Details

The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces


The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces

Advanced Techniques for Surface Design
2. Aufl.

von: Jörg Florian Friedrich

147,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 13.02.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9783527648023
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 473

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Beschreibungen

More than 99% of all visible matter in the universe occurs as highly ionized gas plasma with high energy content. Electrical low- and atmospheric-pressure plasmas are characterized by continuous source of moderate quantities of energy or enthalpy transferred predominantly as kinetic energy of electrons. Therefore, such energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperature but produce <br> sufficient energy for inelastic collisions with atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus producing reactive species and photons, which are able to initiate all types of polymerizations or activate any surface of low reactive polymers. However, the broadly distributed energies in the plasma exceed partially the binding energies in polymers, thus initiating very often unselective reactions and polymer degradation. The intention of this book is to present new plasma processes and new plasma reactions of high selectivity and high yield.<br> <br> This book aims to bridge classical and plasma chemistry, particularly focusing on polymer chemistry in the bulk and on the surface under<br> plasma exposure. The stability of surface functionalization and the qualitative and quantitative measurement of functional groups at polymer<br> surface are featured prominently, and chemical pathways for suppressing the undesirable side effects of plasma exposure are proposed<br> and illustrated with numerous examples. Special attention is paid to the smooth transition from inanimate polymer surfaces to modified bioactive polymer surfaces. A wide range of techniques, plasma types and applications are demonstrated.
PREFACE<br> <br> INTRODUCTION<br> <br> INTERACTION BETWEEN PLASMA AND POLYMERS <br> Special Features of Polymers <br> Processes on Polymer Surfaces during Plasma Exposure <br> Influence of Polymer Type <br> Methods, Systematic, and Definitions <br> Functional Groups and Their Interaction with Other Solids <br> <br> PLASMA <br> Plasma State <br> Types of Low-Pressure Glow Discharges <br> Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Modifi cation of Polymer Surfaces <br> Energetic Situation in Low-Pressure Plasmas <br> Atmospheric and Thermal Plasmas for Polymer Processing <br> Polymer Characteristics <br> Chemically Active Species and Radiation <br> <br> CHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS IN CLASSIC AND PLASMA PROCESSES <br> Introduction of Plasma Species onto Polymer Surfaces <br> Oxidation by Plasma Fluorination and by Chemical Fluorination <br> Comparison of Plasma Exposure, Ionizing Irradiation, and Photo-oxidation of Polymers <br> <br> KINETICS OF POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATION <br> Polymer Surface Functionalization <br> Polymer Surface Oxidation<br> Polymer Surface Functionalization with Amino Groups <br> Carbon Dioxide Plasmas <br> SH-Forming Plasmas <br> Fluorinating Plasmas <br> Chlorination <br> Polymer Modifi cation by Noble Gas Plasmas <br> <br> BULK, ABLATIVE, AND SIDE REACTIONS <br> Changes in Supermolecular Structure of Polymers <br> Polymer Etching <br> Changes in Surface Topology <br> Plasma Susceptibility of Polymer Building Blocks<br> Plasma UV Irradiation <br> Absorption of Radiation by Polymers <br> Formation of Unsaturations <br> Formation of Macrocycles <br> Polymer Degradation and Supermolecular Structure of Polymers <br> Crosslinking versus Degradation of Molar Masses <br> Radicals and Auto-oxidation <br> Plasma-Induced Photo-oxidations of Polymers<br> Different Degradation Behavior of Polymers on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma <br> Derivatization of Functional Groups for XPS <br> <br> METALLIZATION OF PLASMA-MODIFI ED POLYMERS <br> Background <br> Polymer Plasma Pretreatment for Well Adherent