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<p>List of Figures xix</p> <p>List of Tables xxiii</p> <p>Preface xxv</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxvii</p> <p><b>1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Living in a Digital World 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Chapter Overview 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications 2</p> <p>1.1.2.1 Personal Memories 3</p> <p>1.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service 5</p> <p>1.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management 5</p> <p>1.1.2.4 Utility Regulation 6</p> <p>1.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI 7</p> <p>1.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 8</p> <p>1.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems 9</p> <p>1.2.2 Distributed ICT Systems 9</p> <p>1.2.2.1 Networked ICT Devices 10</p> <p>1.2.2.2 Transparency and Openness 10</p> <p>1.2.3 Implicit Human–Computer Interaction (iHCI) 11</p> <p>1.2.3.1 The Calm Computer 11</p> <p>1.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human–Computer Interaction 12</p> <p>1.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality 12</p> <p>1.2.4 Context-Awareness 13</p> <p>1.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual 14</p> <p>1.2.4.2 User-Awareness 14</p> <p>1.2.4.3 Active Versus Passive Context-Awareness 15</p> <p>1.2.5 Autonomy 15</p> <p>1.2.5.1 Reducing Human Interaction 16</p> <p>1.2.5.2 Easing System Maintenance Versus Self-Maintaining Systems 16</p> <p>1.2.6 Intelligence 17</p> <p>1.2.7 Taxonomy of UbiCom Properties 17</p> <p>1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 22</p> <p>1.3.1 Human–ICT Device Interaction (HCI) 24</p> <p>1.3.2 ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) 25</p> <p>1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 26</p> <p>1.4.1 Smart Devices 27</p> <p>1.4.1.1 Weiser’s ICT Device Forms: Tabs, Pads and Boards 28</p> <p>1.4.1.2 Extended Forms for ICT Devices: Dust, Skin and Clay 28</p> <p>1.4.1.3 Mobility 29</p> <p>1.4.1.4 Volatile Service Access 29</p> <p>1.4.1.5 Situated and Self-Aware 30</p> <p>1.4.2 Smart Environments 30</p> <p>1.4.2.1 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments 31</p> <p>1.4.2.2 Embedded Versus Untethered 31</p> <p>1.4.2.3 Device Sizes 32</p> <p>1.4.3 Smart Interaction 32</p> <p>1.4.3.1 Basic Interaction 32</p> <p>1.4.3.2 Smart Interaction 33</p> <p>1.5 Discussion 34</p> <p>1.5.1 Interlinking System Properties, Environments and Designs 34</p> <p>1.5.2 Common Myths about Ubiquitous Computing 35</p> <p>1.5.3 Organisation of the Smart DEI Approach 37</p> <p>Exercises 38</p> <p>References 39</p> <p><b>2 Applications and Requirements 41</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 41</p> <p>2.1.1 Overview 41</p> <p>2.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 41</p> <p>2.2.1 Smart Devices: cci 42</p> <p>2.2.1.1 Smart Boards, Pads and Tabs 42</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Active Badge, Bat and Floor 42</p> <p>2.2.2 Smart Environments: CPI and cci 43</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Classroom 2000 43</p> <p>2.2.2.2 Smart Space and Meeting Room 43</p> <p>2.2.2.3 Interactive Workspaces and iRoom 44</p> <p>2.2.2.4 Cooltown 44</p> <p>2.2.2.5 EasyLiving and SPOT 45</p> <p>2.2.2.6 HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence 46</p> <p>2.2.3 Smart Devices: CPI 46</p> <p>2.2.3.1 Unimate and MH-1 Robots 46</p> <p>2.2.3.2 Smart Dust and TinyOS 47</p> <p>2.2.4 Smart Devices: iHCI and HPI 48</p> <p>2.2.4.1 Calm Computing 48</p> <p>2.2.4.2 Things That Think and Tangible Bits 48</p> <p>2.2.4.3 DataTiles 49</p> <p>2.2.4.4 Ambient Wood 50</p> <p>2.2.4.5 WearComp and WearCam 50</p> <p>2.2.4.6 Cyborg 1.0 and 2.0 52</p> <p>2.2.5 Other UbiCom Projects 52</p> <p>2.