Details

Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment


Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment


3. Aufl.

von: Maan H. Jawad, James R. Farr

131,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 14.06.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9781119311492
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 480

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>Still the only book offering comprehensive coverage of the analysis and design of both API equipment and ASME pressure vessels</b></p> <p>This edition of the classic guide to the analysis and design of process equipment has been thoroughly updated to reflect current practices as well as the latest ASME Codes and API standards.  In addition to covering the code requirements governing the design of process equipment, the book supplies structural, mechanical, and chemical engineers with expert guidance to the analysis and design of storage tanks, pressure vessels, boilers, heat exchangers, and related process equipment and its associated external and internal components. </p> <p>The use of process equipment, such as storage tanks, pressure vessels, and heat exchangers has expanded considerably over the last few decades in both the petroleum and chemical industries. The extremely high pressures and temperatures involved with the processes for which the equipment is designed makes it potentially very dangerous to property and life if the equipment is not designed and manufactured to an exacting standard. Accordingly, codes and standards such as the ASME and API were written to assure safety. Still the only guide covering the design of both API equipment and ASME pressure vessels, <i>Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition</i>:</p> <ul> <li>Covers the design of rectangular vessels with various side thicknesses and updated equations for the design of heat exchangers</li> <li>Now includes numerical vibration analysis needed for earthquake evaluation</li> <li>Relates the requirements of the ASME codes to international standards</li> <li>Describes, in detail, the background and assumptions made in deriving many design equations underpinning the ASME and API standards</li> <li>Includes methods for designing components that are not covered in either the API or ASME, including ring girders, leg supports, and internal components</li> <li>Contains procedures for calculating thermal stresses and discontinuity analysis of various components</li> </ul> <p><i>Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition</i> is an indispensable tool-of-the-trade for mechanical engineers and chemical engineers working in the petroleum and chemical industries, manufacturing, as well as plant engineers in need of a reference for process equipment in power plants, petrochemical facilities, and nuclear facilities. </p>
<p>Preface to the Third Edition xv</p> <p>Preface to the Second Edition xvii</p> <p>Preface to the First Edition xix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxi</p> <p><b>Part I Background and Basic Considerations 1</b></p> <p><b>1 History and Organization of Codes 4</b></p> <p>1.1 Use of Process Vessels and Equipment 4</p> <p>1.2 History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States 4</p> <p>1.3 Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 6</p> <p>1.4 Organization of the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure Piping 6</p> <p>1.5 Some Other Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards in the United States 6</p> <p>1.6 Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes 7</p> <p>References 7</p> <p>Further Reading 7</p> <p><b>2 Selection of Vessel, Specifications, Reports, and Allowable Stresses 10</b></p> <p>2.1 Selection of Vessel 10</p> <p>2.2 Which Pressure Vessel Code is Used 10</p> <p>2.3 Design Specifications and Purchase Orders 10</p> <p>2.4 Special Design Requirements 11</p> <p>2.5 Design Reports and Calculations 11</p> <p>2.6 Materials Specifications 11</p> <p>2.7 Design Data for New Materials 11</p> <p>2.8 Factors of Safety 12</p> <p>2.9 Allowable Tensile Stresses in the ASME Code 12</p> <p>2.10 Allowable External Pressure Stress and Axial Compressive Stress