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<p>About the Authors xiii</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p><b>Section I Building Blocks of Meteorology (3000 bc–ad 1950) 1</b></p> <p>1 Ancient Civilizations, Philosophical Theories, and Folklore (3000 bc–ad 1400) 3<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>1.1 Ancient Babylonians 3</p> <p>1.2 Ancient Chinese 4</p> <p>1.3 Aristotle and Meteorologica 4</p> <p>1.4 Theophrastus and the Book of Signs 5</p> <p>1.5 Ibn Wahshiyya and Nabataean Agriculture 6</p> <p>1.6 William of Ockham and Nominalism 6</p> <p>1.7 Religion, Folklore, and Animals 7</p> <p>2 Inventions of Weather Instruments (1400–1800) 11<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>2.1 Rain Gauge 11</p> <p>2.2 Hygrometer 12</p> <p>2.3 Thermometer 13</p> <p>2.4 Barometer 15</p> <p>2.5 Anemometer 16</p> <p>3 The Birth of Modern Meteorology (1800–1950) 19<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague and Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>3.1 Telegraph 19</p> <p>3.2 Fitzroy 20</p> <p>3.3 Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson 20</p> <p>3.4 Weather Balloons/Radiosondes 20</p> <p>3.5 Birth of Governmental Weather Departments 22</p> <p>3.6 Numerical Weather Prediction 25</p> <p>3.7 Weather Broadcasting 26</p> <p>3.8 Forecasting for WWII 26</p> <p>3.9 Extreme Weather Forecasting: ‘Nowcasting’ 27</p> <p><b>Section II The Early Television, Computer, Satellite, and Radar Era (1950–1980) 31</b></p> <p>4 Television and the First Computerized Advancements 33<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>4.1 Television in the Household 33</p> <p>4.2 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1950s 33</p> <p>4.3 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1960s and 1970s 34</p> <p>4.4 The Beginning of Computers and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) 35</p> <p>4.5 Computers and NWP in the Met Office 37</p> <p>4.6 Computers and NWP Worldwide 37</p> <p>4.7 The 1970s and Its Lasting Influences on Forecasting 39</p> <p>5 Radar and Satellite History 43<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>5.1 Invention of the Radar 43</p> <p>5.2 Development of Weather Radar 44</p> <p>5.3 Invention of the Satellite 46</p> <p>5.4 Remote Sensing 46</p> <p>5.5 Development of Weather Satellites 47</p> <p><b>Section III Modern?]Day Technologies, Advancements, and Social Media Impacts (1980–2013) 51</b></p> <p>6 Personal Technology Boom 53<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>6.1 Television Networks 53</p> <p>6.2 Personal Computers 55</p> <p>6.3 The Internet and Meteorology 56</p> <p>6.4 Cellphones and Social Media 56</p> <p>6.5 Movies 58</p> <p>7 Covering Major Storms 61<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>7.1 The Great Storm of 1987 61</p> <p>7.2 Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones 63</p> <p>7.3 Tornadoes 66</p> <p>7.4 Floods, Droughts, and Wildfires 68</p> <p>7.5 Storm Chasing 70</p> <p>7.6 Media</p> <p>8 The Rise of Modern Computer Models 75<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>8.1 European Center for Medium?]Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) 75</p> <p>8.2 Main US Models 78</p> <p>8.3 Specific Use Forecasting Models 79</p> <p>8.4 Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 79</p> <p>8.5 Global Data?]Processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) 80</p> <p>8.6 Main Model Biases and Various Characteristics 80</p> <p>9 Advancements within the Nationalized Governmental Weather Departments 87<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>9.1 The National Weather Service 87</p> <p>9.2 The Met Office 91</p> <p>9.3 Advancements across the World 93</p> <p>9.4 Radar Development 96</p> <p>9.5 New Satellite Developments 100</p> <p>10 Meteorological Agencies at the Global and Private Level 107<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>10.1 World Government Agencies 107</p> <p>10.2 Operations of World Organizations 110</p> <p>10.3 Global Discussions 110</p> <p>10.4 What a Private?]Sector Weather Business Entails 111</p> <p>10.5 Government vs. Private Sector 112</p> <p>10.6 The Lesser?]Known Services of the Private Sector 115</p> <p><b>Section IV Current and Future Ideologies of Climate Change and Meteorological Processes 121</b></p> <p>11 Climate Change 123<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>11.1 Climate Discussions 123</p> <p>11.2 Earth’s Lifetime Fluctuations 125</p> <p>11.3 Past Climate Data 127</p> <p>11.4 Permafrost and Climate Change 130</p> <p>11.5 Greenhouse Gases 132</p> <p>11.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 133</p> <p>12 Extreme Weather 141<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>12.1 Current Climate and Weather Trends 141</p> <p>12.2 Classifying Extreme Weather 144</p> <p>12.3 Extreme Weather Influences 147</p> <p>12.4 Is Extreme Weather on the Rise? 150</p> <p>12.5 Weather Pattern Predictions 153</p> <p>13 Additional Meteorological Impacts 169<br /><i>Nicole Gallicchio</i></p> <p>13.1 Space Weather 169</p> <p>13.2 Earthquakes and the Effect on Climate Change 171</p> <p>13.3 Weather and the Effects on the Human Body 172</p> <p>14 Weather Technology 179<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>14.1 Tropical Cyclone Technology 179</p> <p>14.2 Coastal Flooding 186</p> <p>14.3 Extreme Weather 190</p> <p>14.4 Enhancements to Radar, Satellite, and Model Output of Supercomputers 198</p> <p>14.5 Long?]Range Forecasting 203</p> <p>14.6 Various Planned Advancements 203</p> <p>15 Global Cooperation 211<br /><i>Kevin Anthony Teague</i></p> <p>15.1 Overall Global Forecasting 211</p> <p>15.2 Global Networking in Meteorology 213</p> <p>15.3 Disaster Management 215</p> <p>15.4 Global Radar and Satellite Cooperation 220</p> <p>15.5 Global Data?]Processing and Forecasting Systems 221</p> <p>15.6 Global Response to Climate Change 223</p> <p>Appendix Figures A–H 231</p> <p>Index 245</p>