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 53</p> <p>2.3.1 Ubiquitous Networks of Devices: cci 53</p> <p>2.3.2 Human–Computer Interaction 54</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Ubiquitous Audio-Video Content Access 54</p> <p>2.3.2.2 Ubiquitous Information Access and Ebooks 55</p> <p>2.3.2.3 Universal Local Control of ICT Systems 56</p> <p>2.3.2.4 User-Awareness and Personal Spaces 58</p> <p>2.3.3 Human-to-Human Interaction (HHI) Applications 58</p> <p>2.3.3.1 Transaction-based M-Commerce and U-Commerce Services 59</p> <p>2.3.3.2 Enhancing the Productivity of Mobile Humans 59</p> <p>2.3.3.3 Care in the Community 60</p> <p>2.3.4 Human-Physical World-Computer Interaction (HPI) and (CPI) 61</p> <p>2.3.4.1 Physical Environment Awareness 61</p> <p>2.3.4.2 (Physical) Environment Control 61</p> <p>2.3.4.3 Smart Utilities 62</p> <p>2.3.4.4 Smart Buildings and Home Automation 62</p> <p>2.3.4.5 Smart Living Environments and Smart Furniture 63</p> <p>2.3.4.6 Smart Street Furniture 65</p> <p>2.3.4.7 Smart Vehicles, Transport and Travel 65</p> <p>2.3.4.8 Pervasive Games and Social Physical Spaces 66</p> <p>2.4 Discussion 67</p> <p>2.4.1 Achievements from Early Projects and Status Today 67</p> <p>2.4.1.1 Smart Devices 67</p> <p>2.4.1.2 Smart Physical World Environments 68</p> <p>2.4.1.3 Context-Awareness and Service Discovery 69</p> <p>2.4.1.4 Wearable Smart Devices and Implants 69</p> <p>Exercises 71</p> <p>References 71</p> <p><b>3 Smart Devices and Services 75</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 75</p> <p>3.1.1 Chapter Overview 75</p> <p>3.1.2 Smart Device and Service Characteristics 75</p> <p>3.1.3 Distributed System Viewpoints 77</p> <p>3.1.4 Abstraction Versus Virtualisation 78</p> <p>3.2 Service Architecture Models 80</p> <p>3.2.1 Partitioning and Distribution of Service Components 80</p> <p>3.2.2 Multi-tier Client Service Models 81</p> <p>3.2.2.1 Distributed Data Storage 82</p> <p>3.2.2.2 Distributed Processing 82</p> <p>3.2.2.3 Client–Server Design 83</p> <p>3.2.2.4 Proxy-based Service Access 84</p> <p>3.2.3 Middleware 85</p> <p>3.2.4 Service Oriented Computing (SOC) 86</p> <p>3.2.5 Grid Computing 87</p> <p>3.2.6 Peer-to-Peer Systems 88</p> <p>3.2.7 Device Models 91</p> <p>3.3 Service Provision Life-Cycle 91</p> <p>3.3.1 Network Discovery 92</p> <p>3.3.2 Service Announcement, Discovery, Selection and Configuration 93</p> <p>3.3.2.1 Web Service Discovery 95</p> <p>3.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Semantic Resource Discovery 95</p> <p>3.3.3 Service Invocation 95</p> <p>3.3.3.1 Distributed Processes 96</p> <p>3.3.3.2 Asynchronous (MOM) Versus Synchronous (RPC) Communication Models 97</p> <p>3.3.3.3 Reliable versus Unreliable Communication 99</p> <p>3.3.3.4 Caches, Read-Ahead and Delayed Writes 99</p> <p>3.3.3.5 On-Demand Service Access 100</p> <p>3.3.3.6 Event-Driven Architectures (EDA) 101</p> <p>3.3.3.7 Shared Data Repository 103</p> <p>3.3.3.8 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Model 103</p> <p>3.3.3.9 Volatile Service Invocation 104</p> <p>3.3.4 Service Composition 105</p> <p>3.3.4.1 Service Interoperability 106</p> <p>3.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 106</p> <p>3.4.1 Virtual Machines 106</p> <p>3.4.2 Bios 107</p> <p>3.4.3 Multi-Tasking Operating Systems (MTOS) 108</p> <p>3.4.4 Process Control 109</p> <p>3.4.5 Memory Management 110</p> <p>3.4.6 Input and Output 111</p> <p>Exercises 111</p> <p>References 112</p> <p><b>4 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 115</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 115</p> <p>4.1.1 Chapter Overview 115</p> <p>4.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 115</p> <p>4.2.1 Mobile Service Design 116</p> <p>4.2.1.1 SMS and Mobile Web Services 117</p> <p>4.2.1.2 Java VM and J2ME 119</p> <p>4.2.1.3 .net Cf 120</p> <p>4.2.2 Mobile Code 121</p> <p>4.2.3 Mobile Devices and Mobile Users 122</p> <p>4.