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Veterinary Epidemiology


Veterinary Epidemiology


4. Aufl.

von: Michael Thrusfield, Robert Christley

84,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 15.02.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9781118280263
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 896

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>A comprehensive introduction to the role of epidemiology in veterinary medicine</b></p> <p>This fully revised and expanded edition of <i>Veterinary Epidemiology</i> introduces readers to the field of veterinary epidemiology. The new edition also adds new chapters on the design of observational studies, validity in epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and statistical modelling, to deliver more advanced material.</p> <p>This updated edition begins by offering an historical perspective on the development of veterinary medicine. It then addresses the full scope of epidemiology, with  chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more.</p> <p><i>Veterinary Epidemiology, Fourth Edition</i>:</p> <p>●      Features updates of all chapters to provide a current resource on the subject of veterinary epidemiology</p> <p>●      Presents new chapters essential to the continued advancement of the field</p> <p>●      Includes examples from companion animal, livestock, and avian medicine, as well as aquatic animal diseases</p> <p>●      Focuses on the principles and concepts of epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnostic-test validation and performance</p> <p>●      Includes access to a companion website providing multiple choice questions</p> <p><i>Veterinary Epidemiology</i> is an invaluable reference for veterinary general practitioners, government veterinarians, agricultural economists, and members of other disciplines interested in animal disease. It is also essential reading for epidemiology students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.</p>
<p>Contributors xviii</p> <p>From the preface to the first edition xix</p> <p>From the preface to the second edition xx</p> <p>From the preface to the third edition xxi</p> <p>Preface to the fourth edition xxii</p> <p>About the companion website xxiv</p> <p><b>1 The development of veterinary medicine 1<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Historical perspective 1</p> <p>Domestication of animals and early methods of healing 1</p> <p>Changing concepts of the cause of disease 2</p> <p>Impetus for change 5</p> <p>Quantification in medicine 10</p> <p>Contemporary veterinary medicine 12</p> <p>Current perspectives 12</p> <p>The fifth period 19</p> <p>Recent trends 20</p> <p>Further reading 25</p> <p><b>2 The scope of epidemiology 28<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Definition of epidemiology 28</p> <p>The uses of epidemiology 29</p> <p>Types of epidemiological investigation 32</p> <p>Epidemiological subdisciplines 33</p> <p>Components of epidemiology 35</p> <p>Qualitative investigations 35</p> <p>Quantitative investigations 36</p> <p>Epidemiology’s locale 39</p> <p>The interplay between epidemiology and other sciences 39</p> <p>The relationship between epidemiology and other diagnostic disciplines 40</p> <p>Epidemiology within the veterinary profession 40</p> <p>Further reading 41</p> <p><b>3 Causality 42<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Philosophical background 42</p> <p>Causal inference 43</p> <p>Methods of acceptance of hypotheses 44</p> <p>Koch’s postulates 45</p> <p>Evans’ rules 45</p> <p>Variables 46</p> <p>Types of association 46</p> <p>Non-statistical association 46</p> <p>Statistical association 46</p> <p>Confounding 49</p> <p>Causal models 50</p> <p>Formulating a causal hypothesis 53</p> <p>Methods of deriving a hypothesis 53</p> <p>Principles for establishing cause: Hill’s criteria 55</p> <p>Further reading 56</p> <p><b>4 Describing disease occurrence 58<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Some basic terms 58</p> <p>Basic concepts of disease quantification 61</p> <p>The structure of animal populations 62</p> <p>Contiguous populations 62</p> <p>Separated populations 65</p> <p>Measures of disease occurrence 67</p> <p>Prevalence 67</p> <p>Incidence 67</p> <p>The relationship between prevalence and incidence rate 70</p> <p>Application