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Water Resources in the Built Environment

Management Issues and Solutions
1. Aufl.

von: Colin A. Booth, Susanne M. Charlesworth
89,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	04.03.2014
ISBN/EAN:	9781118809099
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	440

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Water management is a key environmental issue in controlling of floods and reducing droughts. This book provides analysis of the main issues, offering solutions and describing good practice. Water Resources for the Built Environment: management issues and solutions develops an appreciation of the diverse, complex and current themes of the water resources debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. The integration of physical and environmental sciences, combined with social, economic and political sciences, provide a unique resource, useful to policy experts, scientists, engineers and subject enthusiasts. By taking an interdisciplinary approach, water resources issues and impacts on the built environment are presented in the inventive and strategic setting of considering the constraints of delivering potable water to an ever-demanding society who, at the same time, are increasingly aware of living in an urban landscape where excessive surface water creates a flood threatened environment – hence, the need to portray a balance between ‘too little vs. too much’. This unique approach to the water resources debate presents a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of water shortage and urban flooding and proffers solutions specifically for the built environment. The book is structured into three parts: the first part (Sections 2, 3 and 4) addresses management issues and solutions to minimise water shortages and provide water security for society; whilst the second part of the book (Sections 5 and 6) addresses management issues and solutions to control excessive rainfall and minimise flooding impacts. The third part (Section 7) contextualises the issues of the earlier sections within international case studies from the developing world.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Contributors xv About the Editors xviii Section 1 Introduction to the Book 1 Chapter 1 Water Resources: Balancing too Little Versus too Much 3 Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Too Little Versus too Much 3 1.3 Structure of the Book 6 1.4 Conclusions 7 References 7 Section 2 Water Demand, Policy and Cost 9 Chapter 2 Meeting Demand: Water Strategy, Policy and Legislation 11 Sharron McEldowney 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Managing the Water Resources 12 2.3 Water Management and Conservation for the Future 18 2.4 Conclusions 20 References 20 Chapter 3 Water Privatisation and Regulation: The UK Experience 23 John McEldowney 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The First Country to Fully Privatise its Water and Sewerage Business 24 3.3 Water Privatisation and Structure 25 3.4 The Water Industry and the Domestic Market 27 3.5 The Water Industry and the Market for Business Customers 28 3.6 Conclusions 30 References 31 Chapter 4 Urban Water Economics 33 Graham Squires 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Externalities 33 4.3 Pollution Control (of Water Resources at a Market or Zero Price) 34 4.4 Natural Resource Economics and Water 37 4.5 Resource Valuation and Measurement 38 4.6 International Issues and Development in Water 42 4.7 Conclusions 43 References 43 Section 3 Water Infrastructure and Supply 45 Chapter 5 Impacts and Issues of Dams and Reservoirs 47 KimTannahill, Peter Mills and Colin A. Booth 5.1 Introduction 47 5.2 Building Dams 48 5.3 Historical and Global Context 49 5.4 Environmental Impact 51 5.5 Socioeconomic Impact 52 5.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project 52 5.7 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Manwan Dam, Upper Mekong River, China 53 5.8 Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China 54 5.9 Dam Risks: Incidents and Failures 55 5.10 Insights into the UNEP Dams Project 57 5.11 Conclusions 59 References 59 Chapter 6 Powering the Water Industry 61 Jay Millington 6.1 Introduction 61 6.2 Conventional Approach 61 6.3 Hydropower 63 6.4 Micro and Small Hydros 68 6.5 Other Factors 72 6.6 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 74 References 75 Chapter 7 Water Quality and Treatment 77 J. Bryan Ellis 7.1 Introduction 77 7.2 Water Quality 78 7.3 Drinking Water Safety Plans 84 7.4 Urban Growth and Water Demand 86 7.5 Conclusions 89 References 89 Chapter 8 Desalination 92 Augustine Ifelebuegu, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 8.1 Introduction 92 8.2 Desalination Technologies 93 8.3 Developing Technologies 94 8.4 Economics