Details

Small Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design


Small Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design

A Practical Approach
Aerospace Series 1. Aufl.

von: Andrew J. Keane, András Sóbester, James P. Scanlan, Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper, Allan Seabridge

94,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 29.08.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781119406327
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 496

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

<p><i>Small Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design</i> is the essential guide to designing, building and testing fixed wing UAVs (or drones). It deals with aircraft from two to 150 kg in weight and is based on the first-hand experiences of the world renowned UAV team at the UK’s University of Southampton. </p> <p>The book covers both the practical aspects of designing, manufacturing and flight testing and outlines and the essential calculations needed to underpin successful designs. It describes the entire process of UAV design from requirements definition to configuration layout and sizing, through preliminary design and analysis using simple panel codes and spreadsheets to full CFD and FEA models and on to detailed design with parametric CAD tools. Its focus is on modest cost approaches that draw heavily on the latest digital design and manufacturing methods, including a strong emphasis on utilizing off-the-shelf components, low cost analysis, automated geometry modelling and 3D printing. </p> <p>It deliberately avoids a deep theoretical coverage of aerodynamics or structural mechanics; rather it provides a design team with sufficient insights and guidance to get the essentials undertaken more pragmatically. The book contains many all-colour illustrations of the dozens of aircraft built by the authors and their students over the last ten years giving much detailed information on what works best. It is predominantly aimed at under-graduate and MSc level student design and build projects, but will be of interest to anyone engaged in the practical problems of getting quite complex unmanned aircraft flying. It should also appeal to the more sophisticated aero-modeller and those engaged on research based around fixed wing UAVs. </p>
<p>List of Figures xvii</p> <p>List of Tables xxxiii</p> <p>Foreword xxxv</p> <p>Series Preface xxxvii</p> <p>Preface xxxix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xli</p> <p><b>PART I INTRODUCING FIXED-WING UAVS</b></p> <p><b>1 Preliminaries 3</b></p> <p>1.1 Externally Sourced Components 4</p> <p>1.2 Manufacturing Methods 5</p> <p>1.3 Project DECODE 6</p> <p>1.4 The Stages of Design 6</p> <p>1.4.1 Concept Design 8</p> <p>1.4.2 Preliminary Design 10</p> <p>1.4.3 Detail Design 11</p> <p>1.4.4 Manufacturing Design 12</p> <p>1.4.5 In-service Design and Decommissioning 13</p> <p>1.5 Summary 13</p> <p><b>2 Unmanned Air Vehicles 15</b></p> <p>2.1 A Brief Taxonomy of UAVs 15</p> <p>2.2 The Morphology of a UAV 19</p> <p>2.2.1 Lifting Surfaces 21</p> <p>2.2.2 Control Surfaces 22</p> <p>2.2.3 Fuselage and Internal Structure 23</p> <p>2.2.4 Propulsion Systems 24</p> <p>2.2.5 Fuel Tanks 24</p> <p>2.2.6 Control Systems 24</p> <p>2.2.7 Payloads 27</p> <p>2.2.8 Take-off and Landing Gear 27</p> <p>2.3 Main Design Drivers 