of prevalence and incidence values 72</p> <p>Mortality 72</p> <p>Survival 73</p> <p>Example of calculation of prevalence, incidence, mortality, case fatality and survival 75</p> <p>Ratios, proportions and rates 76</p> <p>Mapping 80</p> <p>Geographic base maps 80</p> <p>Further reading 84</p> <p><b>5 Determinants of disease 86<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Classification of determinants 86</p> <p>Host determinants 89</p> <p>Genotype 89</p> <p>Age 90</p> <p>Sex 91</p> <p>Species and breed 92</p> <p>Behaviour 93</p> <p>Other host determinants 93</p> <p>Agent determinants 94</p> <p>Virulence and pathogenicity 94</p> <p>Gradient of infection 97</p> <p>Outcome of infection 98</p> <p>Microbial colonization of hosts 100</p> <p>Environmental determinants 101</p> <p>Location 101</p> <p>Climate 101</p> <p>Husbandry 104</p> <p>Stress 105</p> <p>Interaction 106</p> <p>Biological interaction 108</p> <p>Statistical interaction 109</p> <p>The cause of cancer 110</p> <p>Further reading 112</p> <p><b>6 The transmission and maintenance of infection 115<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Horizontal transmission 115</p> <p>Types of host and vector 115</p> <p>Factors associated with the spread of infection 118</p> <p>Routes of infection 121</p> <p>Methods of transmission 123</p> <p>Long-distance transmission of infection 125</p> <p>Vertical transmission 129</p> <p>Types and methods of vertical transmission 129</p> <p>Immunological status and vertical transmission 129</p> <p>Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission in arthropods 130</p> <p>Maintenance of infection 131</p> <p>Hazards to infectious agents 131</p> <p>Maintenance strategies 132</p> <p>Transboundary diseases 135</p> <p>Further reading 136</p> <p><b>7 The ecology of disease 138<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Basic ecological concepts 139</p> <p>The distribution of populations 139</p> <p>Regulation of population size 142</p> <p>The niche 148</p> <p>Some examples of niches relating to disease 150</p> <p>The relationships between different types of animals and plants 152</p> <p>Ecosystems 155</p> <p>Types of ecosystem 156</p> <p>Landscape epidemiology 158</p> <p>Nidality 159</p> <p>Objectives of landscape epidemiology 161</p> <p>Landscape characteristics determining disease distribution 164</p> <p>Further reading 165</p> <p><b>8 Patterns of disease 168<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Epidemic curves 168</p> <p>Kendall’s Threshold Theorem 168</p> <p>Basic reproductive number (R 0) 169</p> <p>Dissemination rate 172</p> <p>Common-source and propagating epidemics 172</p> <p>The Reed–Frost model 173</p> <p>Kendall’s waves 175</p> <p>Trends in the temporal distribution of disease 177</p> <p>Short-term trends 177</p> <p>Cyclical trends 178</p> <p>Long-term (secular) trends 179</p> <p>True and false changes in morbidity and mortality 180</p> <p>Detecting temporal trends: time series analysis 180</p> <p>Trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of disease 186</p> <p>Spatial trends in disease occurrence 186</p> <p>Space–time clustering 186</p> <p>Further reading 187</p> <p><b>9 Comparative epidemiology 189<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Types of biological model 189</p> <p>Cancer 191</p> <p>Monitoring environmental carcinogens 191</p> <p>Identifying causes 192</p> <p>Comparing ages 193</p> <p>Some other diseases 196</p> <p>Diseases with a major genetic component 196</p> <p>Some non-infectious diseases 197</p> <p>Diseases associated with environmental pollution 198</p> <p>Reasoning in comparative studies 199</p> <p>Further reading 199</p> <p><b>10 The nature of data 201<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Classification of data 201</p> <p>Scales (levels) of measurement 201</p> <p>Composite measurement scales 204</p> <p>Data elements 205</p> <p>Nomenclature and classification of disease 205</p> <p>Diagnostic criteria 207</p> <p>Sensitivity and specificity 208</p> <p>Accuracy, refinement, precision, reliability and validity 209</p> <p>Bias 210</p> <p>Representation of data: coding 210</p> <p>Code structure 211</p> <p>Numeric codes 212</p> <p>Alpha codes 213</p> <p>Alphanumeric codes 214</p> <p>Symbols 215</p> <p>Choosing a code 215</p> <p>Error detection 216</p> <p>Further reading 217</p> <p><b>11 