of Desalination 94 8.5 Small and Domestic Scale Desalination Plants 97 8.6 Environmental Impacts 98 8.7 Renewable Energy Sources and Desalination 99 8.8 The Future of Desalination and Sustainable Water Supplies 99 8.9 Case Study: The Thames Water Desalination Plant 100 8.10 Conclusions 101 References 101 Chapter 9 Delivering and Designing for Potable Water in Buildings 104 Phil Harris 9.1 Introduction 104 9.2 Regulating Water Supply 105 9.3 Water Supply to Domestic Low-Rise Buildings 106 9.4 Water Supply to Medium and High-Rise Buildings (or Those with Insufficient Mains Pressure) 110 9.5 Pipe Sizing and Flow Rate Design in Buildings 113 9.6 Pipework Maintenance Issues 116 9.7 Future Issues 118 References 119 Section 4 Water Conservation Strategies 121 Chapter 10 Water Neutrality – An Overview 123 Victoria Ashton 10.1 Introduction 123 10.2 Defining Water Neutrality 124 10.3 Strategies for Water Neutrality Implementation 126 10.4 Funding Mechanisms 131 10.5 Conclusions 133 References 134 Chapter 11 Building Regulations for Water Conservation 135 Sean Churchill, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 11.1 Introduction 135 11.2 What are the Building Regulations? 136 11.3 Background to the Changes in Approved Document G 137 11.4 Changes to Approved Document G and the Water Calculator for New Dwellings 139 11.5 Rainwater and Greywater Recycling 143 11.6 Case Study: Calculating Water Usage 144 11.7 Other Household Water Conservation Measures 147 11.8 Conclusions 148 References 149 Chapter 12 Rainwater Harvesting – Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water 151 Susanne M. Charlesworth, Colin A. Booth, Frank Warwick, Craig Lashford and Omolara O. Lade 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 What is Rainwater Harvesting? 152 12.3 Policy 153 12.4 Rainwater Harvesting Design 154 12.5 Water Quality 156 12.6 Water Quantity 158 12.7 Cost–Benefit Analysis and Whole Life Costs 159 12.8 Case Studies 160 12.9 Conclusions 161 References 162 Chapter 13 Greywater Harvesting – Reusing, Recycling and Saving Household Water 165 Emma Hatfield, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 13.1 Introduction 165 13.2 Insights into Greywater Harvesting 166 13.3 The Potential for Using Greywater Harvesting Systems 167 13.4 Case Studies in the United Kingdom 171 13.5 The Future of Greywater Harvesting 175 13.6 Conclusions 176 References 177 Chapter 14 Inland Waterway Systems – A Solution to Drought and Flooding Issues 180 Carly B. Rose and Luke Walker 14.1 Introduction 180 14.2 The Past 180 14.3 The Present – Canals in the 20th Century 182 14.4 Sourcing and Conserving Water Supplies 185 14.5 A Climate Resilient Future 190 14.6 Conclusions 191 References 192 Section 5 Flooding Responses and Reinstatement 197 Chapter 15 Urban Precipitation: Measurements, Monitoring and Processes 199 Omolara O. Lade, Michael A. Fullen, David Oloke, Madhu Subedi and Colin A. Booth 15.1 Introduction 199 15.2 Types of Precipitation 200 15.3 Urban Climate and Potential Impacts 200 15.4 Urban Irrigation 201 15.5 Urban Effects on Rainfall Variability 202 15.6 Precipitation Variability in Thunderstorms 203 15.7 Measuring Precipitation 204 15.8 Spatial and Temporal Precipitation Monitoring 205 15.9 Case Study of Small-Scale Variability: Spatial Variability in Precipitation within the Hilton Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK 206 15.10 Conclusions 207 References 207 Chapter 16 Urbanisation and Stormwater 211 John W. Davies and Susanne M. Charlesworth 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 Urbanisation and Flood Risk 211 16.3 Urban Drainage Systems 212 16.4 Problems with Drainage Systems 215 16.5 Sewer Flooding 215 16.6 Drainage System Capacity 216 16.7 Increasing or Decreasing Impermeable Surfaces 219 16.8 Storage 219 16.9 Stormwater Quality 220 16.10 Conclusions 221 References 222 Chapter 17 River Flood Defences 223 Carly B. Rose 17.1 Introduction 223 17.2 The Historical Context 224 17.3 The Future 229 17.4 Conclusions 229 References 230 Chapter 18 Coastal Flood Defences – Strategies for Protection in the United Kingdom 233 Trevor Goodhew 18.1 Introduction 233 18.2 Holding Back the Sea 233 18.3 The Nature and Complexity of the Coastal Processes 235 18.4 Coastal Flood Defences 237 18.5 The Strategy of Managed Retreat 239 18.6 Flooding Challenges from Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise 241 18.7 Changing Populations, Land Management and Development 244 18.8 Important National Infrastructure 245 18.9 Proportionate Risk-Based Approaches to Flood Risk Management 245 18.10 Beneficiaries Should be Encouraged to Invest in Risk Management 246 18.11 A View to the Future – Strategies Requiring Innovations and New Solutions 246 18.12 Conclusions 247 References 247 Chapter 19 The Costs of Flooding on Households 249 Rotimi