29</p> <p><b>PART II THE AIRCRAFT IN MORE DETAIL</b></p> <p><b>3 Wings 33</b></p> <p>3.1 Simple Wing Theory and Aerodynamic Shape 33</p> <p>3.2 Spars 37</p> <p>3.3 Covers 37</p> <p>3.4 Ribs 38</p> <p>3.5 Fuselage Attachments 38</p> <p>3.6 Ailerons/Roll Control 40</p> <p>3.7 Flaps 41</p> <p>3.8 Wing Tips 42</p> <p>3.9 Wing-housed Retractable Undercarriage 42</p> <p>3.10 Integral Fuel Tanks 44</p> <p><b>4 Fuselages and Tails (Empennage) 45</b></p> <p>4.1 Main Fuselage/Nacelle Structure 45</p> <p>4.2 Wing Attachment 47</p> <p>4.3 Engine and Motor Mountings 48</p> <p>4.4 Avionics Trays 50</p> <p>4.5 Payloads – Camera Mountings 51</p> <p>4.6 Integral Fuel Tanks 52</p> <p>4.7 Assembly Mechanisms and Access Hatches 54</p> <p>4.8 Undercarriage Attachment 55</p> <p>4.9 Tails (Empennage) 57</p> <p><b>5 Propulsion 59</b></p> <p>5.1 Liquid-Fueled IC Engines 59</p> <p>5.1.1 Glow-plug IC Engines 62</p> <p>5.1.2 Spark Ignition Gasoline IC Engines 62</p> <p>5.1.3 IC Engine Testing 65</p> <p>5.2 Rare-earth Brushless Electric Motors 66</p> <p>5.3 Propellers 68</p> <p>5.4 Engine/Motor Control 70</p> <p>5.5 Fuel Systems 70</p> <p>5.6 Batteries and Generators 71</p> <p><b>6 Airframe Avionics and Systems 73</b></p> <p>6.1 Primary Control Transmitter and Receivers 73</p> <p>6.2 Avionics Power Supplies 76</p> <p>6.3 Servos 78</p> <p>6.4 Wiring, Buses, and Boards 82</p> <p>6.5 Autopilots 86</p> <p>6.6 Payload Communications Systems 87</p> <p>6.7 Ancillaries 88</p> <p>6.8 Resilience and Redundancy 90</p> <p><b>7 Undercarriages 93</b></p> <p>7.1 Wheels 93</p> <p>7.2 Suspension 95</p> <p>7.3 Steering 95</p> <p>7.4 Retractable Systems 97</p> <p><b>PART III DESIGNING UAVS</b></p> <p><b>8 The Process of Design 101</b></p> <p>8.1 Goals and Constraints 101</p> <p>8.2 Airworthiness 103</p> <p>8.3 Likely Failure Modes 104</p> <p>8.3.1 Aerodynamic and Stability Failure 105</p> <p>8.3.2 Structural Failure 106</p> <p>8.3.3 Engine/Motor Failure 107</p> <p>8.3.4 Control System Failure 107</p> <p>8.4 Systems Engineering 110</p> <p>8.4.1 Work-breakdown Structure 110</p> <p>8.4.2 Interface Definitions 112</p> <p>8.4.3 Allocation of Responsibility 112</p> <p>8.4.4 Requirements Flowdown 112</p> <p>8.4.5 Compliance Testing 113</p> <p>8.4.6 Cost and Weight Management 114</p> <p>8.4.7 Design “Checklist” 117</p> <p><b>9 Tool Selection 119</b></p> <p>9.1 Geometry/CAD Codes 120</p> <p>9.2 Concept Design 123</p> <p>9.3 Operational Simulation and Mission Planning 125</p> <p>9.4 Aerodynamic and Structural Analysis Codes 125</p> <p>9.5 Design and Decision Viewing 125</p> <p>9.6 Supporting Databases 126</p> <p><b>10 Concept Design: Initial Constraint Analysis 127</b></p> <p>10.1 The Design Brief 127</p> <p>10.1.1 Drawing up a Good Design Brief 127</p> <p>10.1.2 Environment and Mission 128</p> <p>10.1.3 Constraints 129</p> <p>10.2 Airframe Topology 130</p> <p>10.2.1 Unmanned versus Manned – Rethinking Topology 130</p> <p>10.2.2 Searching the Space of Topologies 133</p> <p>10.2.3 Systematic “invention” of UAV Concepts 136</p> <p>10.2.4 Managing the Concept Design Process 144</p> <p>10.3 Airframe and Powerplant Scaling via Constraint Analysis 144</p> <p>10.3.1 The Role of Constraint Analysis 144</p> <p>10.3.2 The Impact of Customer Requirements 145</p> <p>10.3.3 Concept Constraint Analysis – A Proposed Computational Implementation 145</p> <p>10.3.4 The Constraint Space 146</p> <p>10.4 