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 123</p> <p>4.3.1 Microkernel Designs 123</p> <p>4.3.2 Mobility Support 123</p> <p>4.3.3 Resource-Constrained Devices 124</p> <p>4.3.4 Power Management 125</p> <p>4.3.4.1 Low Power CPUs 125</p> <p>4.3.4.2 Application Support 126</p> <p>4.4 Smart Card Devices 126</p> <p>4.4.1 Smart Card OS 127</p> <p>4.4.2 Smart Card Development 128</p> <p>4.5 Device Networks 128</p> <p>4.5.1 HAVi, HES and X 10 129</p> <p>4.5.2 Device Discovery 129</p> <p>4.5.3 OSGi 131</p> <p>Exercises 132</p> <p>References 133</p> <p><b>5 Human–Computer Interaction 135</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 135</p> <p>5.1.1 Chapter Overview 135</p> <p>5.1.2 Explicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 136</p> <p>5.1.3 Complexity of Ubiquitous Explicit HCI 136</p> <p>5.1.4 Implicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 137</p> <p>5.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely Used Devices 138</p> <p>5.2.1 Diversity of ICT Device Interaction 138</p> <p>5.2.2 Personal Computer Interface 139</p> <p>5.2.3 Mobile Hand-Held Device Interfaces 140</p> <p>5.2.3.1 Handling Limited Key Input: Multi-Tap, T9, Fastap, Soft keys and Soft Keyboard 140</p> <p>5.2.3.2 Handling Limited Output 141</p> <p>5.2.4 Games Console Interfaces and Interaction 142</p> <p>5.2.5 Localised Remote Control: Video Devices 143</p> <p>5.3 Hidden UI Via Basic Smart Devices 143</p> <p>5.3.1 Multi-Modal Visual Interfaces 144</p> <p>5.3.2 Gesture Interfaces 145</p> <p>5.3.3 Reflective Versus Active Displays 147</p> <p>5.3.4 Combining Input and Output User Interfaces 148</p> <p>5.3.4.1 Touchscreens 149</p> <p>5.3.4.2 Tangible Interfaces 149</p> <p>5.3.4.3 Organic Interfaces 150</p> <p>5.3.5 Auditory Interfaces 151</p> <p>5.3.6 Natural Language Interfaces 151</p> <p>5.4 Hidden UI Via Wearable and Implanted Devices 152</p> <p>5.4.1 Posthuman Technology Model 152</p> <p>5.4.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 152</p> <p>5.4.3 Wearable Computer Interaction 153</p> <p>5.4.3.1 Head(s)-Up Display (HUD) 154</p> <p>5.4.3.2 Eyetap 154</p> <p>5.4.3.3 Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) 154</p> <p>5.4.3.4 Clothes as Computers 155</p> <p>5.4.4 Computer Implants and Brain Computer Interfaces 155</p> <p>5.4.5 Sense-of-Presence and Telepresence 157</p> <p>5.5 Human-Centred Design (HCD) 157</p> <p>5.5.1 Human-Centred Design Life-Cycle 158</p> <p>5.5.2 Methods to Acquire User Input and to Build Used Models 159</p> <p>5.5.3 Defining the Virtual and Physical Environment Use Context 160</p> <p>5.5.4 Defining the Human Environment Use Context and Requirements 160</p> <p>5.5.4.1 User Characteristics 160</p> <p>5.5.5 Interaction Design 161</p> <p>5.5.5.1 Conceptual Models and Mental Models 162</p> <p>5.5.6 Evaluation 162</p> <p>5.6 User Models: Acquisition and Representation 163</p> <p>5.6.1 Indirect User Input and Modelling 164</p> <p>5.6.2 Direct User Input and Modelling 164</p> <p>5.6.3 User Stereotypes 165</p> <p>5.6.4 Modelling Users’ Planned Tasks and Goals 165</p> <p>5.6.5 Multiple User Tasks and Activity-Based Computing 166</p> <p>5.6.6 Situation Action Versus Planned Action Models 167</p> <p>5.7 iHCI Design 167</p> <p>5.7.1 iHCI Model Characteristics 167</p> <p>5.7.2 User Context-Awareness 168</p> <p>5.7.3 More Intuitive and Customised Interaction 168</p> <p>5.7.4 Personalisation 169</p> <p>5.7.5 Affective Computing: Interactions Using Users’ Emotional Context 171</p> <p>5.7.6 Design Heuristics and Patterns 171</p> <p>Exercises 175</p> <p>References 175</p> <p><b>6 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling 179</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 179</p> <p>6.1.1 Chapter Overview 180</p> <p>6.2 Tagging the Physical World 180</p> <p>6.2.1 Life-Cycle for Tagging Physical Objects 181</p> <p>6.2.2 Tags: Types and Characteristics 181</p> <p>6.2.3 Physical and Virtual Tag Management 183</p> <p>6.2.4 RFID Tags 183</p> <p>6.2.4.1 Active RFID Tags 185</p> <p>6.2.4.2 Passive RFID Tags 185</p> <p>6.2.5 