Joseph, David G. Proverbs, Jessica E. Lamond and Peter Wassell 19.1 Introduction 249 19.2 Economic Costs of Flooding 250 19.3 Financial Costs of Flooding 251 19.4 Conclusions 255 References 256 Chapter 20 The Role of Market-Based Flood Insurance in Maintaining Communities at Risk of Flooding: A SWOT Analysis 258 Jessica E. Lamond 20.1 Introduction 258 20.2 Strengths 261 20.3 Weaknesses 264 20.4 Threats 266 20.5 Opportunities 267 20.6 Conclusions 268 References 269 Chapter 21 Holistic Property-Level Flood Protection 271 David W. Beddoes and Colin A. Booth 21.1 Introduction 271 21.2 Flood Resistance 272 21.3 Flood Resilience 273 21.4 Current Situation Facing Homeowners 274 21.5 Holistic Solutions 275 21.6 Conclusions 278 References 278 Section 6 Flood Solutions in the Urban Landscape 281 Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Systems – Features and Designs 283 Simon Watkins and Susanne M. Charlesworth 22.1 Introduction 283 22.2 Water and Landscape – One and Indivisible 283 22.3 Conclusions 300 References 301 Acknowledgements 301 Chapter 23 Drainage Benefits of Porous, Permeable and Pervious Paving 302 Miklas Scholz, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Steve J. Coupe 23.1 Introduction 302 23.2 Rethinking Stormwater Drainage 302 23.3 Porous, Permeable and Pervious Pavement Systems 303 23.4 Porous Pavements 304 23.5 Cost Implications of Utilising PPS 305 23.6 Design Considerations 305 23.7 Infiltration through PPSs 307 23.8 Maintenance to Enhance Infiltration 307 23.9 Water Quality Improvements 308 23.10 Biodegradation of Pollutants by Microorganisms 310 23.11 Directions of Further Investigation 311 23.12 Conclusions 314 References 314 Chapter 24 Multiple Benefits of Green Infrastructure 319 Rebecca Wade and Neil McLean 24.1 Introduction 319 24.2 What is Green Infrastructure? 320 24.3 Benefits of Green Infrastructure 322 24.4 Barriers to Implementation of GI 330 24.5 The Value of GI 332 24.6 Conclusions 332 References 333 Chapter 25 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 336 Kate V. Heal 25.1 Introduction 336 25.2 Treatment Processes in Constructed Wetlands 337 25.3 Different Types and Deployment of Constructed Wetlands and Reedbeds 338 25.4 Performance of Constructed Wastelands for Wastewater Management 341 25.5 Design Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 343 25.6 Construction and Maintenance Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 345 25.7 Costs of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 347 25.8 Conclusions 348 References 348 Chapter 26 Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure and Design 350 Joseph Akunna and Joanne Bartie 26.1 Introduction 350 26.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 351 26.3 Factors Affecting Investment in UK Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure 363 26.4 Conclusions 368 References 369 Websites 370 Section 7 International Case Studies 371 Chapter 27 An Overview of Management Issues in Developing a Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Delivery in Nigeria 373 David Oloke and Dayo Olugboye 27.1 Introduction 373 27.2 Background on WASH Development 374 27.3 Situation of WASH in Nigeria 376 27.4 Sanitation and Hygiene 377 27.5 New Approach to Rural Sanitation 379 27.6 The Sanitation Ladder Concept 379 27.7 Management and Sustainability of WASH facilities 380 27.8 Rural WASH in Nigeria 382 27.9 Conclusions 385 References 386 Chapter 28 Balancing Flood Risk and Water Scarcity of the Asian Delta Regions 389 Jessica E. Lamond 28.1 Introduction 389 28.2 Characteristics of Flooding in Asia 390 28.3 Approaches to Risk Reduction 392 28.4 Flood and Water Management in the Delta City of Jakarta, Indonesia 395 28.5 Conclusions 398 References 399 Section 8 Summary of the Book 401 Chapter 29 Water Resources Challenges – Penury and Peace 403 Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 29.1 Introduction 403 29.2 Insights Gathered from the Chapters of this Book 404 29.3 Dialogue on International Water Resources Challenges 404 29.4 Conclusions 406 References 406 Index 407

Autorenportrait

Colin Booth is Associate Professor of Sustainability, Associate Head of Research and Scholarship and Director of the Construction and Property Research Centre at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Susanne Charlesworth is a Reader in Urban Physical Geography at Coventry University in the Department of Geography, Environment and Disaster Management. She is Director of a Sustainable Drainage (SUDS) Applied Research Group at Coventry University. Both editors are proficient academics with extensive research publishing backgrounds and experience of working with industrial and research networks related to key players from the water industries and their chapter authors have been selected from these networks.