Data collection and management 219<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Data collection 219</p> <p>Questionnaires 219</p> <p>Quality control of data 228</p> <p>Data storage 229</p> <p>Database models 229</p> <p>Non-computerized recording techniques 231</p> <p>Computerized recording techniques 232</p> <p>Veterinary recording schemes 232</p> <p>Scales of recording 232</p> <p>Veterinary information systems 234</p> <p>Some examples of veterinary databases and information systems 237</p> <p>Geographical information systems 244</p> <p>Further reading 248</p> <p><b>12 Presenting numerical data 251<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield and Robert Christley</i></p> <p>Some basic definitions 251</p> <p>Some descriptive statistics 252</p> <p>Measures of position 253</p> <p>Measures of spread 254</p> <p>Statistical distributions 254</p> <p>The Normal distribution 254</p> <p>The binomial distribution 255</p> <p>The Poisson distribution 255</p> <p>Other distributions 256</p> <p>Transformations 256</p> <p>Normal approximations to the binomial and Poisson distributions 257</p> <p>Estimation of confidence intervals 257</p> <p>The mean 257</p> <p>The median 258</p> <p>A proportion 258</p> <p>The Poisson distribution 259</p> <p>Some epidemiological parameters 260</p> <p>Other parameters 261</p> <p>Bootstrap estimates 261</p> <p>Displaying numerical data 262</p> <p>Displaying qualitative data 262</p> <p>Displaying quantitative data 263</p> <p>Monitoring performance: control charts 266</p> <p>Further reading 269</p> <p><b>13 Surveys 270<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield and Helen Brown</i></p> <p>Sampling: some basic concepts 270</p> <p>Types of sampling 272</p> <p>Non-probability sampling methods 272</p> <p>Probability sampling methods 272</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 275</p> <p>Estimation of disease prevalence 275</p> <p>Detecting the presence of disease 284</p> <p>The cost of surveys 290</p> <p>Calculation of confidence intervals 290</p> <p>Further reading 294</p> <p><b>14 Demonstrating association 296<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Some basic principles 296</p> <p>The principle of a significance test 296</p> <p>The null hypothesis 297</p> <p>Errors of inference 297</p> <p>Multiple significance testing 298</p> <p>One- and two-tailed tests 298</p> <p>Independent and related samples 299</p> <p>Parametric and non-parametric techniques 299</p> <p>Hypothesis testing versus estimation 300</p> <p>Sample-size determination 300</p> <p>Statistical versus clinical (biological) significance 300</p> <p>Interval and ratio data: comparing means 302</p> <p>Hypothesis testing 302</p> <p>Calculation of confidence intervals 303</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 304</p> <p>Ordinal data: comparing medians 304</p> <p>Hypothesis testing 304</p> <p>Calculation of confidence intervals 308</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 309</p> <p>Nominal data: comparing proportions 309</p> <p>Hypothesis testing 310</p> <p>Calculation of confidence intervals 313</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 314</p> <p>χ2 test for trend 314</p> <p>Correlation 316</p> <p>Multivariate analysis 317</p> <p>Statistical packages 318</p> <p>Further reading 318</p> <p><b>15 Observational studies 319<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Types of observational study 319</p> <p>Cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies 319</p> <p>Measures of association 321</p> <p>Relative risk 321</p> <p>Odds ratio 323</p> <p>Attributable risk 325</p> <p>Attributable proportion 327</p> <p>Interaction 328</p> <p>The additive model 328</p> <p>Bias 330</p> <p>Controlling bias 332</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 335</p> <p>Calculating the power of a study 336</p> <p>Calculating upper confidence limits 337</p> <p>Further reading 338</p> <p><b>16 Design considerations for observational studies 339<br /> </b><i>Robert Christley and Nigel French</i></p> <p>Descriptive observational studies 339</p> <p>Analytical observational studies 340</p> <p>Design of cohort studies 340</p> <p>Design of case-control studies 346</p> <p>Design of cross-sectional analytical studies 352</p> <p>Overview of other study designs 354</p> <p>Further reading 359</p> <p><b>17 Clinical trials 361<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Definition of a clinical trial 361</p> <p>Design, conduct and analysis 364</p> <p>The trial protocol 364</p> <p>The primary hypothesis 364</p> <p>The experimental unit 367</p> <p>The experimental population 368</p> <p>Admission and exclusion criteria 368</p> <p>Blinding 369</p> <p>Randomization 369</p> <p>Trial designs 370</p> <p>What sample size should be selected? 