Metal -<br> Polymer Composites <br> New Adhesion Concept <br> Redox Reactions along the Interface <br> Influence of Metal?Polymer Interactions on Interface-Neighbored Polymer Interphases <br> Metal-Containing Plasma Polymers <br> Plasma-Initiated Deposition of Metal Layers <br> Inspection of Peeled Surfaces <br> Life Time of Plasma Activation <br> <br> ACCELERATED PLASMA-AGING OF POLYMERS <br> Polymer Response to Long-Time Exposure to Plasmas <br> Hydrogen Plasma Exposure <br> Noble Gas Plasma Exposure, CASING <br> <br> POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATIONS WITH MONOSORT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS <br> Various Ways of Producing Monosort Functional Groups at Polyolefi n Surfaces <br> Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Post-Plasma Chemical Treatment for Producing OH Groups <br> Post-Plasma Chemical Grafting of Molecules, Oligomers, or Polymers <br> Selective Plasma Bromination for Introduction of Monosort C -<br> Br Bonds to Polyolefi n Surfaces <br> Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces <br> SiOx Deposition <br> Grafting onto Radical Sites <br> <br> ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMAS <br> General <br> Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Treatment <br> Polymerization by Introduction of Gases, Vapors, or Aerosols into a DBD <br> Introduction of Polymer Molecules into the Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma and Their Deposition as Thin Polymer Films (Aerosol-DBD) <br> DBD Treatment of Polyolefi n Surfaces for Improving Adhesion in Metal?Polymer Composites <br> Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Technique<br> <br> PLASMA POLYMERIZATION <br> Historical <br> General Intention and Applications <br> Mechanism of Plasma Polymerization <br> Plasma Polymerization in Adsorption Layer or Gas Phase <br> Side-Reactions <br> Quasi-hydrogen Plasma <br> Kinetic Models Based on Ionic Mechanism <br> Kinetic Models of Plasma-Polymer Layer Deposition Based on a Radical Mechanism <br> Dependence on Plasma Parameter <br> Structure of Plasma Polymers <br> Afterglow (Remote or Downstream) Plasmas <br> Powder Formation <br> Plasma Catalysis <br> Copolymerization in Continuous-Wave Plasma Mode <br> <br> PULSED-PLASMA POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Basics <br> Presented Work on Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization <br> Role of Monomers in Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization <br> Dark Reactions<br> Pressure-Pulsed Plasma<br> Differences between Radical and Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization <br> Surface Structure and Composition of Pulsed-Plasma Polymers <br> Plasma-Polymer Aging and Elimination of Radicals in Plasma Polymers <br> Functional Groups Carrying Plasma-Polymer Layers <br> Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Induced Polymerization <br> Plasma-Initiated Copolymerization <br> Graft Polymerization <br> Grafting onto Functional Groups <br>
Die vorliegende Monographie von Jörg Friedrich verbindet konventionelle und Plasmachemie auf dem Gebiet der Polymerchemie. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Oberflächenbehandlung von Polymeren in unterschiedlichen Plasmen.<br> <br> Das Buch beginnt mit einer kurzen Einführung in die Plasmaphysik und gibt dabei die wesentlichen Elementarprozesse und energetischen Verhältnisse an, insbesondere zur Elektronenenergie sowie von Entladungstypen im Niederdruckbereich. Ein Überblick über Funktionalisierung von Polymeroberflächen in Plasmen schließt sich an. Dieses Kapitel diskutiert die Kinetik der Oberflächenfunktionalisierung in O2-, NH3-, CO2-, CF4-, SF6-, NF3- sowie chlorhaltigen Plasmen (beispielsweise CCl4, CF3Cl). Weitere Themen sind das Ätzen von unterschiedlichen Polymeren in verschiedenen Gasen, die Änderung der Oberflächentopologie, die Bildung von Radikalen im Polymer sowie die Vernetzung durch UV-Strahlung des Plasmas.