Personalised and Social Tags 186</p> <p>6.2.6 Micro Versus Macro Tags 187</p> <p>6.3 Sensors and Sensor Networks 187</p> <p>6.3.1 Overview of Sensor Net Components and Processes 187</p> <p>6.3.2 Sensor Electronics 189</p> <p>6.3.3 Physical Network: Environment, Density and Transmission 191</p> <p>6.3.4 Data Network: Addressing and Routing 192</p> <p>6.3.4.1 Sensor Networks Versus Ad Hoc Networks 193</p> <p>6.3.5 Data Processing: Distributed Data Storage and Data Queries 193</p> <p>6.4 Micro Actuation and Sensing: MEMS 194</p> <p>6.4.1 Fabrication 195</p> <p>6.4.2 Micro-Actuators 195</p> <p>6.4.3 Micro-Sensors 196</p> <p>6.4.4 Smart Surfaces, Skin, Paint, Matter and Dust 197</p> <p>6.4.5 Downsizing to Nanotechnology and Quantum Devices 198</p> <p>6.5 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems 199</p> <p>6.5.1 Application-Specific Operating Systems (ASOS) 200</p> <p>6.5.2 Real-Time Operating Systems for Embedded Systems 201</p> <p>6.6 Control Systems (for Physical World Tasks) 202</p> <p>6.6.1 Programmable Controllers 202</p> <p>6.6.2 Simple PID-Type Controllers 203</p> <p>6.6.3 More Complex Controllers 203</p> <p>6.7 Robots 204</p> <p>6.7.1 Robot Manipulators 205</p> <p>6.7.2 Mobile Robots 206</p> <p>6.7.3 Biologically Inspired Robots 206</p> <p>6.7.4 Nanobots 207</p> <p>6.7.5 Developing UbiCom Robot Applications 207</p> <p>Exercises 209</p> <p>References 210</p> <p><b>7 Context-Aware Systems 213</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>7.1.1 Chapter Overview 214</p> <p>7.1.2 Context-Aware Applications 214</p> <p>7.2 Modelling Context-Aware Systems 216</p> <p>7.2.1 Types of Context 216</p> <p>7.2.2 Context Creation and Context Composition 218</p> <p>7.2.3 Context-Aware Adaptation 219</p> <p>7.2.4 Environment Modelling 221</p> <p>7.2.5 Context Representation 221</p> <p>7.2.6 A Basic Architecture 222</p> <p>7.2.7 Challenges in Context-Awareness 225</p> <p>7.3 Mobility Awareness 227</p> <p>7.3.1 Call Routing for Mobile Users 227</p> <p>7.3.2 Mobile Phone Location Determination 227</p> <p>7.3.3 Mobile User Awareness as an Example of Composite Context-Awareness 228</p> <p>7.3.4 Tourism Services for Mobile Users 228</p> <p>7.4 Spatial Awareness 229</p> <p>7.4.1 Spatial Context Creation 230</p> <p>7.4.1.1 Spatial Acquisition 230</p> <p>7.4.1.2 Location Acquisition 231</p> <p>7.4.2 Location and Other Spatial Abstractions 233</p> <p>7.4.3 User Context Creation and Context-Aware Adaptation 233</p> <p>7.4.3.1 Cartography: Adapting Spatial Viewpoints to Different User Contexts 233</p> <p>7.4.3.2 Geocoding: Mapping Location Contexts to User Contexts 234</p> <p>7.4.4 Spatial Context Queries and Management: GIS 234</p> <p>7.5 Temporal Awareness: Coordinating and Scheduling 235</p> <p>7.5.1 Clock Synchronization: Temporal Context Creation 235</p> <p>7.5.2 Temporal Models and Abstractions 236</p> <p>7.5.3 Temporal Context Management and Adaptation to User Contexts 237</p> <p>7.6 ICT System Awareness 238</p> <p>7.6.1 Context-Aware Presentation and Interaction at the UI 238</p> <p>7.6.1.1 Acquiring the UI Context 238</p> <p>7.6.1.2 Content Adaptation 239</p> <p>7.6.2 Network-Aware Service Adaptation 240</p> <p>Exercises 242</p> <p>References 242</p> <p><b>8 Intelligent Systems (IS) 245<br /> </b><i>With Patricia Charlton</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 245</p> <p>8.1.1 Chapter Overview 246</p> <p>8.2 Basic Concepts 246</p> <p>8.2.1 Types of Intelligent Systems 246</p> <p>8.2.2 Types of Environment for Intelligent Systems 247</p> <p>8.2.3 Use of Intelligence in Ubiquitous Computing 248</p> <p>8.3 IS Architectures 249</p> <p>8.3.1 What a Model Knows Versus How it is Used 249</p> <p>8.3.1.1 Types of Architecture Model 250</p> <p>8.3.1.2 Unilateral Versus Bilateral System Environment Models 251</p> <p>8.3.1.3 Model Representations 252</p> <p>8.3.1.4 How System Models are Acquired and Adapt 252</p> <p>8.3.2 Reactive IS Models 252</p> <p>8.3.3 