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Glossary ix <p>Acknowledgments xi</p> <p>Introduction xiii</p> <p><b>1 The Emergence of Concessions 1</b></p> <p>1.1 The rise of public-private partnerships 3</p> <p>1.1.1 New Public Management 5</p> <p>1.1.2 The impact of NPM on the provision of public infrastructure 5</p> <p>1.2 Different forms of public-private partnerships 7</p> <p>1.2.1 The public-private spectrum 8</p> <p>1.2.2 Typology and explanation 10</p> <p>1.3 Concessions 10</p> <p>1.3.1 History 12</p> <p>1.3.2 Definitions 13</p> <p>1.3.3 Motives 16</p> <p>1.3.4 Explanation: Value for Money 19</p> <p>1.4 Overview 21</p> <p><b>2 Procurement of Concessions 23</b></p> <p>2.1 Procurement strategies 24</p> <p>2.1.1 Procurement types 25</p> <p>2.2 The concession structure 28</p> <p>2.2.1 Government role 29</p> <p>2.2.2 Special Purpose Vehicle 29</p> <p>2.2.3 Financing sources 31</p> <p>2.3 Decision-making process 32</p> <p>2.4 Tendering concessions 33</p> <p>2.4.1 Market consultation or request for information (RFI) 34</p> <p>2.4.2 Request for (pre)qualification (RFQ) 34</p> <p>2.4.3 Invitation to tender or request for proposal (RFP) 35</p> <p>2.4.4 Tender evaluation and short listing 36</p> <p>2.4.5 Negotiation with short-listed tenders 36</p> <p>2.4.6 Selection of the tender, award of concession, and financial close 36</p> <p>2.5 Institutional procurement guidelines 37</p> <p>2.5.1 European directives 37</p> <p>2.5.2 Directives in the USA 40</p> <p>2.5.3 The role of the institutional context in PPP developments 42</p> <p>2.6 Contracts and cooperation 44</p> <p><b>3 Infrastructure Concessions 49</b></p> <p>3.1 Overview of developments 50</p> <p>3.1.1 United Kingdom 50</p> <p>3.1.2 Spain 52</p> <p>3.1.3 Portugal 55</p> <p>3.1.4 United States of America 58</p> <p>3.1.5 Other global examples of PPP in economic infrastructure 60</p> <p>3.2 International comparison 62</p> <p>3.3 Lessons learnt 64</p> <p><b>4 Social Infrastructure 65</b></p> <p>4.1 Overview of development of concessions in health 67</p> <p>4.1.1 United Kingdom 68</p> <p>4.1.2 Reflections on social infrastructure concessions 72</p> <p>4.1.3 Australia 72</p> <p>4.2 Explanation of the similarities and differences between countries 77</p> <p>4.3 Lessons learned and challenges 81</p> <p><b>5 Concession PPPs and Flexibility 83</b></p> <p>5.1 The incompleteness of contracts 84</p> <p>5.2 Flexibility in hospital concessions 85</p> <p>5.2.1 Changes in catchment’s population 86</p> <p>5.2.2 Changes in medical technologies 86</p> <p>5.2.3 Changes in policies 87</p> <p>5.2.4 Design flexibility 87</p> <p>5.2.5 Service flexibility 88</p> <p>5.3 The way forward 93</p> <p><b>6 Economic Context and Concessions 95</b></p> <p>6.1 Financing of concessions 95</p> <p>6.2 Project finance 96</p> <p>6.2.1 Finance structure 96</p> <p>6.2.2 Differences between financing economic and social infrastructure concessions 98</p> <p>6.2.3 Refinancing 98</p> <p>6.2.4 Banks versus bonds 99</p> <p>6.3 The influence of the economic situation on concessions 100</p> <p>6.3.1 Effects credit crisis on concession projects 101</p> <p>6.3.2 Changes in concession processes 105</p> <p>6.3.3 Strategies for changing economic situations 105</p> <p>6.4 Looking forward 109</p> <p><b>7 Concessions and the Public Interest 111</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 111</p> <p>7.2 Public interest and concessions 112</p> <p>7.2.1 Safeguarding the public interest? 112</p> <p>7.2.2 Concessions and the public interest 113</p> <p>7.3 Institutional arrangements to safeguard the public interest 114</p> <p>7.4 Project governance strategies and the public interest 117</p> <p><b>8 Value for Money Revisited 121</b></p> <p>8.1 Value for Money: an introduction 121</p> <p>8.2 Ex-ante VFM assessment: the Public Sector Comparator 123</p> <p>8.2.1 Calculating the PSC 124</p> <p>8.2.2 Risks in assessing VFM by the PSC 125</p> <p>8.3 Criticisms of VFM assessment using the PSC 128</p> <p>8.3.1 The restricted measurement scope of the PSC 128</p> <p>8.3.2 Imperfect assessment methods in PSC benchmarking 129</p> <p>8.3.3 Propositions for ex-post VFM assessment methods 134</p> <p>8.4 Concessions evaluated 136</p> <p>8.4.1 Macro-economic effects 136</p> <p>8.4.2 Political motives 138</p> <p>8.4.3 State of the infrastructure 140</p> <p>8.4.4 Side effects 141</p> <p>8.5 Defining an improved VFM framework 141</p> <p>8.5.1 VFM: focus on risks and uncertainties 142</p> <p>8.5.2 VFM: an improved framework for monitoring and ex-post evaluation 145</p> <p><b>9 Conclusion – PPPs and Future Developments 147</b></p> <p>9.1 Concession arrangements in perspective 147</p> <p>9.1.1 Concession PPPs: a worldwide concept 147</p> <p>9.1.2 The debate on concession PPPs 149</p> <p>9.2 Concession arrangements revisited 150</p> <p>9.3 Towards a successful implementation of concession PPPs 153</p> <p>9.3.1 Strategy should follow structures 153</p> <p>9.3.2 Bundling and portfolio partnerships 154</p> <p>9.3.3 Focus on relationship building 155</p> <p>9.4 The future of concession PPPs 155</p> <p>9.4.1 A new business model 156</p> <p>9.4.2 Opportunities for extending the concession policy 157</p> <p>9.5 Research and education on concessions 158</p> <p>References 161</p> <p>Index 177</p>

