PREFACE xv <p>ABOUT THE EDITORS xvii</p> <p>CONTRIBUTORS xix</p> <p><b>PART I MEMBRANES AND APPLICATIONS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 1</b></p> <p><b>1. Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 3</b><br /> <i>Tadahiro Uemura and Masahiro Henmi</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Application of RO Membranes 3</p> <p>1.3 Major Progress in RO Membranes 4</p> <p>1.4 Trends in RO Membrane Technology 6</p> <p>1.5 Reverse Osmosis/Biofouling Protection 13</p> <p>1.6 Low-Fouling RO Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation 14</p> <p>1.7 Chlorine Tolerance of Cross-Linked Aromatic Polyamide Membrane 17</p> <p><b>2. Cellulose Triacetate Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 21</b><br /> <i>A. Kumano and N. Fujiwara</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 21</p> <p>2.2 History of Cellulose Acetate Membrane 21</p> <p>2.3 Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 22</p> <p>2.4 Actual Performance of Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 28</p> <p>2.5 Most Recent RO Module of Cellulose Triacetate 35</p> <p>2.6 Conclusion 43</p> <p><b>3. Seawater Desalination 47</b><br /> <i>Nikolay Voutchkov and Raphael Semiat</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 47</p> <p>3.2 Seawater Desalination Plant Configuration 50</p> <p>3.3 Water Production Costs 82</p> <p>3.4 Future Trends 84</p> <p>3.5 Conclusion 85</p> <p><b>4. Seawater Desalination by Ultralow-Energy Reverse Osmosis 87</b><br /> <i>R. L. Truby</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 87</p> <p>4.2 SWRO Energy Reduction Using Energy Recovery Technology 88</p> <p>4.3 SWRO Energy Optimization 95</p> <p>4.4 Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC) 96</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 99</p> <p><b>5. Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 101</b><br /> <i>N. Kubota, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Mori</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 101</p> <p>5.2 Recent Trends and Progress in MF/UF Technology 104</p> <p>5.3 Future Prospects 127</p> <p><b>6. Water Treatment by Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 131</b><br /> <i>M. D. Kennedy, J. Kamanyi, S. G. Salinas Rodrı´guez, N. H. Lee, J. C. Schippers, and G. Amy</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 131</p> <p>6.2 Materials, Module Configurations, and Manufacturers 133</p> <p>6.3 Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration Pretreatment 142</p> <p>6.4 Membrane Applications 146</p> <p>6.5 Membrane Fouling and Cleaning 149</p> <p>6.6 Integrated Membrane Systems (MF or UF þ RO or NF) 160</p> <p>6.7 Backwash Water Reuse, Treatment, and Disposal 164</p> <p><b>7. Water Reclamation and Desalination by Membranes 171</b><br /> <i>Pierre Cote, Mingang Liu, and Steven Siverns</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 171</p> <p>7.2 Water Reclamation and Seawater Desalination 172</p> <p>7.3 Cost Estimation 173</p> <p>7.4 Process Options for Water Reclamation 174</p> <p>7.5 Cost of Water Reclamation 177</p> <p>7.6 Process Options for Desalination 181</p> <p>7.7 Cost of Desalination 181</p> <p>7.8 Water Reuse versus Desalination 185</p> <p>7.9 Conclusions 186</p> <p><b>8. Chitosan Membranes with Nanoparticles for Remediation of Chlorinated Organics 189</b><br /> <i>Yit-Hong Tee and Dibakar Bhattacharyya</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 189</p> <p>8.2 Experimental Section 191</p> <p>8.3 Results and Discussions 197</p> <p>8.4 Conclusions 212</p> <p><b>9. