<p>List of Contributors xiii</p> <p>About the Editor xv</p> <p>Preface xvii</p> <p>Abbreviations xix</p> <p><b>Part I Climate Change and The Built Environment: Foundations and Implications 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Understanding Climate Change Fundamentals: Exploring the Forces Shaping Our Planet’s Future 3</b></p> <p>Introduction 3</p> <p>Recent Climate Change is Anthropogenic 5</p> <p>Spatial Distribution of Global Warming 6</p> <p>Modes of Climate Variability 6</p> <p>Find, Read, and Process Climatic Data 8</p> <p>Climate Models (GCMs and RCMs) 8</p> <p>Pathways and Scenarios 10</p> <p>Observations and Reanalysis 10</p> <p>Visualizing and Processing Climatic Data 12</p> <p>Conclusion 15</p> <p>References 15</p> <p><b>2 Advancing Urban Resilience and Sustainability Through the WRF-Urban Model: Bridging Numerical Modeling and Real-World Applications 17</b></p> <p>Introduction 17</p> <p>Nexus Between Urbanization and Climate Change 18</p> <p>Urban Modeling Through WRF-Urban Model 19</p> <p>Overview of the WRF-Urban Model 20</p> <p>Applications of the WRF-Urban Model 20</p> <p>Relevant Case Studies 21</p> <p>Case Study 1: Urban Climate Modeling in Singapore Using WRF-Urban 21</p> <p>Case Study 2: Summertime Air Conditioning Electric Loads Modeling in Beijing, China, Using WRF-Urban 21</p> <p>Case Study 3: Coastal-Urban Meteorology Study in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil, Using the WRF-Urban Model 22</p> <p>Limitations of the WRF-Urban Model 22</p> <p>Ways Forward for Improvement 23</p> <p>Conclusions 24</p> <p>References 25</p> <p><b>3 Assessing and Projecting Climatic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Insights from Regional Climate Model (RCM) Simulations and Future Projections 29</b></p> <p>Introduction 29</p> <p>Methodology 31</p> <p>GCMs vs. RCMs in Simulating MENA Temperature and Precipitation 32</p> <p>RCMs Performance in Simulating MENA Climatic Changes 34</p> <p>Projected Future Changes Over MENA-CORDEX 35</p> <p>Conclusion 36</p> <p>References 38</p> <p><b>4 Building for Climate Change: Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Built Environment 39</b></p> <p>Introduction 39</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission in Building Environment 40</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission for Selected Building Materials 40</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission of Limestone Quarrying 41</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission from Cement and Concrete Manufacturing 42</p> <p>Embodied Carbon from Asphalt Production and Construction 44</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission of Steel Production 45</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Mitigation Strategies 46</p> <p>MS1: Using Materials with a Lower Embodied Carbon 46</p> <p>Precast Hollow-Core Slabs 48</p> <p>Steel Framework System 48</p> <p>Use of Unfired Brick 48</p> <p>Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene 49</p> <p>MS2: Reducing, Reusing, and Recovering— Heavy Building Materials 49</p> <p>MS3: Improvement in Design Phase and Efficient Construction 49</p> <p>MS4: Carbon Sequestration 51</p> <p>MS5: Extending the Building’s Life 51</p> <p>Operation Carbon Emissions in Building Environment 51</p> <p>Operation Carbon Mitigation Strategies 52</p> <p>Efficient HVAC Systems in Buildings 53</p> <p>Renewable Resources Integration 53</p> <p>Strategy for Water Use 54</p> <p>Use of Lighting 54</p> <p>Conclusion 55</p> <p>References 56</p> <p><b>5 Unveiling the Nexus: Human Developments and Their Influence on Climate Change 61</b></p> <p>Introduction 61</p> <p>Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Impact 63</p> <p>ReCiPe Impact Category: Climate Change 64</p> <p>Energy Sector Impact on Climate Change 65</p> <p>Case Study 1: Electricity Generation in Turkey 65</p> <p>Case Study 2: Coal Power Plant with Carbon Capture Technology in Czech Republic 67</p> <p>Case Study 3: Solar Power with Energy Storage 68</p> <p>Emissions Savings from Energy Sector 69</p> <p>Energy Efficiency Increase 70</p> <p>Wind