372</p> <p>Losses to follow-up 373</p> <p>Compliance 373</p> <p>Terminating a trial 374</p> <p>Interpretation of results 374</p> <p>Meta-analysis 375</p> <p>Goals of meta-analysis 376</p> <p>Components of meta-analysis 377</p> <p>Sources of data 377</p> <p>Data analysis 378</p> <p>Further reading 380</p> <p><b>18 Validity in epidemiological studies 383<br /> </b><i>Robert Christley and Nigel French</i></p> <p>Types of epidemiological error 383</p> <p>Accuracy, precision and validity in epidemiological studies 384</p> <p>Background factors 385</p> <p>Interpretation bias 385</p> <p>Selection bias 386</p> <p>Examples of selection biases 387</p> <p>Information bias 390</p> <p>Examples of information biases 390</p> <p>Statistical interaction and effect-measure modification 392</p> <p>Confounding 392</p> <p>Criteria for confounding 393</p> <p>Confounding and causal diagrams 394</p> <p>Controlling confounding 394</p> <p>Errors in analysis 395</p> <p>Communication bias 395</p> <p>Further reading 396</p> <p><b>19 Systematic reviews 397<br /> </b><i>Annette O’Connor, Jan Sargeant and Hannah Wood</i></p> <p>Evidence synthesis 397</p> <p>Overview of systematic reviews 397</p> <p>Differences between systematic reviews and narrative reviews 398</p> <p>Questions that are suitable for systematic reviews 398</p> <p>Types of review questions suitable for systematic reviews 399</p> <p>Extensive search of the literature 399</p> <p>Assessment of risk of bias in a systematic review 400</p> <p>Steps of a systematic review 400</p> <p>Step 1: Define the review question and the approach to conduct of the review (i.e., create a protocol) 402</p> <p>Step 2: Comprehensive search for studies 403</p> <p>Step 3: Select relevant studies from the search results 406</p> <p>Step 4: Collect data from relevant studies 407</p> <p>Step 5: Assess the risk of bias in relevant studies 409</p> <p>Step 6: Synthesize the results 412</p> <p>Step 7: Presenting the results 416</p> <p>Step 8: Interpret the results and discussion 419</p> <p>Further reading 419</p> <p><b>20 Diagnostic testing 421<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Serological epidemiology 421</p> <p>Assaying antibodies 421</p> <p>Methods of expressing amounts of antibody 421</p> <p>Quantal assay 423</p> <p>Serological estimations and comparisons in populations 424</p> <p>Antibody prevalence 424</p> <p>Rate of seroconversion 425</p> <p>Comparison of antibody levels 426</p> <p>Interpreting serological tests 427</p> <p>Refinement 427</p> <p>Accuracy 429</p> <p>Evaluation and interpretation of diagnostic tests 430</p> <p>Sensitivity and specificity 430</p> <p>Youden’s index 433</p> <p>Diagnostic odds ratio 434</p> <p>Predictive value 434</p> <p>Likelihood ratios 436</p> <p>ROC curves 441</p> <p>Aggregate-level testing 443</p> <p>Multiple testing 444</p> <p>Diagnostic tests in import risk assessment 446</p> <p>Guidelines for validating diagnostic tests 447</p> <p>Validating diagnostic tests when there is no gold standard 448</p> <p>Agreement between tests 450</p> <p>Practical application of diagnostic tests 456</p> <p>Further reading 456</p> <p><b>21 Surveillance 457<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Some basic definitions and principles 457</p> <p>Definition of surveillance 457</p> <p>Goals of surveillance 458</p> <p>Types of surveillance 459</p> <p>Some general considerations 461</p> <p>Sources of data 464</p> <p>Mechanisms of surveillance 471</p> <p>Surveillance networks 475</p> <p>Surveillance in less-economically-developed countries: participatory epidemiology 475</p> <p>Principles of participatory epidemiology 477</p> <p>Techniques of data collection 478</p> <p>Strengths and weaknesses of participatory epidemiology 481</p> <p>Some examples of participatory epidemiology 483</p> <p>Companion-animal surveillance 483</p> <p>Wildlife surveillance 485</p> <p>Aquatic-animal surveillance 485</p> <p>Assessing the