A Parametric Constraint Analysis Report 146</p> <p>10.4.1 About This Document 146</p> <p>10.4.2 Design Brief 147</p> <p>10.4.3 Unit Conversions 149</p> <p>10.4.4 Basic Geometry and Initial Guesses 151</p> <p>10.4.5 Preamble 151</p> <p>10.4.6 Preliminary Calculations 152</p> <p>10.4.7 Constraints 154</p> <p>10.5 The Combined Constraint Diagram and Its Place in the Design Process 162</p> <p><b>11 Spreadsheet-Based Concept Design and Examples 165</b></p> <p>11.1 Concept Design Algorithm 166</p> <p>11.2 Range 169</p> <p>11.3 Structural Loading Calculations 169</p> <p>11.4 Weight and CoG Estimation 170</p> <p>11.5 Longitudinal Stability 170</p> <p>11.6 Powering and Propeller Sizing 171</p> <p>11.7 Resulting Design: Decode-1 174</p> <p>11.8 A Bigger Single Engine Design: Decode-2 177</p> <p>11.9 A Twin Tractor Design: SPOTTER 182</p> <p><b>12 Preliminary Geometry Design 189</b></p> <p>12.1 Preliminary Airframe Geometry and CAD 190</p> <p>12.2 Designing Decode-1 with AirCONICS 192</p> <p><b>13 Preliminary Aerodynamic and Stability Analysis 195</b></p> <p>13.1 Panel Method Solvers – XFoil and XFLR5 196</p> <p>13.2 RANS Solvers – Fluent 200</p> <p>13.2.1 Meshing, Turbulence Model Choice, and y+ 204</p> <p>13.3 Example Two-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 208</p> <p>13.4 Example Three-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 210</p> <p>13.5 3D Models of Simple Wings 212</p> <p>13.6 Example Airframe Aerodynamics 214</p> <p>13.6.1 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Aerodynamics 215</p> <p>13.6.2 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Control Surfaces 221</p> <p>13.6.3 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Stability 223</p> <p>13.6.4 Flight Simulators 227</p> <p>13.6.5 Analyzing Decode-1 with Fluent 228</p> <p><b>14 Preliminary Structural Analysis 237</b></p> <p>14.1 Structural Modeling Using AirCONICS 240</p> <p>14.2 Structural Analysis Using Simple Beam Theory 243</p> <p>14.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 245</p> <p>14.3.1 FEA Model Preparation 246</p> <p>14.3.2 FEA Complete Spar and Boom Model 250</p> <p>14.3.3 FEA Analysis of 3D Printed and Fiber- or Mylar-clad Foam Parts 255</p> <p>14.4 Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity 265</p> <p>14.4.1 Estimating Wing Divergence, Control Reversal, and Flutter Onset</p> <p>Speeds 266</p> <p>14.5 Summary of Preliminary Structural Analysis 272</p> <p><b>15 Weight and Center of Gravity Control 273</b></p> <p>15.1 Weight Control 273</p> <p>15.2 Longitudinal Center of Gravity Control 279</p> <p><b>16 Experimental Testing and Validation 281</b></p> <p>16.1 Wind Tunnels Tests 282</p> <p>16.1.1 Mounting the Model 282</p> <p>16.1.2 Calibrating the Test 284</p> <p>16.1.3 Blockage Effects 284</p> <p>16.1.4 Typical Results 287</p> <p>16.2 Airframe Load Tests 290</p> <p>16.2.1 Structural Test Instruments 290</p> <p>16.2.2 Structural Mounting and Loading 293</p> <p>16.2.3 Static Structural Testing 294</p> <p>16.2.4 Dynamic Structural Testing 296</p> <p>16.3 Avionics Testing 300</p> <p><b>17 Detail Design: Constructing Explicit Design Geometry 303</b></p> <p>17.1 The Generation of Geometry 303</p> <p>17.2 Fuselage 306</p> <p>17.3 An Example UAV Assembly 309</p> <p>17.3.1 Hand Sketches 311</p> <p>17.3.2 Master Sketches 311</p> <p>17.4 3D Printed Parts 313</p> <p>17.4.1 Decode-1: The