</p> <p>11.2 Properties of POMs for Supercapacitors 326</p> <p>11.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 351</p> <p>Acknowledgements 352</p> <p>References 352</p> <p>Index 359</p>

<p><b>Diana M. Fernandes, PhD,</b> is an independent researcher at LAQV-REQUIMTE where she created a new research line on materials for electrochemical energy-related reactions. The international relevance of her work is published in several journals. In 2015, she was awarded with the Young Investigator Award in Electrochemistry by the Portuguese Electrochemical Society (SPE).</p>

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