performance of surveillance systems 486</p> <p>Improving the performance of surveillance: risk-based surveillance 486</p> <p>Further reading 488</p> <p><b>22 Statistical modelling 492<br /> </b><i>Robert Christley and Peter J. Diggle</i></p> <p>Simple linear regression models 492</p> <p>Key assumptions of linear regression models 495</p> <p>Modelling more than one input variable 499</p> <p>Handling categorical input variables 500</p> <p>Non-linear modelling of quantitative input variables 502</p> <p>Additive models 502</p> <p>Categorization of the input variable 502</p> <p>Transformation of the input and/or output variable 504</p> <p>Piece-wise regression 504</p> <p>Modelling interactions 505</p> <p>Model selection 506</p> <p>Modelling binary outcomes 509</p> <p>Generalized linear models 511</p> <p>The multiple logistic regression model 511</p> <p>Model selection for logistic regression models 512</p> <p>Diagnostic checking of logistic regression models 513</p> <p>Generalized additive models 514</p> <p>Modelling clustered data 514</p> <p>Further reading 519</p> <p><b>23 Mathematical modelling 520<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Types of model 521</p> <p>Modelling approaches 521</p> <p>Deterministic differential calculus modelling 521</p> <p>Stochastic differential calculus modelling 525</p> <p>Empirical simulation modelling 526</p> <p>Process simulation modelling 527</p> <p>Monte Carlo simulation modelling 528</p> <p>Matrix population modelling 530</p> <p>Network population modelling 532</p> <p>Contact-network modelling 533</p> <p>Systems modelling 534</p> <p>The rational basis of modelling for active disease control 534</p> <p>Available knowledge, and the functions of models 534</p> <p>From theory to fact 535</p> <p>Model building 536</p> <p>Further reading 538</p> <p><b>24 Risk analysis 540<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield and Louise Kelly</i></p> <p>Definition of risk 540</p> <p>Risk analysis and the ‘precautionary principle’ 543</p> <p>Risk analysis in veterinary medicine 543</p> <p>Components of risk analysis 545</p> <p>Hazard identification 546</p> <p>Risk assessment 546</p> <p>Risk management 548</p> <p>Risk communication 551</p> <p>Qualitative or quantitative assessment? 551</p> <p>Semi-quantitative risk assessment 551</p> <p>Qualitative risk analysis 552</p> <p>Framework for qualitative risk assessment 552</p> <p>Qualitative risk assessment during epidemics 554</p> <p>Quantitative risk analysis 556</p> <p>Framework for quantitative risk assessment 556</p> <p>What level of risk is acceptable? 560</p> <p>Further reading 563</p> <p><b>25 Economics and veterinary epidemiology 565<br /> </b><i>Keith Howe and Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>General economic concepts 565</p> <p>Production functions 565</p> <p>Disease and animal production functions 566</p> <p>Value and money 567</p> <p>Money and prices 567</p> <p>Opportunity cost 568</p> <p>Technical and economic efficiency 568</p> <p>Positive and normative economics 569</p> <p>Levels of aggregation 569</p> <p>Disease contained at farm level 569</p> <p>Disease not contained at farm level 570</p> <p>Zoonotic disease 570</p> <p>Disease at international level 571</p> <p>Evaluating disease-control policies 575</p> <p>Components of disease costs 576</p> <p>Optimum control strategies 577</p> <p>Partial budgets 579</p> <p>Social cost–benefit analysis (CBA) 579</p> <p>Summary of methods 582</p> <p>Further study 582</p> <p>Further reading 584</p> <p><b>26 Health schemes 586<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Private health and productivity schemes 586</p> <p>Structure of private health and productivity schemes 586</p> <p>Dairy health and productivity schemes 588</p> <p>Pig health and productivity schemes 591</p> <p>Sheep health and productivity schemes 592</p> <p>Beef health and productivity schemes 594</p> <p>National schemes 597</p> <p>Accredited/attested herds 597</p> <p>Health schemes 598</p> <p>Companion-animal schemes 599</p> <p>Further reading 603</p> <p><b>27 The control and eradication of disease 604<br /> </b><i>Michael Thrusfield</i></p> <p>Definition of ‘control’ and ‘eradication’ 604</p> <p>Strategies of control and eradication 605</p> <p>Important factors in control and eradication programmes 616</p> <p>Outbreak investigation 623</p> <p>Cause