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<p>Foreword xi</p> <p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Concepts and Approaches in Landscape Ecology 1</b></p> <p>1.1 The Historical Development of Landscape Ecology as a Science 1</p> <p>1.2 Hierarchical Levels in Ecology 6</p> <p>1.3 The Spatial Hierarchy of Land 7</p> <p>1.4 Fundamental Concepts: Landscape Scale and Size, Pattern, Process, and Change 9</p> <p>1.5 The Representation of the Landscape and its Elements 13</p> <p>Key Points 20</p> <p>Endnotes 20</p> <p><b>2 Points as Landscape Elements 25</b></p> <p>2.1 The Different Patterns 25</p> <p>2.2 Distance Methods to Detect Pattern 29</p> <p>2.3 Quadrat Analysis to Detect Pattern 31</p> <p>2.4 Consideration of Scale in Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 35</p> <p>2.5 Consideration of Scale in Quadrat Analyses 40</p> <p>Key Points 44</p> <p>Endnotes 44</p> <p><b>3 Linear Elements and Networks 47</b></p> <p>3.1 The Linear Features and Corridors in the Landscape 47</p> <p>3.2 Curvilinearity and Fractal Analysis 50</p> <p>3.3 Linear Density of Networks 57</p> <p>3.4 Spatial Distribution of Linear Networks 60</p> <p>3.5 Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Linear Networks 62</p> <p>3.6 A Study of Linear Features on the European Scale 65</p> <p>3.7 The Topology of the Networks 66</p> <p>3.8 Network Connectivity 68</p> <p>3.9 Connectivity Indices Based on Topological Distances between Patches (Nodes) 72</p> <p>Key Points 77</p> <p>Endnotes 78</p> <p><b>4 Patches and Their Interactions 81</b></p> <p>4.1 The Importance of Patch Size for Species Diversity 81</p> <p>4.2 The Importance of Patch Edge and Shape 86</p> <p>4.3 The Measurement of Patch Size and Perimeter 88</p> <p>4.4 Quantifying Patch Shape 90</p> <p>4.5 An Example for the Use of Perimeter–Area Relationships 92</p> <p>4.6 Patch Interior and Edge 94</p> <p>4.7 Interaction between Patches and the Theory of Island Biogeography 99</p> <p>4.8 Interaction between Patches and Populations: The Concept of Metapopulation 102</p> <p>4.9 Estimating the Interaction between Patches by the Distance and Size of Neighbors 104</p> <p>4.10 An Example of the Use of the Gravity Model 108</p> <p>Key Points 111</p> <p>Endnotes 111</p> <p><b>5 The Vertical Dimension of Landscapes 115</b></p> <p>5.1 The Importance of Elevation Illustrated for Birds in the Macaronesian Islands 115</p> <p>5.2 Montane Islands 120</p> <p>5.3 The Vertical Dimension in Aquatic Systems 122</p> <p>5.4 The Vertical Structure of Vegetation and Species Diversity 122</p> <p>Key Points 126</p> <p>Endnotes 126</p> <p><b>6 Movements through Landscapes 129</b></p> <p>6.1 Percolation Theory 129</p> <p>6.2 Contagion Analysis and Percolation 133</p> <p>6.3 Resistance Surfaces 137</p> <p>6.4 Example of Percolation Movements through Landscapes 140</p> <p>Key Points 142</p> <p>Endnotes 143</p> <p><b>7 Landscape Composition, Diversity, and Habitat Selection 145</b></p> <p>7.1 Measurements of Diversity 145</p> <p>7.2 Species Diversity of Habitats and Landscapes 150</p> <p>7.3 The Habitat Use Diversity of a Species 155</p> <p>7.4 The Relationship between the Species Diversity of a Landscape and the Habitat Use Diversity of the Species 157</p> <p>7.5 Habitat Selection 161</p> <p>7.6 Landscape Composition and Diversity 169</p> <p>Key Points 170</p> <p>Endnotes 171</p> <p><b>8 Landscape Pattern: Composition and Configuration 173</b></p> <p>8.1 Composition and Configuration Represent Different Aspects of Landscapes 173</p> <p>8.2 Configuration Assessed by Patch Numbers, Sizes, Perimeters, and Shapes 175</p> <p>8.3 Edge Contrast 178</p> <p>8.4 Configuration Assessed by Types of Cell Adjacencies 181</p> <p>8.5 Combination of Landscape Pattern Indices 186</p> <p>8.6 Example of Uses of Pattern and Configuration Metrics to Compare Landscapes 189</p> <p>Key Points 191</p> <p>Endnotes 191</p> <p><b>9 Landscape Dynamics 193</b></p> <p>9.1 The Dynamic Nature of Landscapes: Disturbances and Equilibrium 193</p> <p>9.2 The Two-State Landscapes 195</p> <p>9.3 Rotating Landscapes 198</p> <p>9.4 Indices for the Dynamics and Randomness of Landscape Changes 202</p> <p>9.5 Measuring the Complexity of Landscape Change 204</p> <p>9.6 Simulating Changes in Landscape Composition 206</p> <p>9.7 Conditional Landscape Changes 211</p> <p>Key Points 216</p> <p>Endnotes 217</p> <p><b>10 From Landscape Ecology to Landscape Management 219</b></p> <p>10.1 Natural Processes and Landscape Management 219</p> <p>10.2 Transition Matrices as the Mathematical Framework 223</p> <p>10.3 Management of Landscape Composition and the Transition Matrix Model 226</p> <p>10.4 The Use of Transition Matrices to Incorporate Changes in Disturbance Regimes and/or Management Activities 228</p> <p>10.5 Combining Spatial and Temporal Analysis in Transition Models 238</p> <p>Key Points 252</p> <p>Endnotes 252</p> <p>Appendix A Description of Notation Used in Formulae and Metrics 255</p> <p>Index 263</p>

<p><b>Francisco Castro Rego,</b> Professor of Landscape Ecology, Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves", InBio and School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal <p><b>Stephen C. Bunting,</b> Emeritus Professor of Landscape and Rangeland Ecology, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA <p><b>Eva Kristina Strand,</b> Professor of Landscape Ecology, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA <p><b>Paulo Godinho-Ferreira,</b> Senior Researcher of Landscape Ecology, Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves", InBio and Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Lisbon, Portugal

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