Details

American English

Dialects and Variation
Language in Society, Band 45 3. Aufl.

von: Walt Wolfram, Natalie Schilling
40,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	19.10.2015
ISBN/EAN:	9781118391457
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	464

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

The new edition of this classic text chronicles recent breakthrough developments in the field of American English, covering regional, ethnic, and gender-based differences. <ul> <li>Now accompanied by a companion website with an extensive array of sound files, video clips, and other online materials to enhance and illustrate discussions in the text</li> <li>Features brand new chapters that cover the very latest topics, such as Levels of Dialect, Regional Varieties of English, Gender and Language Variation, The Application of Dialect Study, and Dialect Awareness: Extending Application, as well as new exercises with online answers</li> <li>Updated to contain dialect samples from a wider array of US regions</li> <li>Written for students taking courses in dialect studies, variationist sociolinguistics, and linguistic anthropology, and requires no pre-knowledge of linguistics </li> <li>Includes a glossary and extensive appendix of the pronunciation, grammatical, and lexical features of American English dialects</li> </ul>

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Companion Website x List of Figures xi Preface xiii Phonetic Symbols xvii 1 Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars 1 1.1 Defining Dialect 2 1.2 Dialect: The Popular Viewpoint 2 1.3 Dialect Myths and Linguistic Reality 8 1.4 Standards and Vernaculars 9 1.5 Language Descriptivism and Prescriptivism 14 1.6 Vernacular Dialects 16 1.7 Labeling Vernacular Dialects 17 1.8 Why Study Dialects? 18 1.9 A Tradition of Study 21 1.10 Further Reading 24 References 25 2 Why Dialects? 27 2.1 Sociohistorical Explanation 28 2.1.1 Settlement 28 2.1.2 Migration 29 2.1.3 Geographical factors 30 2.1.4 Language contact 31 2.1.5 Economic ecology 33 2.1.6 Social stratification 34 2.1.7 Social interaction, social practices, and speech communities 35 2.1.8 Group and individual identity 38 2.2 Linguistic Explanation 40 2.2.1 Rule extension 42 2.2.2 Analogy 44 2.2.3 Transparency and grammaticalization 47 2.2.4 Pronunciation principles 50 2.2.5 Words and word meanings 55 2.3 The Final Product 57 2.4 Further Reading 57 References 58 3 Levels of Dialect 59 3.1 Lexical Differences 59 3.2 Slang 64 3.3 Phonological Differences 68 3.4 Grammatical Differences 79 3.5 Language Use and Pragmatics 86 3.6 Further Reading 93 References 94 4 Dialects in the United States: Past, Present, and Future 97 4.1 The First English(es) in America 98 4.1.1 Jamestown 98 4.1.2 Boston 100 4.1.3 Philadelphia 103 4.1.4 Charleston 105 4.1.5 New Orleans 106 4.2 Earlier American English: The Colonial Period 106 4.3 American English Extended 110 4.4 The Westward Expansion of English 115 4.5 The Present and Future State of American English 117 4.6 Further Reading 122 References 123 5 Regional Varieties of English 125 5.1 Eliciting Regional Dialect Forms 126 5.2 Mapping Regional Variants 128 5.3 The Distribution of Dialect Forms 132 5.4 Dialect Diffusion 143 5.5 Perceptual Dialectology 148 5.6 Region and Place 153 5.7 Further Reading 154 Websites 155 References 156 6 Social Varieties of American English 159 6.1 Social Status and Class 159 6.2 Beyond Social Class 162 6.3 Indexing Social Meanings through Language Variation 164 6.4 The Patterning of Social Differences in Language 165 6.5 Linguistic Constraints on Variability 170 6.6 The Social Evaluation of Linguistic Features 174 6.7 Social Class and Language Change 177 6.8 Further Reading 179 References 179 7 Ethnicity and American English 183 7.1 Ethnic Varieties and Ethnolinguistic Repertoire 184 7.2 Patterns of Ethnolinguistic Variation 185 7.3 Latino English 188 7.4 Cajun English 196 7.5 Lumbee English 199 7.6 Jewish American English 203 7.7 Asian American English 206 7.8 Further Reading 210 References 211 8 African American English 217 8.1 Defining the English of African Americans 218 8.2 The Relationship between European American and African American English 220 8.3 The Origin and Early