Environment Model-based IS 254</p> <p>8.3.4 Goal-based IS 255</p> <p>8.3.5 Utility-based IS 256</p> <p>8.3.6 Learning-based IS 256</p> <p>8.3.6.1 Machine Learning Design 257</p> <p>8.3.7 Hybrid IS 258</p> <p>8.3.8 Knowledge-based (KB) IS 260</p> <p>8.3.8.1 Production or Rule-based KB System 260</p> <p>8.3.8.2 Blackboard KB System 261</p> <p>8.3.9 IS Models Applied to UbiCom Systems 261</p> <p>8.4 Semantic KB IS 263</p> <p>8.4.1 Knowledge Representation 263</p> <p>8.4.2 Design Issues 265</p> <p>8.4.2.1 Open World Versus Closed World Semantics 265</p> <p>8.4.2.2 Knowledge Life-cycle and Knowledge Management 266</p> <p>8.4.2.3 Creating Knowledge 266</p> <p>8.4.2.4 Knowledge Deployment and Maintaining Knowledge 267</p> <p>8.4.2.5 Design Issues for UbiCom Use 267</p> <p>8.5 Classical Logic IS 268</p> <p>8.5.1 Propositional and Predicate Logic 268</p> <p>8.5.2 Reasoning 269</p> <p>8.5.3 Design Issues 270</p> <p>8.6 Soft Computing IS Models 271</p> <p>8.6.1 Probabilistic Networks 271</p> <p>8.6.2 Fuzzy Logic 272</p> <p>8.7 IS System Operations 272</p> <p>8.7.1 Searching 272</p> <p>8.7.2 Classical (Deterministic) Planning 274</p> <p>8.7.3 Non-Deterministic Planning 275</p> <p>Exercises 276</p> <p>References 276</p> <p><b>9 Intelligent System Interaction 279<br /> </b><i>With Patricia Charlton</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 279</p> <p>9.1.1 Chapter Overview 279</p> <p>9.2 Interaction Multiplicity 279</p> <p>9.2.1 P2P Interaction Between Multiple Senders and Receivers 281</p> <p>9.2.1.1 Unknown Sender and Malicious Senders 281</p> <p>9.2.1.2 Unknown Receivers 282</p> <p>9.2.1.3 Too Many Messages 282</p> <p>9.2.2 Interaction Using Mediators 282</p> <p>9.2.2.1 Shared Communication Resource Access 283</p> <p>9.2.2.2 Shared Computation Resource Access 283</p> <p>9.2.2.3 Mediating Between Requesters and Providers 284</p> <p>9.2.3 Interaction Using Cooperative Participants 286</p> <p>9.2.3.1 Coordination 287</p> <p>9.2.3.2 Coordination Using Norms and Electronic Institutions 289</p> <p>9.2.3.3 Hierarchical and Role-based Organisational Interaction 290</p> <p>9.2.4 Interaction with Self-Interested Participants 291</p> <p>9.2.4.1 Market-based Interaction and Auctions 292</p> <p>9.2.4.2 Negotiation and Agreements 293</p> <p>9.2.4.3 Consensus-based Agreements 295</p> <p>9.3 Is Interaction Design 295</p> <p>9.3.1 Designing System Interaction to be More Intelligent 296</p> <p>9.3.2 Designing Interaction Between Individual Intelligent Systems 297</p> <p>9.3.3 Interaction Protocol Design 297</p> <p>9.3.3.1 Semantic or Knowledge-Sharing Protocols 298</p> <p>9.3.3.2 Agent Communication Languages and Linguistic-based Protocols 300</p> <p>9.3.4 Further Examples of the Use of Interaction Protocols 302</p> <p>9.3.5 Multi-Agent Systems 303</p> <p>9.3.5.1 ACL and Agent Platform Design 304</p> <p>9.3.5.2 Multi-Agent System Application Design 305</p> <p>9.4 Some Generic Intelligent Interaction Applications 306</p> <p>9.4.1 Social Networking and Media Exchange 307</p> <p>9.4.2 Recommender and Referral Systems 308</p> <p>9.4.2.1 Recommender Systems 308</p> <p>9.4.2.2 Content-based Recommendations 308</p> <p>9.4.2.3 Collaborative Filtering 309</p> <p>9.4.3 Pervasive Work Flow Management for People 309</p> <p>9.4.4 Trust Management 309</p> <p>Exercises 311</p> <p>References 312</p> <p><b>10 Autonomous Systems and Artificial Life 317</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 317</p> <p>10.1.1 Chapter Overview 317</p> <p>10.2 Basic Autonomous Intra-Acting Systems 318</p> <p>10.2.1 Types of Autonomous System 318</p> <p>10.2.1.1 Autonomous Intelligent Systems 319</p> <p>10.2.1.2 Limitation of Autonomous Systems 319</p> <p>10.2.2 Self-* Properties of Intra-Action 320</p> <p>10.3 Reflective and Self-Aware Systems 322</p> <p>10.3.1 Self-Awareness 322</p> <p>10.3.2 Self-Describing and Self-Explaining Systems 323</p> <p>10.3.3 Self-Modifying Systems Based Upon Reflective Computation 