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment 217</b><br /> <i>P. Cornel and S. Krause</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 217</p> <p>9.2 Principle of the Membrane Bioreactor Process 217</p> <p>9.3 MBR Design Considerations 230</p> <p>9.4 Applications and Cost 233</p> <p>9.5 Conclusions and Summary 235</p> <p><b>10. Submerged Membranes 239</b><br /> <i>Anthony G. Fane</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 239</p> <p>10.2 Modes of Operation of Submerged Membranes 241</p> <p>10.3 Submerged Membrane Module Geometries 246</p> <p>10.4 Bubbling and Hydrodynamic Considerations 253</p> <p>10.5 Practical Aspects 262</p> <p>10.6 Applications 267</p> <p>10.7 Conclusions 268</p> <p><b>11. Nanofiltration 271</b><br /> <i>Bart Van der Bruggen and Jeroen Geens</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 271</p> <p>11.2 Process Principles 272</p> <p>11.3 Application of Nanofiltration for Production of Drinking Water and Process Water 276</p> <p>11.4 Wastewater Polishing and Water Reuse 280</p> <p>11.5 Other Applications 283</p> <p>11.6 Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration 284</p> <p>11.7 Conclusions 287</p> <p><b>12. Membrane Distillation 297</b><br /> <i>Mohamed Khayet</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction to Membrane Distillation 297</p> <p>12.2 Membrane Distillation Membranes and Modules 305</p> <p>12.3 Membrane Distillation Membrane Characterization Techniques 320</p> <p>12.4 Transport Mechanisms in MD: Temperature Polarization, Concentration Polarization, and Theoretical Models 331</p> <p>12.5 Membrane Distillation Applications 341</p> <p>12.6 Long-Term MD Performance and Membrane Fouling in MD 355</p> <p>12.7 Hybrid MD Systems 356</p> <p>12.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions in MD 357</p> <p><b>13. Ultrapure Water by Membranes 371</b><br /> <i>Avijit Dey</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 371</p> <p>13.2 Integrated Membrane Technology in UPW Systems 377</p> <p><b>PART II MEMBRANES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CHEMICAL</b><b>/</b><b>BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 407</b></p> <p><b>14. Tissue Engineering with Membranes 409</b><br /> <i>Zhanfeng Cui</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 409</p> <p>14.2 Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture 412</p> <p>14.3 Micromembrane Probes for Tissue Engineering Monitoring 420</p> <p>14.4 Future Opportunities 427</p> <p>14.5 Summary 429</p> <p><b>15. Biopharmaceutical Separations by Ultrafiltration 435</b><br /> <i>Raja Ghosh</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 435</p> <p>15.2 Ultrafiltration: An Overview 436</p> <p>15.3 Basic Working Principles of Ultrafiltration 437</p> <p>15.4 Ultrafiltration Membranes and Devices 438</p> <p>15.5 Ultrafiltration Processes 446</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion 449</p> <p><b>16. Nanofiltration in Organic Solvents 451</b><br /> <i>P. Silva, L. G. Peeva, and A. G. Livingston</i></p> <p>16.1 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes 451</p> <p>16.2 OSN Transport Mechanisms—Theoretical Background 458</p> <p>16.3 Applications of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 461</p> <p><b>17. Pervaporation 469</b><br /> <i>Fakhir U. Baig</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 469</p> <p>17.2 Applications of AZEO SEP and VOC SEP 471</p> <p>17.3 Computer Simulation of Module Performance 475</p> <p>17.4 Permeation and Separation Model in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Module 481</p> <p>17.5 Conclusion 487</p> <p><b>18. Biomedical Applications of Membranes 489</b><br /> <i>G. Catapano and J. Vienken</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 489</p> <p>18.2 Membrane Therapeutic Treatments 490</p> <p>18.3 Medical Membrane Properties 496</p> <p>18.4 Medical Membrane Materials 501</p> <p>18.5 Biocompatibility of Membrane-Based Therapeutic Treatments 508</p> <p>18.6 Conclusions 511</p> <p><b>19. Hemodialysis Membranes 519</b><br /> <i>Norma J. Ofsthun, Sujatha Karoor, and Mitsuru Suzuki</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 519</p> <p>19.2 Transport Requirements 521</p> <p>19.3 Other Requirements 525</p> <p>19.4 Membrane Materials, Spinning Technology, and Structure 527</p> <p>19.5 Dialyzer Design and Performance 530</p> <p>19.6 Current Market Trends 533</p> <p>19.7 Future Directions 533</p> <p>19.8 Conclusions 536</p> <p><b>20. Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 541</b><br /> <i>S. Ranil Wickramasinghe</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 541</p> <p>20.2 Tangential-Flow Filtration 543</p> <p>20.3 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 545</p> <p>20.4 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Clearance 550</p> <p>20.5 Conclusions 552</p> <p><b>PART III GAS SEPARATIONS 557</b></p> <p><b>21. Vapor and Gas Separation by Membranes 559</b><br /> <i>Richard W. Baker</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction to Membranes and Modules 559</p> <p>21.2 Membrane Process Design 563</p> <p>21.3 Applications 567</p> <p>21.4 Conclusions 577</p> <p>21.5 Glossary 577</p> <p><b>22. Gas Separation by Polyimide Membranes 581</b><br /> <i>Yoji Kase</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 581</p> <p>22.2 Permeability and Chemical Structure of Polyimides 582</p> <p>22.3 Manufacture of Asymmetric Membrane 587</p> <p>22.4 Membrane Module 588</p> <p>22.5 Applications of Polyimide Gas Separation Membranes 589</p> <p><b>23. Gas Separation by Carbon Membranes 599</b><br /> <i>P. Jason Williams and William J. Koros</i></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 599</p> <p>23.2 Structure of Carbon Membranes 599</p> <p>23.3 Transport in Carbon Membranes 601</p> <p>23.4 Formation of Carbon Membranes 604</p> <p>23.5 Current Separation Performance 616</p> <p>23.6 Production of CMS Modules 620</p> <p>23.7 Challenges and Disadvantages of CMS Membranes 622</p> <p>23.8 Direction of Carbon Membrane Development 626</p> <p><b>24. Polymeric Membrane Materials and Potential Use in Gas Separation 633</b><br /> <i>Ho Bum Park and Young Moo Lee</i></p> <p>24.1 Introduction 633</p> <p>24.2 Basic Principles of Gas Separation in Polymer Membranes 635</p> <p>24.3 Limitations of Gas Separations Using Polymer Membranes 643</p> <p>24.4 Polymer Membrane Materials 646</p> <p>24.5 Membrane Gas Separation Applications and Conclusions 659</p> <p><b>25. Hydrogen Separation Membranes 671</b><br /> <i>Yi Hua Ma</i></p> <p>25.1 Introduction 671</p> <p>25.2 Porous Nonmetallic Membranes for Hydrogen Separations 672</p> <p>25.3 High-Temperature Hydrogen Separation Membranes 674</p> <p>25.4 Concluding Remarks 680</p> <p><b>PART IV MEMBRANE CONTACTORS AND REACTORS 685</b></p> <p><b>26. Membrane Contactors 687</b><br /> <i>Kamalesh K. Sirkar</i></p> <p>26.1 Introduction 687</p> <p>26.2 Membrane-Based Contacting of Two Fluid Phases 690</p> <p>26.3 Membrane-Based Solid–Fluid Contacting 696</p> <p>26.4 Two Immobilized Phase Interfaces 697</p> <p>26.5 Dispersive Contacting in a Membrane Contactor 699</p> <p>26.6 Concluding Remarks 700</p> <p><b>27. Membrane Reactors 703</b><br /> <i>Enrico Drioli and Enrica Fontananova</i></p> <p>27.1 State-of-the-Art On Catalytic Membrane Reactors 703</p> <p>27.