in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 13</p> <p>2.11 Allowable Stresses in the ASME Code for Pressure Piping 14</p> <p>2.12 Allowable Stress in Other Codes of theWorld 14</p> <p>2.12.1 European Union (EN) Countries 14</p> <p>2.12.2 Japanese Code 15</p> <p>2.12.3 People’s Republic of China 15</p> <p>2.12.4 Indian Code 15</p> <p>2.12.5 Australian Code 16</p> <p>References 16</p> <p><b>3 Strength Theories, Design Criteria, and Design Equations 18</b></p> <p>3.1 Strength Theories 18</p> <p>3.2 Design Criteria 18</p> <p>3.3 Design Equations 19</p> <p>3.4 Stress–Strain Relationships 19</p> <p>3.5 Strain–Deflection Equations 20</p> <p>3.6 Force–Stress Expressions 22</p> <p>References 23</p> <p>Further Reading 23</p> <p><b>4 Materials of Construction 26</b></p> <p>4.1 Material Selection 26</p> <p>4.1.1 Corrosion 26</p> <p>4.1.2 Strength 26</p> <p>4.1.2.1 Specified Minimum Yield Stress 27</p> <p>4.1.2.2 Specified Minimum Tensile Stress 28</p> <p>4.1.2.3 Creep Rate 28</p> <p>4.1.2.4 Rupture Strength 28</p> <p>4.1.3 Material Cost 30</p> <p>4.2 Nonferrous Alloys 31</p> <p>4.2.1 Aluminum Alloys 31</p> <p>4.2.1.1 Annealing 31</p> <p>4.2.1.2 Normalizing 31</p> <p>4.2.1.3 Solution Heat Treating 31</p> <p>4.2.1.4 Stabilizing 31</p> <p>4.2.1.5 Strain Hardening 31</p> <p>4.2.1.6 Thermal Treating 32</p> <p>4.2.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 32</p> <p>4.2.3 Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys 32</p> <p>4.2.4 Titanium and Zirconium Alloys 33</p> <p>4.3 Ferrous Alloys 34</p> <p>4.3.1 Carbon Steels 34</p> <p>4.3.2 Low-Alloy Steels 34</p> <p>4.3.3 High-Alloy Steels 34</p> <p>4.3.3.1 Martensitic Stainless Steels 34</p> <p>4.3.3.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels 34</p> <p>4.3.3.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels 34</p> <p>4.4 Heat Treating of Steels 35</p> <p>4.4.1 Normalizing 35</p> <p>4.4.2 Annealing 35</p> <p>4.4.3 Postweld Heat Treating 35</p> <p>4.4.4 Quenching 35</p> <p>4.4.5 Tempering 35</p> <p>4.5 Brittle Fracture 35</p> <p>4.5.1 Charpy V-Notch Test (Cv) 36</p> <p>4.5.2 Drop-Weight Test (DWT) 37</p> <p>4.5.3 Fracture Analysis Diagram (FAD) 37</p> <p>4.5.4 Theory of Fracture Mechanics 39</p> <p>4.5.5 Relationship Between KIC and CV 41</p> <p>4.5.6 Hydrostatic Testing 42</p> <p>4.5.7 Factors Influencing Brittle Fracture 42</p> <p>4.5.8 ASME Pressure Vessel Criteria 43</p> <p>4.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement 50</p> <p>4.7 Nonmetallic Vessels 50</p> <p>References 50</p> <p>Further Reading 51</p> <p><b>Part II Analysis of Components 53</b></p> <p><b>5 Stress in Cylindrical Shells 56</b></p> <p>5.1 Stress Due to Internal Pressure 56</p> <p>5.2 Discontinuity Analysis 60</p> <p>5.2.1 Long Cylinders 61</p> <p>5.2.2 Short Cylinders 66</p> <p>5.3 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells 69</p> <p>5.3.1 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides Only 70</p> <p>5.3.2 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides and Ends 71</p> <p>5.3.3 Pressure on Ends Only 72</p> <p>5.4 Thermal Stress 72</p> <p>5.4.1 Uniform Change in Temperature 75</p> <p>5.4.2 Gradient in Axial Direction 76</p> <p>5.4.3 Gradient in Radial Direction 77</p> <p>Nomenclature 80</p> <p>References 81</p> <p>Further Reading 81</p> <p><b>6 Analysis of Formed Heads and Transition Sections 84</b></p> <p>6.1 Hemispherical Heads 84</p> <p>6.1.1 Various Loading Conditions 86</p> <p>6.1.2 Discontinuity Analysis 88</p> <p>6.1.3 Thermal Stress 91</p> <p>6.1.4 Buckling Strength 91</p> <p>6.2 Ellipsoidal Heads 93</p> <p>6.3 Torispherical Heads 95</p> <p>6.4 Conical Heads 95</p> <p>6.4.1 Unbalanced Forces at Cone-to-Cylinder Junction 96</p> <p>6.4.2 Discontinuity Analysis 97</p> <p>6.4.3 Cones Under External Pressure 98</p> <p>6.5 Nomenclature 99</p> <p>References 100</p> <p>Further Reading 100</p> <p><b>7 Stress in Flat Plates 102</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 102</p> <p>7.2 Circular Plates 102</p> <p>7.3 Rectangular Plates 106</p> <p>7.4 Circular Plates on Elastic Foundations 107</p> <p>Nomenclature 109</p> <p>Reference 109</p> <p>Further Reading 109</p> <p><b>Part III Design of Components 111</b></p> <p><b>8 Design of Cylindrical