325</p> <p>10.4 Self-Management and Autonomic Computing 326</p> <p>10.4.1 Autonomic Computing Design 328</p> <p>10.4.2 Autonomic Computing Applications 330</p> <p>10.4.3 Modelling and Management Self-Star Systems 331</p> <p>10.5 Complex Systems 332</p> <p>10.5.1 Self-Organization and Interaction 332</p> <p>10.5.2 Self-Creation and Self-Replication 335</p> <p>10.6 Artificial Life 336</p> <p>10.6.1 Finite State Automata Models 336</p> <p>10.6.2 Evolutionary Computing 337</p> <p>Exercises 338</p> <p>References 339</p> <p><b>11 Ubiquitous Communication 343</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 343</p> <p>11.1.1 Chapter Overview 344</p> <p>11.2 Audio Networks 344</p> <p>11.2.1 PSTN Voice Networks 344</p> <p>11.2.2 Intelligent Networks and IP Multimedia Subsystems 345</p> <p>11.2.3 ADLS Broadband 346</p> <p>11.2.4 Wireless Telecoms Networks 346</p> <p>11.2.5 Audio Broadcast (Radio Entertainment) Networks 347</p> <p>11.3 Data Networks 347</p> <p>11.3.1 Network Protocol Suites 348</p> <p>11.3.2 Addressing 348</p> <p>11.3.3 Routing and Internetworking 349</p> <p>11.4 Wireless Data Networks 350</p> <p>11.4.1 Types of Wireless Network 350</p> <p>11.4.2 WLAN and WiMAX 352</p> <p>11.4.3 Bluetooth 353</p> <p>11.4.4 ZigBee 353</p> <p>11.4.5 Infrared 354</p> <p>11.4.6 Uwb 354</p> <p>11.4.7 Satellite and Microwave Communication 354</p> <p>11.4.8 Roaming between Local Wireless LANs 355</p> <p>11.5 Universal and Transparent Audio, Video and Alphanumeric Data Network Access 356</p> <p>11.5.1 Combined Voice and Data Networks 357</p> <p>11.5.2 Combined Audio-Video and Data Content Distribution Networks 358</p> <p>11.5.3 On-demand, Interactive and Distributed Content 360</p> <p>11.6 Ubiquitous Networks 360</p> <p>11.6.1 Wireless Networks 360</p> <p>11.6.2 Power Line Communication (PLC) 361</p> <p>11.6.3 Personal Area Networks 362</p> <p>11.6.4 Body Area Networks 362</p> <p>11.6.5 Mobile Users Networks 363</p> <p>11.6.5.1 Mobile Addresses 363</p> <p>11.6.5.2 Single-Path Routing 364</p> <p>11.6.5.3 Multi-Path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 364</p> <p>11.7 Further Network Design Issues 365</p> <p>11.7.1 Network Access Control 365</p> <p>11.7.2 Ubiquitous Versus Localised Access 366</p> <p>11.7.3 Controlling Network Access: Firewalls, NATs and VPNs 367</p> <p>11.7.4 Group Communication: Transmissions for Multiple Receivers 368</p> <p>11.7.5 Internetworking Heterogeneous Networks 368</p> <p>11.7.6 Global Use: Low-Cost Access Networks for Rural Use 369</p> <p>11.7.7 Separating Management and Control from Usage 369</p> <p>11.7.8 Service-Oriented Networks 370</p> <p>11.7.8.1 Service-Orientation at the Network Edge 371</p> <p>11.7.8.2 Content-based Networks 372</p> <p>11.7.8.3 Programmable Networks 372</p> <p>11.7.8.4 Overlay Networks 372</p> <p>11.7.8.5 Mesh Networks 373</p> <p>11.7.8.6 Cooperative Networks 375</p> <p>Exercises 375</p> <p>References 376</p> <p><b>12 Management of Smart Devices 379</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 379</p> <p>12.1.1 Chapter Overview 380</p> <p>12.2 Managing Smart Devices in Virtual Environments 380</p> <p>12.2.1 Process and Application Management 380</p> <p>12.2.2 Network-Oriented Management 380</p> <p>12.2.2.1 Fcaps 382</p> <p>12.2.3 Monitoring and Accounting 383</p> <p>12.2.3.1 Icmp 384</p> <p>12.2.3.2 Snmp 384</p> <p>12.2.4 Configuration Management 386</p> <p>12.2.5 Security Management 386</p> <p>12.2.5.1 Encryption Support for Confidentiality, Authentication and Authorisation 388</p> <p>12.2.5.2 Securing the System and its Middleware 389</p> <p>12.2.5.3 Securing Access Devices 391</p> <p>12.2.5.4 Securing Information 392</p> <p>12.2.6 Fault Management 393</p> <p>12.2.7 Performance Management 394</p> <p>12.2.8 Service-Oriented Computer Management 395</p> <p>12.2.8.1 Metrics for Evaluating the Use of SOA 395</p> <p>12.2.8.2 Distributed Resource Management and the Grid 396</p> <p>12.2.8.3 SLA Management of Services 