known: foot-and-mouth disease 623</p> <p>Cause unknown: chronic copper poisoning 625</p> <p>The epidemiological approach to investigation of outbreaks 626</p> <p>Veterinary medicine in the 21st century 628</p> <p>Livestock medicine 628</p> <p>Companion-animal medicine 629</p> <p>Further reading 630</p> <p>General reading 633</p> <p>Appendices 635</p> <p>Appendix I: Glossary of terms 636</p> <p>Appendix II: Basic mathematical notation and terms 641</p> <p>Appendix III: Some computer software 643</p> <p>Appendix IV: Veterinary epidemiology on the Internet 648</p> <p>Appendix V: Student’s t-distribution 650</p> <p>Appendix VI: Multipliers used in the construction of confidence intervals based on the Normal distribution, for selected levels of confidence 651</p> <p>Appendix VII: Values of exact 95% confidence limits for proportions 652</p> <p>Appendix VIII: Values from the Poisson distribution for calculating 90%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals for observed numbers from 0 to 100 658</p> <p>Appendix IX: The χ 2 distribution 660</p> <p>Appendix X: Technique for selecting a simple random sample 661</p> <p>Appendix XI: Sample sizes 663</p> <p>Appendix XII: The probability of detecting a small number of cases in a population 669</p> <p>Appendix XIII: The probability of failure to detect cases in a population 671</p> <p>Appendix XIV: Sample sizes required for detecting disease with probability, p 1 , and threshold number of positives 672</p> <p>Appendix XV: Probabilities associated with the upper tail of the Normal distribution 676</p> <p>Appendix Xvi: Lower- and Upper-tail Probabilities for W X , the Wilcoxon–mann–whitney Rank-sum statistic 678</p> <p>Appendix XVII: Critical values of T + for the Wilcoxon signed ranks test 683</p> <p>Appendix XVIII: Values of K for calculating 95% confidence intervals for the difference between population medians for two independent samples 685</p> <p>Appendix XIX: Values of K ∗ for calculating 95% confidence intervals for the difference between population medians for two related samples 688</p> <p>Appendix XX: Common logarithms (log 10) of factorials of the integers 1–999 689</p> <p>Appendix XXI: The correlation coefficient 691</p> <p>Appendix XXII: The variance-ratio (F) distribution 692</p> <p>References 694</p> <p>Index 841</p>
<p> <strong>MICHAEL THRUSFIELD</strong> is Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies in the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, UK. <p> <strong>ROBERT CHRISTLEY</strong> is Professor of Epidemiology and One Health at the Institute of Infection and Global Health and the Institute of Veterinary Science in the University of Liverpool in Liverpool, UK.
<p>A comprehensive introduction to the role of epidemiology in veterinary medicine</p> <p>This fully revised and expanded edition of <i>Veterinary Epidemiology </i>introduces readers to the field of veterinary epidemiology. The new edition also adds new chapters on the design of observational studies, validity in epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and statistical modelling, to deliver more advanced material.</p> <p>This updated edition begins by offering an historical perspective on the development of veterinary medicine. It then addresses the full scope of epidemiology, with chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more.</p> <p><i>Veterinary Epidemiology, Fourth Edition:</i></p> <ul> <li>Features updates of all chapters to provide a current resource on the subject of veterinary epidemiology</li> <li>Presents new chapters essential to the continued advancement of the field</li> <li>Includes examples from companion animal, livestock, and avian medicine, as well as aquatic animal diseases</li> <li>Focuses on the principles and concepts of epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnostic-test validation and performance</li> <li>Includes access to a companion website providing multiple choice questions</li> </ul> <p><i>Veterinary Epidemiology </i>is an invaluable reference for veterinary general practitioners, government veterinarians, agricultural economists, and members of other disciplines interested in animal disease. It is also essential reading for epidemiology students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.</p>

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