Shells 114</b></p> <p>8.1 ASME Design Equations 114</p> <p>8.2 Evaluation of Discontinuity Stresses 115</p> <p>8.3 ASME Procedure[2] for External Pressure Design in VIII-1 121</p> <p>8.4 Design of Stiffening Rings 126</p> <p>8.5 Allowable Gaps in Stiffening Rings 129</p> <p>8.6 Out-of-Roundness of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure 129</p> <p>8.7 Design for Axial Compression 132</p> <p>Nomenclature 132</p> <p>References 133</p> <p>Further Reading 133</p> <p><b>9 Design of Formed Heads and Transition Sections 136</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 136</p> <p>9.1.1 Flanged Heads 136</p> <p>9.1.2 Hemispherical Heads 136</p> <p>9.1.3 Elliptical and Torispherical (Flanged and Dished) Heads 136</p> <p>9.1.4 Conical and Toriconical Heads 136</p> <p>9.1.5 Miscellaneous Heads 136</p> <p>9.2 ASME Design Equations for Hemispherical Heads 137</p> <p>9.3 ASME Design Equations for Ellipsoidal, Flanged, and Dished Heads 139</p> <p>9.4 ASME Design Equations for Conical Heads 143</p> <p>9.4.1 Internal Pressure 143</p> <p>9.4.1.1 Discontinuity Analysis for Internal Pressure 143</p> <p>9.4.2 External Pressure 145</p> <p>9.4.2.1 Discontinuity Analysis for External Pressure 145</p> <p>Nomenclature 147</p> <p>References 148</p> <p>Further Reading 148</p> <p><b>10 Blind Flanges, Cover Plates, and Flanges 150</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 150</p> <p>10.2 Circular Flat Plates and Heads with Uniform Loading 151</p> <p>10.3 ASME Code Formula for Circular Flat Heads and Covers 153</p> <p>10.4 Comparison ofTheory and ASME Code Formula for Circular Flat Heads and CoversWithout Bolting 154</p> <p>10.5 Bolted Flanged Connections 154</p> <p>10.6 Contact Facings 155</p> <p>10.7 Gaskets 155</p> <p>10.7.1 Rubber O-Rings 155</p> <p>10.7.2 Metallic O- and C-Rings 155</p> <p>10.7.3 Compressed Fiber Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.4 Flat Metal Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.5 Spiral-Wound Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.6 Jacketed Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.7 Metal Ring Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.8 High-Pressure Gaskets 158</p> <p>10.7.9 Lens Ring Gaskets 159</p> <p>10.7.10 Delta Gaskets 159</p> <p>10.7.11 Double-Cone Gaskets 159</p> <p>10.7.12 Gasket Design 160</p> <p>10.8 Bolting Design 161</p> <p>10.9 Blind Flanges 163</p> <p>10.10 Bolted Flanged Connections with Ring-Type Gaskets 164</p> <p>10.11 Reverse Flanges 170</p> <p>10.12 Full-Face Gasket Flange 171</p> <p>10.13 Flange Calculation Sheets 176</p> <p>10.14 Flat-Face Flange with Metal-to-Metal Contact Outside of the Bolt Circle 177</p> <p>10.14.1 Classification of Assembly 177</p> <p>10.14.2 Categories of Flanges 177</p> <p>10.15 Spherically Dished Covers 177</p> <p>Nomenclature 184</p> <p>References 184</p> <p>Further Reading 185</p> <p><b>11 Openings, Nozzles, and External Loadings 188</b></p> <p>11.1 General 188</p> <p>11.2 Stresses and Loadings at Openings 188</p> <p>11.3 Theory of Reinforced Openings 192</p> <p>11.4 Reinforcement Limits 193</p> <p>11.4.1 Reinforcement Rules for ASME Section I 195</p> <p>11.4.1.1 No Reinforcement Required 195</p> <p>11.4.1.2 Size and Shape of Openings 195</p> <p>11.4.2 Reinforcement Rules for ASME Section VIII, Division 1 198</p> <p>11.4.3 Reinforcement Rules for ASME, Section VIII, Division 2 204</p> <p>11.4.3.1 Nomenclature 204</p> <p>11.4.4 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME B31.1 210</p> <p>11.4.4.1 No Reinforcement Calculations Required 210</p> <p>11.4.5 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME B31.3 212</p> <p>11.4.5.1 Nomenclature 213</p> <p>11.5 Ligament Efficiency of Openings in Shells 215</p> <p>11.6 Fatigue Evaluation of Nozzles Under Internal Pressure 217</p> <p>11.7 External Loadings 218</p> <p>11.7.1 Local Stresses in the Shell or Head 218</p> <p>11.7.2 Stresses in the Nozzle 226</p> <p>11.7.2.1 Nomenclature 227</p> <p>References 230</p> <p>Bibliography 231</p> <p><b>12 Vessel Supports 234</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 234</p> <p>12.2 Skirt and Base-Ring Design 234</p> <p>12.2.1 Anchor-Chair Design 239</p> <p>12.3 Design of Support Legs 