397</p> <p>12.2.8.4 Policy-based Service Management 397</p> <p>12.2.8.5 Pervasive Work Flow Management for Services 398</p> <p>12.2.9 Information Management 399</p> <p>12.2.9.1 Information Applications 399</p> <p>12.2.9.2 Rich Versus Lean and Soft Versus Hard Information 399</p> <p>12.2.9.3 Managing the Information Explosion 400</p> <p>12.2.9.4 Managing Multimedia Content 401</p> <p>12.2.9.5 Managing Lean and Hard Data Using RDBMSs 402</p> <p>12.2.9.6 Managing Metadata 403</p> <p>12.3 Managing Smart Devices in Human User-Centred Environments 404</p> <p>12.3.1 Managing Richer and Softer Data 404</p> <p>12.3.2 Service Management Models for Human User and Physical Environments 404</p> <p>12.3.3 User Task and Activity-Based Management 407</p> <p>12.3.4 Privacy Management 407</p> <p>12.3.4.1 Biometric User Identification 408</p> <p>12.3.4.2 Privacy-Invasive Technologies versus Privacy-Enhanced Technologies 410</p> <p>12.3.4.3 Entrusted Regulation of User Privacy to Service Providers 411</p> <p>12.3.4.4 Legislative Approaches to Privacy 412</p> <p>12.4 Managing Smart Devices in Physical Environments 412</p> <p>12.4.1 Context-Awareness 412</p> <p>12.4.1.1 Context-Aware Management of Physical and Human Activities 413</p> <p>12.4.1.2 Management of Contexts and Events 413</p> <p>12.4.2 Micro and Nano-Sized Devices 415</p> <p>12.4.3 Unattended Embedded Devices 415</p> <p>Exercises 416</p> <p>References 416</p> <p><b>13 Ubiquitous System: Challenges and Outlook 421</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 421</p> <p>13.1.1 Chapter Overview 421</p> <p>13.2 Overview of Challenges 422</p> <p>13.2.1 Key Challenges 422</p> <p>13.2.2 Multi-Level Support for UbiCom Properties 423</p> <p>13.2.3 Evolution Versus Revolution 424</p> <p>13.2.4 Future Technologies 424</p> <p>13.3 Smart Devices 425</p> <p>13.3.1 Smaller, More Functional Smart Devices 425</p> <p>13.3.2 More Fluid Ensembles of Diverse Devices 426</p> <p>13.3.3 Richer System Interaction and Interoperability 427</p> <p>13.3.3.1 Migrating from Analogue to Digital Device Interaction 427</p> <p>13.3.3.2 Richer Digital Device Interaction 428</p> <p>13.4 Smart Interaction 428</p> <p>13.4.1 Unexpected Connectivity: Accidentally Smart Environments 428</p> <p>13.4.2 Impromptu Service Interoperability 429</p> <p>13.5 Smart Physical Environment Device Interaction 430</p> <p>13.5.1 Context-Awareness: Ill-Defined Contexts Versus a Context-Free World 430</p> <p>13.5.2 Lower Power and Sustainable Energy Usage 431</p> <p>13.5.3 ECO-Friendly UbiCom Devices 433</p> <p>13.6 Smart Human–Device Interaction 436</p> <p>13.6.1 More Diverse Human–Device Interaction 437</p> <p>13.6.2 More Versus Less Natural HCI 439</p> <p>13.6.3 Analogue to Digital and Digital Analogues 439</p> <p>13.6.4 Form Follows Function 440</p> <p>13.6.5 Forms for Multi-Function Devices 441</p> <p>13.7 Human Intelligence Versus Machine Intelligence 441</p> <p>13.7.1 Posthuman: ICT Augments Human Abilities Beyond Being Human 443</p> <p>13.7.2 Blurring of Reality and Mediated Realities 444</p> <p>13.8 Social Issues: Promise Versus Peril 444</p> <p>13.8.1 Increased Virtual Social Interaction Versus Local Social Interaction 446</p> <p>13.8.2 UbiCom Accessible by Everyone 446</p> <p>13.8.3 UbiCom Affordable by Everyone 447</p> <p>13.8.4 Legislation in the Digital World and Digitising Legislation 448</p> <p>13.9 Final Remarks 450</p> <p>Exercises 451</p> <p>References 452</p> <p>Index 455</p>