<br> <br> Ein umfangreiches Kapitel widmet sich der Metallisierung von im Plasma behandelten Polymeren. Reinigungsprozesse und Oberflächenfunktionalisierung schaffen die Voraussetzungen dafür, dass die Metallschicht haftet. Der Autor vergleicht die Alterung von Polymeren unter Plasmabehandlung mit den Effekten bei Bewitterung in Luft. Ausführlich behandelt das Buch die Oberflächenmodifikation durch funktionelle Gruppen einer einzigen Sorte. Zur Anwendung von Atmosphärendruck-Plasmen gehören dielektrisch behinderte Entladungen (DBD) sowie Elektrosprayverfahren.<br> <br> Im abschließenden Kapitel geht es um Plasmapolymerisation. Es zeigt die Entwicklung dieser Technik, die dünne, dichte Schichten herstellt, und ihre Anwendungen. Verschiedene Schichtbildungsmechanismen folgen. Beschrieben werden Mechanismen, die durch Ionen bestimmt sind, sowie Radikalmechanismen. Ein Abschnitt befasst sich mit der Struktur der Plasmapolymere. Dabei weist der Autor darauf hin, dass sich unter ausgewählten Entladungsbedingungen Pulver bilden. Durch Polymerisation mit gepulsten Plasmen scheiden sich Schichten ab, bei denen die Ausgangsverbindungen weniger fragmentiert sind.<br> <br> Durch die Darstellung der Ergebnissen von Analysenmethoden wie XPS, ATR-FTIR, TOF-Sims, NMR, Maldi-TOF-MS, SEC, Seira oder Nexafs erhält der Leser einen Einblick in das breite Spektrum der Analytik.<br> <br> Dem Autor gelingt ein umfassender Überblick über die Prozesse, die durch die im Plasma gebildeten Spezies auf Polymeroberflächen ablaufen. Die Monographie ist denjenigen Chemikern, Physikern und Ingenieuren zu empfehlen, die sich mit Plasmafunktionalisierung von Oberflächen befassen, aber auch Doktoranden und Studenten. Zahlreiche Abbildungen veranschaulichen die behandelten Sachverhalte. Ein reichhaltiges Literaturverzeichnis mit über 1000 Zitaten erleichtert die Einarbeitung in dieses Spezialgebiet der Plasmatechnik.<br> <br> Martin Schmidt, Greifswald<br> (Nachrichten aus der Chemie, Volume 61, Issue 1, pages 65-67, Januar 2013)
Jorg Florian Friedrich was born in 1948, in Erkner, near Berlin. From 1967 to 1972, he studied chemistry at Humboldt University in Berlin. In 1972 he began his PhD studies at the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin in the Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry. His graduation<br> followed in the years 1974/1975 as PhD resp. Dr. rer. nat., and in 1981/1982 he obtained his habilitation (lecture qualifi cation). He continued his career in the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) from 1995 on as head of the Division 'Analysis and Structure of Polymers' and later on 'Polymer Surfaces'. He was appointed to professor (and director) in 1996 and to professor at Technical University of Berlin, in 2007.
More than 99% of all visible matter in the universe occurs as highly ionized gas plasma with high energy content. Electrical low- and atmospheric-pressure plasmas are characterized by continuous source of moderate quantities of energy or enthalpy transferred predominantly as kinetic energy of electrons. Therefore, such energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperature but produce <br> sufficient energy for inelastic collisions with atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus producing reactive species and photons, which are able to initiate all types of polymerizations or activate any surface of low reactive polymers. However, the broadly distributed energies in the plasma exceed partially the binding energies in polymers, thus initiating very often unselective reactions and polymer degradation. The intention of this book is to present new plasma processes and new plasma reactions of high selectivity and high yield.<br> <br> This book aims to bridge classical and plasma chemistry, particularly focusing on polymer chemistry in the bulk and on the surface under<br> plasma exposure. The stability of surface functionalization and the qualitative and quantitative measurement of functional groups at polymer<br> surface are featured prominently, and chemical pathways for suppressing the undesirable side effects of plasma exposure are proposed<br> and illustrated with numerous examples. Special attention is paid to the smooth transition from inanimate polymer surfaces to modified bioactive polymer surfaces. A wide range of techniques, plasma types and applications are demonstrated.

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