241</p> <p>12.4 Lug-Supported Vessels 242</p> <p>12.5 Ring Girders 243</p> <p>12.6 Saddle Supports 245</p> <p>Nomenclature 248</p> <p>References 249</p> <p>Further Reading 249</p> <p><b>Part IV Theory and Design of Special Equipment 251</b></p> <p><b>13 Flat-Bottom Tanks 254</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 254</p> <p>13.2 API 650 Tanks 254</p> <p>13.2.1 Roof Design 254</p> <p>13.2.1.1 Dome Roofs 254</p> <p>13.2.1.2 Conical Roofs 256</p> <p>13.2.1.3 Small Internal Pressure 256</p> <p>13.2.2 Shell Design 258</p> <p>13.2.3 Annular Plates 261</p> <p>13.3 API 620 Tanks 263</p> <p>13.3.1 Allowable Stress Criteria 266</p> <p>13.3.1.1 Compressive Stress in the Axial Direction with No Stress in the Circumferential Direction 266</p> <p>13.3.1.2 Compressive Stress with Equal Magnitude in the Meridional and Circumferential Directions 266</p> <p>13.3.1.3 Compressive Stress with Unequal Magnitude in the Meridional and Circumferential Directions 267</p> <p>13.3.1.4 Compressive Stress in One Direction and Tensile Stress in the Other Direction 267</p> <p>13.3.2 Compression Rings 267</p> <p>13.4 Aluminum Tanks 270</p> <p>13.4.1 Design Rules 270</p> <p>13.5 AWWA Standard D100 271</p> <p>References 273</p> <p>Further Reading 273</p> <p><b>14 Heat-Transfer Equipment 276</b></p> <p>14.1 Types of Heat Exchangers 276</p> <p>14.2 TEMA Design of Tubesheets in U-tube Exchangers 276</p> <p>14.3 Theoretical Analysis of Tubesheets in U-tube Exchangers 280</p> <p>14.4 ASME Equations for Tubesheets in U-tube Exchangers 283</p> <p>14.4.1 Nomenclature 283</p> <p>14.4.2 Preliminary Calculations 285</p> <p>14.4.3 Design Equations 288</p> <p>14.5 Theoretical Analysis of Fixed Tubesheets 291</p> <p>14.6 ASME Equations for Fixed Tubesheets 293</p> <p>14.6.1 Nomenclature 293</p> <p>14.6.2 Preliminary Calculations 294</p> <p>14.6.3 Design Equations 294</p> <p>14.7 Expansion Joints 300</p> <p>14.8 Tube-to-Tubesheet Junctions 303</p> <p>References 305</p> <p>Further Reading 305</p> <p><b>15 Vessels for High Pressures 308</b></p> <p>15.1 Basic Equations 308</p> <p>15.2 Prestressing (Autofrettaging) of Solid-Wall Vessels 309</p> <p>15.3 Layered Vessels 311</p> <p>15.4 Prestressing of Layered Vessels 315</p> <p>15.5 Wire-Wound Vessels 317</p> <p>Nomenclature 317</p> <p>References 318</p> <p>Further Reading 318</p> <p><b>16 Tall Vessels 320</b></p> <p>16.1 Design Considerations 320</p> <p>16.2 Earthquake Loading 320</p> <p>16.2.1 Lateral Loads 320</p> <p>16.2.2 Numerical Method for Calculating Natural Frequency 324</p> <p>16.3 Wind Loading 331</p> <p>16.3.1 External Forces fromWind Loading 332</p> <p>16.3.2 Dynamic Analysis ofWind Loads 332</p> <p>16.4 Vessel Under Internal Pressure Only 336</p> <p>16.5 Vessel Under Internal Pressure and External Loading 338</p> <p>16.6 Vessel Under External Pressure Only 340</p> <p>16.7 Vessel Under External Pressure and External Loading 341</p> <p>References 342</p> <p>Bibliography 342</p> <p><b>17 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section 344</b></p> <p>17.1 Types of Vessels 344</p> <p>17.2 Rules in Codes 345</p> <p>17.3 Openings in Vessels with Noncircular Cross Section 345</p> <p>17.4 Ligament Efficiency for Constant-Diameter Openings 345</p> <p>17.5 Ligament Efficiency for Multidiameter Openings Subject to Membrane Stress 349</p> <p>17.6 Ligament Efficiency for Multidiameter Openings Subject to Bending Stress 350</p> <p>17.7 Design Methods and Allowable Stresses 352</p> <p>17.8 Basic Equations 353</p> <p>17.9 Equations in the ASME Code, VIII-1 356</p> <p>17.10 Design of Noncircular Vessels in Other Codes 360</p> <p>17.10.1 Method of the British Code BS 1113 360</p> <p>17.10.2 Method of the European Standards EN 12952 and EN 13445 360</p> <p>17.11 Forces in Box Headers due to Internal Pressure 361</p> <p>17.11.1 Square Headers 362</p> <p>17.11.2 Rectangular Headers 362</p> <p>References 364</p> <p>Further Reading 364</p> <p><b>18 Power Boilers 366</b></p> <p>18.1 General 366</p> <p>18.2 Materials 366</p> <p>18.3 General Design Requirements 366</p> <p>18.3.1 Allowable Stress Values 366</p> <p>18.3.2 Cylinders under Internal Pressure 366</p> <p>18.4 Formed Heads under Internal Pressure 368</p> <p>18.5 Loadings on Structural