<p><strong>Stefan Poslad</strong> holds a PhD in computing from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. He is currently a lecturer and a researcher in the Intelligent Communication Lab at QMUL He has extensive experience at developing and delivering course material in related areas and at applying ambient intelligent approaches involving agents, context aware, smart mobile devices and sensors. <p><strong>Michael Berger</strong> has been involved in Computer Science research for the last 12 years, specializing in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Distributed and Ubiquitous Systems as well as Multi-Agent Systems research.? Since 1997 Dr. Berger is a member of the Intelligent Autonomous Systems research group at Siemens Corporate Technology (CT) in Munich and is involved in several technical and team management functions, responsible for product developments in the telematics area and chair of several activities. Since 2002 Dr. Berger has been heading the technology and competence field "Mobile and Ambient Intelligence Technologies" within Siemens CT. <p><strong>Robert M. Patton</strong> is a research associate with the Applied Software Engineering Research group of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.? He is currently the principle investigator of the Orion Project, which focuses on the application of intelligent software agents for sensor data fusion. In addition, Dr. Patton works on a number of different projects involving software agents, computational intelligence, and applications to information fusion. <p><strong>Patricia Charlton</strong> has over 15 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent systems. This experience covers all aspects from project inception and proposal, through design and implementation, on to end user studies and field trials of the systems developed. This includes being prime coordinator of two large EU projects. Experienced in strategic, management and technical roles within Motorola Labs and author of over 50 papers in the field of AI and multi-agent systems and of 9 filed patents.

<b>This book provides an introduction to the complex field of ubiquitous computing</b> <p><i>Ubiquitous Computing</i> (also commonly referred to as Pervasive Computing) describes the ways in which current technological models, based upon three base designs: smart devices (mobile, wireless, service), smart environments (of embedded system devices) and smart interaction (between devices), relate to and support a computing vision for a greater range of computer devices, used in a greater range of (human, ICT and physical) environments and activities. The author details the rich potential of ubiquitous computing, the challenges involved in making it a reality, and the prerequisite technological infrastructure. Additionally, the book discusses the application and convergence of several current major and future computing trends. </p> <p><i>Key Features:</i></p> <p>•Describes how current technology models based upon six different technology form factors have varying degrees of mobility wireless connectivity and service volatility: (tabs, pads, boards, dust, skins and clay), and how they enable the vision of ubiquitous computing</p> <p>•Explores how the three core designs (smart devices, environments and interaction) can be applied, and how they  to and can evolve to, support a vision of ubiquitous computing and computing for the future</p> <p>•Covers the principles of the following current technology models, including mobile wireless networks, service-oriented computing, human computer interaction, artificial intelligence, context-awareness, autonomous systems, micro-electromechanical systems, sensors, embedded controllers and robots</p> <p>•Covers a range of interactions, between two or more UbiCom devices, between devices and people (HCI), between devices and the physical world.</p> <p>•Includes an accompanying website with PowerPoint slides, problems and solutions, exercises, bibliography and further reading</p> <p>Graduate students in computer science, electrical engineering and telecommunications courses will find this a fascinating and useful introduction to the subject. It will also be of interest to ICT professionals, software and network developers and others interested in future trends and models of computing and interaction.</p>

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