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatments 704</p> <p>27.3 Selective Oxidations 710</p> <p>27.4 Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors 712</p> <p>27.5 Catalytic Crystals 712</p> <p>27.6 Inorganic Membrane Reactors 713</p> <p>27.7 Microreactors 713</p> <p>27.8 Conclusions 714</p> <p><b>PART V ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS 719</b></p> <p><b>28. Facilitated Transport Membranes for Environmental, Energy, and Biochemical Applications 721</b><br /> <i>Jian Zou, Jin Huang, and W. S. Winston Ho</i></p> <p>28.1 Introduction 721</p> <p>28.2 Supported Liquid Membranes with Strip Dispersion 729</p> <p>28.3 Carbon-Dioxide-Selective Membranes 737</p> <p>28.4 Conclusions 747</p> <p><b>29. Fuel Cell Membranes 755</b><br /> <i>Peter N. Pintauro and Ryszard Wycisk</i></p> <p>29.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 755</p> <p>29.2 Background on Fuel Cell Membranes 759</p> <p>29.3 Recent Work on New Fuel Cell Membranes 764</p> <p>29.4 Conclusions 779</p> <p><b>PART VI MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION 787</b></p> <p><b>30. Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 789</b><br /> <i>Chunqing Liu, Santi Kulprathipanja, Alexis M. W. Hillock, Shabbir Husain, and William J. Koros</i></p> <p>30.1 Introduction 789</p> <p>30.2 Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 794</p> <p>30.3 Summary and Future Opportunities 809</p> <p><b>31. Fabrication of Hollow-Fiber Membranes by Phase Inversion 821</b><br /> <i>Tai-Shung Neal Chung</i></p> <p>31.1 Introduction 821</p> <p>31.2 Basic Understanding 822</p> <p>31.3 Recent Progresses on Single-Layer Asymmetric Hollow-Fiber Membranes 825</p> <p>31.4 Dual-Layer Hollow Fibers 831</p> <p>31.5 Concluding Remarks 835</p> <p><b>32. Membrane Surface Characterization 841</b><br /> <i>M. Kallioinen and M. Nystrom</i></p> <p>32.1 Introduction 841</p> <p>32.2 Characterization of the Chemical Structure of a Membrane 842</p> <p>32.3 Characterization of Membrane Hydrophilicity 852</p> <p>32.4 Characterization of Membrane Charge 855</p> <p>32.5 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 859</p> <p>32.6 Conclusions 867</p> <p><b>33. Membrane Characterization by Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry 879</b><br /> <i>William B. Krantz and Alan R. Greenberg</i></p> <p>33.1 Introduction 879</p> <p>33.2 Principle of UTDR Measurement 880</p> <p>33.3 Characterization of Inorganic Membrane Fouling 882</p> <p>33.4 Characterization of Membrane Biofouling 885</p> <p>33.5 Characterization of Membrane Compaction 886</p> <p>33.6 Characterization of Membrane Formation 889</p> <p>33.7 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 891</p> <p>33.8 Summary and Recommendations 894</p> <p><b>34. Microstructural Optimization of Thin Supported Inorganic Membranes for Gas and Water Purification 899</b><br /> <i>M. L. Mottern, J. Y. Shi, K. Shqau, D. Yu, and Henk Verweij</i></p> <p>34.1 Introduction 899</p> <p>34.2 Morphology, Porosity, and Defects 902</p> <p>34.3 Optimization of Supported Membrane Structures 908</p> <p>34.4 Synthesis and Manufacturing 917</p> <p>34.5 Characterization 918</p> <p>34.6 Conclusions 923</p> <p><b>35. Structure/</b><b>Property Characteristics of Polar Rubbery Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Removal 929</b><br /> <i>Victor A. Kusuma, Benny D. Freeman, Miguel Jose-Yacaman, Haiqing Lin, Sumod Kalakkunnath, and Douglass S. Kalika</i><br /> </p> <p>35.1 Introduction and Background 929</p> <p>35.2 Theory and Experiment 931</p> <p>35.3 Results and Discussion 937</p> <p>35.4 Conclusions 950</p> <p><b>Index 955</b></p>