Details

Understanding Developmental Disorders

A Causal Modelling Approach
1. Aufl.

von: John Morton
45,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	15.04.2008
ISBN/EAN:	9780470694312
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	320

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A long-awaited book from developmental disorders expert John Morton, Understanding Developmental Disorders: A Causal Modelling Approach makes sense of the many competing theories about what can go wrong with early brain development, causing a child to develop outside the normal range. <ul> <li style="list-style: none"> </li> <li>Based on the idea that understanding developmental disorders requires us to talk about biological, cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors, and to talk about causal relationships among these elements. </li> <li>Explains what causal modelling is and how to do it. </li> <li>Compares different theories about particular developmental disorders using causal modelling. </li> <li>Will have a profound impact on research in the fields of psychology, neuroscience and medicine.</li> </ul>

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface and Acknowledgements viii Chapter 1 Introducing Cause 1 Cause and public issues 1 Cause and individual events: ‘Why did Romeo die?’ 6 Some more reasons for not looking at individual cases 9 The need for a framework for thinking in 10 Creating a tool: the problem of notation 14 An example of the limits of language 15 An invitation to consider diagrams as a tool 18 A tool for representing causal relationships 18 Chapter 2 Introducing Cognition 20 One thing I do want you to believe 20 Reductionism 22 Can we rely on behaviour? 24 The IQ example: a note of caution 27 Why cause needs cognition 29 Chapter 3 Representing Causal Relationships: Technical and Formal Considerations 34 Categorizing facts 34 The causal notation 38 Starting a causal model for autism 41 Complications 46 Some easy stuff on cause and correlation 51 Other notations 54 Chapter 4 Autism: How Causal Modelling Started 67 The biological origin of autism 74 The role of cognition in defining autism 81 What is mentalizing? 86 The non-social features of autism: how to diagram ideas on weak central coherence in autism 89 Summary 92 Chapter 5 The What and the How 98 Ground rules of causal modelling 99 Chapter 6 Competing Causal Accounts of Autism 106 Representing the effects of environmental factors 107 Cognitive theories of autism 112 Chapter 7 The Problem of Diagnosis 133 Diagnosis and cause: relying on behaviour 134 The Spanish Inquisition example: the dangers of labelling 135 Problems of diagnostic practice 140 Variability 148 Changes over time: improvement and deterioration 152 The variability of the phenotype 153 On co-morbidity and the question of residual normality 158 To summarize 160 Chapter 8 A Causal Analysis of Dyslexia 161 The dyslexia debate: Is there such a thing as dyslexia? 161 The discrepancy definition of specific reading disability 164 Towards a cognitive definition 166 An X-type causal model of dyslexia 168 Competing theories of dyslexia 176 Non-biological causes 195 Other biological causes of reading failure 199 How do we sort among the options? 200 The relationship between acquired and developmental dyslexia 204 A theoretical update 204 Chapter 9 The Hyperkinetic Confusions 208 Drugs as diagnostic refinement 212 Types of theory 216 The problem of co-morbidity: conduct disorder and ADHD 218 The cognitive level 219 Sonuga-Barke’s dual pathway model 223 Summary 226 Chapter 10 Theories of Conduct Disorder 227 The violence inhibition mechanism (VIM) model 228 The social information processing model for aggressive children 231 The coercive parenting model of Patterson 235 The theory of life-course persistent antisocial behaviour 236 What does the application of the framework tell us about the theories? 244 Chapter 11 Tying in Biology 247 Relations between the cognitive and biological levels 247 Equivalence: brain to cognition 251 Causal influences from cognition to brain 253 Genes and cause: the end of behaviour genetics 255 Endophenotypes 264 Mouse (and other) models for human disorders 266 Chapter 12 To Conclude 270 References 273 Name Index 292 Subject Index 296

Rezension

"What causes disorders of development? How can they be meaningfully defined? These questions have resulted in deeply entangled controversies. John Morton has provided a razor-sharp tool that cuts the Gordian knot. This tool uses a simple pictorial notation that leaves aside ambiguous and divisive words. It resolves entrenched but illusory oppositions between cognition and brain and between nature and nurture. It makes the confusing facts about autism, dyslexia, and other disorders fall into a new coherent pattern and invigorates the comparison of different points of view. This book is indispensable for anyone trying to understand cognitive development and its disorders." Uta Frith, Professor of Cognitive Development, University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience "In his compelling book, Understanding Developmental Disorders, John Morton applies a causal modeling approach to understanding the influences that biological, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors exert on the emergence of developmental disorders. Morton eloquently conveys a way of conceptualizing various theories of developmental disorders. This volume will provide an invaluable tool for students, practitioners, and those in academia. I highly recommend it as a must for all professionals striving to understand the origins and course of developmental disorders." Dante Cicchetti, Ph.D., Director, Mt. Hope Family Center "Causal modelling of cognition is a new and original tool not only for thinking with precision about cognitive development and the ways in which it can go amiss; I can see this book having a revolutionary impact on developmental psychology. The causal-modelling framework is also valuable for exposing the kind of sloppy thinking about the causes of developmental difficulties that one sees so often in statements by journalists and politicians (the book contains many such examples). Simply and cogently written, this book is of great importance both for scientists in developmental psychology and for public-health professionals concerned with disorders such as autism, ADHD and dyslexia." Prof Max Coltheart, Scientific Director, Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Australia "John Morton's deep and wonderful book should be required reading for any serious student of cognitive development, as well as for any researcher concerned with developmental disabilities. In giving us a tool for thinking about the causal history of developmental disabilities, he offers profound insights into the nature of causality, the relations among different levels of analysis, and the causes of four developmental syndromes, including autism and dyslexia." Susan Carey, Professor, Harvard University "Morton's lucid and highly readable book offers an excellent tool to clarify the field of developmental disorders as it stands and to point the way to the future." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, August 2005 "Morton writes from first principles but then, as the book progresses, assumes some psychological sophistication. He has a comfortable and conversational...style that has become unusual in scientific writing. It invites reflection, questioning and discussion and I found it well suited to putting across concepts." Tom Berney, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, May 2006 “Morton’s causal modeling approach seems an innovative and insightful advance in examining and understanding the causes and diagnosis of pathologic conditions.” Psychological Record

Autorenportrait

John Morton is the former Director of the Medical Research Council’s Cognitive Development Unit. He is now Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychology and Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London.

Back cover copy

This long-awaited and ground-breaking book from cognitive scientist John Morton helps to clarify the nature of developmental disorders. It challenges the basis of standard behaviourally based diagnostic practice, showing how the role of biology and cognition is crucial to understanding the underlying nature of these disorders. It also sets out a clear method for assessing and comparing the many alternative theories. An understanding of developmental disorders depends on being able to address the issue of cause and on making the link between disorder and normal process. These were the driving forces behind the emergence of the causal modelling methodology at the Cognitive Development Unit in London by the author and his colleague Uta Frith. John Morton elucidates this method and uses it ruthlessly to compare different theories of particular developmental disorders and to pinpoint their weaknesses. The result is a book that will have a profound impact on research and thinking in the fields of psychology, neuroscience and medicine.