Development of a Parametric Geometry for the SLS Nylon Wing Spar/Boom “Scaffold Clamp” 313</p> <p>17.4.2 Approach 314</p> <p>17.4.3 Inputs 314</p> <p>17.4.4 Breakdown of Part 315</p> <p>17.4.5 Parametric Capability 316</p> <p>17.4.6 More Detailed Model 317</p> <p>17.4.7 Manufacture 318</p> <p>17.5 Wings 318</p> <p>17.5.1 Wing Section Profile 320</p> <p>17.5.2 Three-dimensional Wing 323</p> <p><b>PART IV MANUFACTURE AND FLIGHT</b></p> <p><b>18 Manufacture 331</b></p> <p>18.1 Externally Sourced Components 331</p> <p>18.2 Three-Dimensional Printing 332</p> <p>18.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 332</p> <p>18.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 335</p> <p>18.2.3 Sealing Components 335</p> <p>18.3 Hot-wire Foam Cutting 337</p> <p>18.3.1 Fiber and Mylar Foam Cladding 339</p> <p>18.4 Laser Cutting 339</p> <p>18.5 Wiring Looms 342</p> <p>18.6 Assembly Mechanisms 342</p> <p>18.6.1 Bayonets and Locking Pins 345</p> <p>18.6.2 Clamps 346</p> <p>18.6.3 Conventional Bolts and Screws 346</p> <p>18.7 Storage and Transport Cases 347</p> <p><b>19 Regulatory Approval and Documentation 349</b></p> <p>19.1 Aviation Authority Requirements 349</p> <p>19.2 System Description 351</p> <p>19.2.1 Airframe 352</p> <p>19.2.2 Performance 355</p> <p>19.2.3 Avionics and Ground Control System 356</p> <p>19.2.4 Acceptance Flight Data 358</p> <p>19.3 Operations Manual 358</p> <p>19.3.1 Organization, Team Roles, and Communications 359</p> <p>19.3.2 Brief Technical Description 359</p> <p>19.3.3 Operating Limits, Conditions, and Control 359</p> <p>19.3.4 Operational Area and Flight Plans 360</p> <p>19.3.5 Operational and Emergency Procedures 360</p> <p>19.3.6 Maintenance Schedule 360</p> <p>19.4 Safety Case 361</p> <p>19.4.1 Risk Assessment Process 362</p> <p>19.4.2 Failure Modes and Effects 362</p> <p>19.4.3 Operational Hazards 363</p> <p>19.4.4 Accident List 364</p> <p>19.4.5 Mitigation List 364</p> <p>19.4.6 Accident Sequences and Mitigation 366</p> <p>19.5 Flight Planning Manual 368</p> <p><b>20 Test Flights and Maintenance 369</b></p> <p>20.1 Test Flight Planning 369</p> <p>20.1.1 Exploration of Flight Envelope 369</p> <p>20.1.2 Ranking of Flight Tests by Risk 370</p> <p>20.1.3 Instrumentation and Recording of Flight Test Data 370</p> <p>20.1.4 Pre-flight Inspection and Checklists 371</p> <p>20.1.5 Atmospheric Conditions 371</p> <p>20.1.6 Incident and Crash Contingency Planning, Post Crash Safety, Recording, and Management of Crash Site 371</p> <p>20.2 Test Flight Examples 375</p> <p>20.2.1 UAS Performance Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 375</p> <p>20.2.2 UAS CoG Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 377</p> <p>20.2.3 Fuel Consumption Tests 377</p> <p>20.2.4 Engine Failure, Idle, and Throttle Change Tests 377</p> <p>20.2.5 Autonomous Flight Control 378</p> <p>20.2.6 Auto-Takeoff Test 380</p> <p>20.2.7 Auto-Landing Test 380</p> <p>20.2.8 Operational and Safety Flight Scenarios 381</p> <p>20.3 Maintenance 381</p> <p>20.3.1 Overall Airframe Maintenance 382</p> <p>20.3.2 Time and Flight Expired Items 382</p> <p>20.3.3 Batteries 383</p> <p>20.3.4 Flight Control Software 383</p> <p>20.3.5 Maintenance Record Keeping 384</p> <p><b>21 Lessons Learned 385</b></p> <p>21.1 Things that Have Gone Wrong and Why 388</p> <p><b>PART V APPENDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND INDEX</b></p> <p>A Generic Aircraft Design Flowchart 395</p> <p>B Example AirCONICS Code for Decode-1 399</p> <p>C Worked (Manned Aircraft) Detail Design Example 425</p> <p>C.1 Stage 1: Concept Sketches 425</p> <p>C.2 Stage 2: Part Definition 429</p> <p>C.3 Stage 3: “Flying Surfaces” 434</p> <p>C.4 Stage 4: Other Items 435</p> <p>C.5 Stage 5: Detail Definition 435</p> <p>Bibliography 439</p> <p>Index 441</p>