Development of African American English 225 8.3.1 The Anglicist Hypothesis 226 8.3.2 The Creolist Hypothesis 226 8.3.3 A Note on Creole Exceptionalism 228 8.3.4 The Neo‐Anglicist Hypothesis 228 8.3.5 The Substrate Hypothesis 230 8.4 The Contemporary Development of African American Speech 231 8.5 Conclusion 238 8.6 Further Reading 239 References 240 9 Gender and Language Variation 245 9.1 Gender‐based Patterns of Variation 247 9.2 Explaining General Patterns 251 9.3 Localized Expressions of Gender Relations 253 9.4 Communities of Practice: Linking the Local and the Global 255 9.5 Gender and Language Use 258 9.5.1 The “Female Deficit” Approach 259 9.5.2 The “Cultural Difference” Approach 263 9.5.3 The “Dominance” Approach 265 9.6 Investigating Gender Diversity 267 9.7 Talking about Men and Women 269 9.7.1 Generic he and man 269 9.7.2 Family names and addresses 270 9.7.3 Relationships of association 271 9.7.4 Labeling 272 9.8 The Question of Language Reform 273 9.9 Further Reading 275 References 276 10 Dialects and Style 281 10.1 Types of Style Shifting 282 10.2 Attention to Speech 286 10.2.1 The patterning of stylistic variation across social groups 287 10.2.2 Limitations of the attention to speech approach 291 10.3 Audience Design 293 10.3.1 The effects of audience on speech style 295 10.3.2 Questions concerning audience design 298 10.4 Speaker Design Approaches 301 10.4.1 Three approaches to style, “three waves” of quantitative sociolinguistic study 301 10.4.2 Studying stylistic variation from a speaker‐design perspective 303 10.5 Further Considerations 306 10.6 Further Reading 307 References 309 11 The Application of Dialect Study 311 11.1 Dialects and Assessment Testing 313 11.1.1 “Correctness” in assessing language achievement and development 314 11.1.2 Testing linguistic knowledge 318 11.1.3 Using language to test other knowledge 319 11.1.4 The testing situation 321 11.2 Teaching Mainstream American English 323 11.2.1 What standard? 323 11.2.2 Approaches to MAE 326 11.2.3 Can MAE be taught? 328 11.3 Further Reading 334 References 335 12 Dialect Awareness: Extending Application 337 12.1 Dialects and Reading 337 12.2 Dialect Influence in Written Language 340 12.3 Literary Dialect 343 12.4 Proactive Dialect Awareness Programs 347 12.5 Venues of Engagement 349 12.6 A Curriculum on Dialects 351 12.7 Scrutinizing Sociolinguistic Engagement 358 12.8 Further Reading 363 Websites 363 References 364 Appendix: An Inventory of Distinguishing Dialect Features 367 Glossary 391 Index 415

Autorenportrait

Walt Wolfram is William C. Friday Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University, and has authored numerous books including The Development of African American English (with Erik Thomas, Blackwell, 2002) and American Voices (co-edited with Ben Ward, Blackwell, 2006). His most recent book is Talkin’ Tar Heel: How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina (2014). Natalie Schilling is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is co-editor of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, second edition (with J. K. Chambers, 2013, Wiley), and author of Sociolinguistic Fieldwork (2013).

Back cover copy

A thoroughly revised and updated edition of the classic text, American English: Dialects and Variation 3e chronicles the ongoing story of language variation in American English. For the first time, this textbook is accompanied by a companion website hosting a wealth of audio and video clips that enhance the themes and discussions of the text. The authors explore contexts ranging from historically isolated, rural dialects to developing, urban ethnic varieties, and include new discussions on Jewish English and Asian-American English to complement coverage on African-American, Latino, Cajun, and Native American English, as they guide the reader through the evolving theoretical framework of variationist sociolinguistics and its recent breakthroughs. The engaging and accessible style of this book has long made it a favorite of students and professors alike; with its new features, including a glossary and extensive appendix of pronunciation and lexical features of American Englishes, it is sure to be a mainstay of sociolinguistics classes for years to come.