and Solar Plant Installation 71</p> <p>Keep Running the Nuclear Plants 72</p> <p>Freshwater Sector Impact on Climate Change 72</p> <p>Case Study 1: Water Supply in Singapore 72</p> <p>Case Study 2: Seawater Desalination in South Africa 73</p> <p>Case Study 3: Multistage Flash Desalination in Qatar 73</p> <p>Emission Savings from Water Sector 74</p> <p>Groundwater Management 74</p> <p>Energy Management in Water System 75</p> <p>Smart Wastewater Treatment Technology 75</p> <p>Concluding Remarks 75</p> <p>References 76</p> <p><b>Part II Quantifying Resilience and Its Qualities 79</b></p> <p><b>6 Assessing Resilience in Urban Critical Infrastructures: Interdependencies and Considerations 81</b></p> <p>Introduction 81</p> <p>Individual Network Resilience 83</p> <p>Transportation Network Resilience 84</p> <p>Electrical Network Resilience 84</p> <p>Water Network Resilience 85</p> <p>Case Study About Individual System Resilience: Transportation Resilience During Mega Sport Events 86</p> <p>Infrastructures Interdependencies and Resilience 88</p> <p>Case Study About Interdependent Systems Resilience 90</p> <p>Conclusion 92</p> <p>References 93</p> <p><b>7 Assessing Infrastructure Resilience: Approaches and Considerations 97</b></p> <p>Introduction 97</p> <p>Complex Networks 98</p> <p>Types of Graphs 98</p> <p>Directed and Undirected Graphs 99</p> <p>Weighted and Unweighted Graphs 99</p> <p>Main Applications in Resilience Assessment 100</p> <p>Betweenness Centrality 100</p> <p>Graph Percolation 101</p> <p>Strengths and Limitations of Complex Networks 101</p> <p>Simulation Approaches 101</p> <p>System Simulation 102</p> <p>Agent-Based Modeling 103</p> <p>GIS-Based Approaches 103</p> <p>Strengths and Limitations of Simulation Approaches 103</p> <p>Other Approaches 104</p> <p>Statistical Approaches 104</p> <p>Optimization Approaches 104</p> <p>Conclusion 105</p> <p>References 105</p> <p><b>8 Enhancing Buildings Resilience: A Comprehensive Perspective on Earthquake Resilient Design 111</b></p> <p>Introduction 111</p> <p>Structural Resilience Representation 112</p> <p>Performance-Based Design (PBD) 114</p> <p>Supporting Systems 115</p> <p>Supporting Systems Within the Building 116</p> <p>Beyond the Building Limits 116</p> <p>Conclusion 117</p> <p>References 118</p> <p><b>9 Enhancing Built Environment Resilience: Exploring Themes and Dimensions 121</b></p> <p>Introduction 121</p> <p>Uncertainty 122</p> <p>Risk Identification and Assessment 123</p> <p>Resilience Capacities 123</p> <p>Resilience Components 124</p> <p>Types of Resilience 124</p> <p>Ecological and Engineering Resilience 125</p> <p>Community and Social Resilience 127</p> <p>Specified and General Resilience 128</p> <p>Critical Infrastructure Resilience 128</p> <p>Technical Systems, Products, and Production Resilience 129</p> <p>Resilience Dimensions and Capitals 129</p> <p>Resilience Measuring 130</p> <p>Conclusion 133</p> <p>References 134</p> <p><b>10 Unveiling Urban Resilience: Exploring the Qualities and Interconnections of Urban Systems 139</b></p> <p>Introduction 139</p> <p>Urban Resilience to Climate Change 140</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Built Environment Systems 140</p> <p>Temperature Rise 144</p> <p>Sea Level Rise (SLR) 144</p> <p>Interacting Stresses 144</p> <p>Major Uncertainties and Interrelations 146</p> <p>Resilience Qualities 146</p> <p>Reflectivity 146</p> <p>Robustness 147</p> <p>Redundancy 147</p> <p>Flexibility 147</p> <p>Resourcefulness 148</p> <p>Rapidity of Recovery 148</p> <p>Inclusivity 148</p> <p>Integration 148</p> <p>Interrelation of Resilience Qualities 149</p> <p>Conclusion 149</p> <p>References 150</p> <p><b>11 Quantifying Urban Resilience: Methods and Approaches for Comprehensive Assessment 155</b></p> <p>Introduction 155</p> <p>Urban Resilience 156</p> <p>Resilience Strategies 156</p> <p>Urban and Community Resilience Assessment 157</p> <p>Resilience Assessment Approaches 159</p> <p>Qualitative Resilience Assessment 160</p> <p>Conceptual Frameworks 161</p> <p>Semiquantitative Indices 163</p> <p>Quantitative Resilience Assessment 163</p> <p>General Resilience Approaches (Measures) 164</p> <p>Deterministic Performance-based Approach 165</p> <p>Probabilistic Performance-based Approach 165</p> <p>Structural-based Models 165</p> <p>Optimization Models 165</p> <p>Simulation Models 165</p> <p>Fuzzy Logic Models 166</p> <p>Frameworks and Tools for Measuring Resilience 166</p> <p>Conclusion 177</p> <p>References 177</p> <p><b>Part III Resilient Urban Systems: Navigating Climate Change and Enhancing Sustainability 183</b></p> <p><b>12 Building Climate Resilience Through Urban Planning: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities 185</b></p> <p>Introduction 185</p> <p>Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Urban Areas 186</p> <p>Urban Planning Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Impacts 188</p> <p>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 188</p> <p>Fifteen Minutes City (FMC) 190</p> <p>Compact Cities 190</p> <p>Sustainable Land Use and Development Policies 191</p> <p>Low-Impact Development (LID) 191</p> <p>Sponge Cities 192</p> <p>Green Infrastructure and Urban Greening Initiatives for Cool Cities 193</p> <p>Waste Management and Recycling Systems, Public Participation, and Education 194</p> <p>Risk Assessment and Adaptation in Urban Planning 195</p> <p>Case Studies of Successful Climate-Responsive Urban Planning 200</p> <p>Challenges and Opportunities 202</p> <p>Major Key Points 203</p> <p>Conclusion 204</p> <p>References 204</p> <p><b>13 Integrating Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Flood Risk Management: Enhancing Resilience and Advantages 207</b></p> <p>Introduction 207</p> <p>Green Infrastructure (GI) 208</p> <p>Gray Infrastructure (GRAI) 209</p> <p>Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure Combination 209</p> <p>Benefits of Combining Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) Systems 209</p> <p>Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) for Flood Risk Management 210</p> <p>Environmental Impacts of Floods and Green Climate Change Adaptation 210</p> <p>Regional Progress in GBGI Nexus Research 211</p> <p>Flood Risk Management Resilience 212</p> <p>Conclusion 221</p> <p>References 221</p> <p><b>14 Enhancing Energy System Resilience: Navigating Climate Change and Security Challenges 227</b></p> <p>Introduction 227</p> <p>Adapting the Theory of Resilience to Energy Systems 229</p> <p>Why Incorporate Resilience into Energy Systems? 234</p> <p>What are the Threats to the Energy System? 235</p> <p>Domains of Resilience Approaches to Energy Systems 237</p> <p>Resilience Enhancement Approaches for Energy Systems 240</p> <p>System Hardening 240</p> <p>Distributed Generation 240</p> <p>Energy Storage 241</p> <p>Smart Grid Technology 241</p> <p>Enhancing Energy Efficiency 242</p> <p>Make Climate Resilience a Central Part of Energy System Planning 242</p> <p>Conclusion 243</p> <p>References 245</p> <p><b>15 Building Resilient Health Policies: Incorporating Climate Change Impacts for Sustainable Adaptation 251</b></p> <p>Introduction 251</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Public Health 253</p> <p>Infectious Diseases 254</p> <p>Air Pollution 255</p> <p>Extreme Events 256</p> <p>Considerations in Health Policy Development 256</p> <p>Reducing Carbon Emissions 256</p> <p>Medical Interventions 257</p> <p>Healthy Lifestyle 257</p> <p>Monitoring 257</p> <p>Proactive Approaches 258</p> <p>Strengthening Institutions 258</p> <p>Conclusion 259</p> <p>References 259</p> <p><b>16 Enhancing Resilience: Surveillance Strategies for Monitoring the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases 263</b></p> <p>Introduction 263</p> <p>Vector-Borne Diseases 265</p> <p>Environmental Factors and Vector-Borne Diseases 265</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases 266</p> <p>Surveillance Strategies 266</p> <p>Monitoring of Human Cases 268</p> <p>Identification of Pathogen Species 269</p> <p>Distribution and Behavior of Vectors 269</p> <p>Climatic and Environmental Changes 270</p> <p>Control Measures 270</p> <p>Policy Development 270</p> <p>Conclusion 271</p> <p>References 271</p> <p>Glossary 277</p> <p>Index 281</p>