<p><b>Andrew J. Keane</b> is a Professor of Computational Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He is the Director of the Rolls-Royce University Technology Center for Computational Engineering at the University and is a fellow of the RINA, IMechE and the Royal Academy of Engineering.</p> <p><b>András Sóbester</b> is a Senior Lecturer of Aeronautical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. His main research focus is on developing techniques for the aerodynamic optimization of aircraft.</p> <p><b>James P. Scanlan</b> is a Professor of Design in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He spent more than 10 years working in the aerospace industry and now manages a number of research programmes sponsored by BAE systems, Airbus, Rolls-Royce and the EPSRC. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.</p>
<p> Small Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design is the essential guide to designing, building and testing fixed wing UAVs (or drones). It deals with aircraft from two to 150 kg in weight and is based on the first-hand experiences of the world renowned UAV team at the UK's University of Southampton. <p> The book covers both the practical aspects of designing, manufacturing and flight testing and outlines the essential calculations needed to underpin successful designs. It describes the entire process of UAV design from requirements definition to configuration layout and sizing, through preliminary design and analysis using simple panel codes and spreadsheets to full CFD and FEA models and on to detailed design with parametric CAD tools. Its focus is on modest cost approaches that draw heavily on the latest digital design and manufacturing methods, including a strong emphasis on utilizing off-the-shelf components, low cost analysis, automated geometry modelling and 3D printing. <p> It deliberately avoids a deep theoretical coverage of aerodynamics or structural mechanics; rather it provides a design team with sufficient insights and guidance to get the essentials undertaken more pragmatically. The book contains many all-colour illustrations of the dozens of aircraft built by the authors and their students over the last ten years giving much detailed information on what works best. It is predominantly aimed at under-graduate and MSc level student design and build projects, but will be of interest to anyone engaged in the practical problems of getting quite complex unmanned aircraft flying. It should also appeal to the more sophisticated aero-modeller and those engaged on research based around fixed wing UAVs.

Diese Produkte könnten Sie auch interessieren:

Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
von: Feng-Chen Li, Bo Yu, Jin-Jia Wei, Yasuo Kawaguchi
PDF ebook
156,99 €
Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives
von: Feng-Chen Li, Bo Yu, Jin-Jia Wei, Yasuo Kawaguchi
EPUB ebook
156,99 €
Wear
Wear
von: Gwidon W. Stachowiak
PDF ebook
159,99 €