Attachments 368</p> <p>18.6 Watertube Boilers 369</p> <p>18.6.1 Special Design Requirements and Rules 369</p> <p>18.7 Firetube Boilers 373</p> <p>18.7.1 Special Design Requirements and Rules 373</p> <p>References 373</p> <p>A Guide to ASME Code 375</p> <p>B Sample of Heat-Exchanger Specification Sheet 383</p> <p>C Sample of API Specification Sheets 387</p> <p>D Sample of Pressure Vessel Design Data Sheets 393</p> <p>E Sample Materials for Process Equipment 407</p> <p>F Required Data for Material Approval in the ASME Code 411</p> <p>G Procedure for Providing Data for Code Charts for External-Pressure Design 413</p> <p>H Corrosion Charts 415</p> <p>I Various ASME Design Equations 431</p> <p>J Joint Efficiency Factors 433</p> <p>K Simplified Curves for External Loading on Cylindrical Shells 445</p> <p>L Conversion Tables 453</p> <p>Index 455</p>
<p><b>MAAN H. JAWAD, P<small>H</small>D</b> is President of Global Engineering & Technology, consulting on boilers and pressure vessels for the power generation and petrochemical industries. He was Director of Engineering at the Nooter Corporation in St. Louis prior to retiring. He is a graduate of the University of Kansas and Iowa State University and a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He was awarded the ASME's J. Hall Taylor Medal in 1992 for major contributions to the advancement of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Technology. <p><b>JAMES R. FARR</b> (Deceased) was Manager of Codes and Regulation at the Babcock and Wilcox Company, a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is a graduate of Purdue University and served on numerous National and International Committees on pressure vessels.
<p><b>STILL THE ONLY BOOK OFFERING COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BOTH API EQUIPMENT AND ASME PRESSURE VESSELS</b> <p>This edition of the classic guide to the analysis and design of process equipment has been thoroughly updated to reflect current practices as well as the latest ASME Codes and API standards. In addition to covering the code requirements governing the design of process equipment, the book supplies structural, mechanical, and chemical engineers with expert guidance to the analysis and design of storage tanks, pressure vessels, boilers, heat exchangers, and related process equipment and its associated external and internal components. <p>The use of process equipment, such as storage tanks, pressure vessels, and heat exchangers has expanded considerably over the last few decades in both the petroleum and chemical industries. The extremely high pressures and temperatures involved with the processes for which the equipment is designed makes it potentially very dangerous to property and life if the equipment is not designed and manufactured to an exacting standard. Accordingly, codes and standards such as the ASME and API were written to assure safety. Still the only guide covering the design of both API equipment and ASME pressure vessels, <i>Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition</i>: <ul> <li>Covers the design of rectangular vessels with various side thicknesses and updated equations for the design of heat exchangers</li> <li>Now includes numerical vibration analysis needed for earthquake evaluation</li> <li>Relates the requirements of the ASME codes to international standards</li> <li>Describes, in detail, the background and assumptions made in deriving many design equations underpinning the ASME and API standards</li> <li>Includes methods for designing components that are not covered in either the API or ASME, including ring girders, leg supports, and internal components</li> <li>Contains procedures for calculating thermal stresses and discontinuity analysis of various components</li> </ul> <p><i>Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment<sup>, </sup>3rd Edition</i> is an indispensable tool-of-the-trade for mechanical engineers and chemical engineers working in the petroleum and chemical industries, manufacturing, as well as plant engineers in need of a reference for process equipment in power plants, petrochemical facilities, and nuclear facilities.

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