<p><b> Kevin A. Teague</b> and <b>Nicole Gallicchio</b> are the cofounders of Forecasting Consultants LLC, a private weather forecasting and forensic company geared towards a multitude of industries and users. Their business has allowed the authors to grow and expand their knowledge base in all aspects of atmospheric science.

<p><b> The essential guide to the history, current trends, and the future of meteorology </b> <p> This enlightening text offers a comprehensive review of the evolution of the field of meteorology, from its infancy in 3000 BC, through the birth of fresh ideas and the actual naming of the field as a science, to the technology boom, to today. <i>The Evolution of Meteorology</i> reveals the full story from where meteorology was then to where it is now, where the field is heading, and what needs to be done to get the field to levels never before imagined. The authors—two noted experts in the field—include information on forecasting technologies, organizations, governmental agencies, and world cooperative projects and legislation, along with data on climate change theories and understanding, as well as extreme weather statistics and histories. <p> The authors explore the ancient history of the first attempts to understand and predict weather and examine the influence of the very early birth of television, computers, and technologies that are useful to meteorology. This modern-day examination of meteorology is filled with compelling research, statistics, future paths, ideas, and suggestions. This vital resource: <ul> <li>Examines current information on climate change and recent extreme weather events</li> <li>Starts with the Ancient Babylonians and ends with the largest global agreement of any kind with the Paris Agreement</li> <li>Includes current information on the most authoritative research in the field of meteorology</li> <li>Offers scientific views on the future direction of the field of meteorology</li> </ul> <br> <p> This comprehensive text offers a guide to the history of the study of meteorology and contains data on the latest global research and scientific knowledge in the field in order to bring awareness to the overall path of meteorology and where we may end up.

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