<p>“I highly recommend the insightful and conceptual book <i><a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470656352.html"><i>Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships, 2nd Edition</i></a></i> by Geert Dewulf, Anneloes Blanken, and Mirjam Bult-Spiering, to anyone in public policy, elected office, industry leadership, engineering, finance, public watchdog organizations, non-profit organizations, academia, and graduate and undergraduate students in all disciplines who are seeking an approachable and well balanced guide to the ideas and principles involved in public private partnerships.”  (<i>Blog Business World</i>, 17 April 2012)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>

<b>Geert Dewulf</b> is Professor of Planning and Development and Head of the Department of Construction Management and Engineering at the University of Twente, The Netherlands. <p><b>Anneloes Blanken</b> is a policy advisor in the Dutch Ministry of Finance, The Netherlands and <b>Mirjam Bult-Spiering</b> is Secretary of the 3TU Federation, The Netherlands.</p>

Worldwide, increasingly limited budgets mean governments often turn to the private sector for the development of large infrastructure projects. To obtain value for money, concession PPPs have been used as a way of optimizing the cost benefit balance of procurement, but they are more than just a different contract form, a new procurement approach or a new financial model. Successful execution requires building new relationships, different competences and skills, and new market relations. <p>This thoroughly revised Second Edition of <i>Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships</i> covers the emergence of concession PPPs worldwide and their application in the procurement of hard and soft infrastructure. PPP developments worldwide are discussed, the rationale and motives behind concession PPPs are explored and starting points for the enhancement of concession projects and policies, based on lessons learnt in various countries and sectors, are presented. Throughout the book the concept of Value for Money is emphasized, and in this context the impact of concession PPPs on flexibility, dealing with uncertainties and contingencies, the impact of the current financial and economic situation on concession PPPs, and safeguarding the public interest are all discussed.</p> <p>Managing concessions is not routine, requiring specific capabilities and skills in both client organizations and private sector managers. Therefore the overall aim of this book is to provide readers with a better understanding of concession projects and to contribute to the development of more capable government and private management.</p>

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