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<p>Preface xvii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxi</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxiii</p> <p><b>1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Electric and magnetic fields 2</p> <p>1.2.1 The electric field 2</p> <p>1.2.2 The magnetic field 4</p> <p>1.2.3 Relating the electric and magnetic fields—a simple dipole antenna 5</p> <p>1.2.4 Maxwell equations 6</p> <p>1.3 The nature of electromagnetic radiation 8</p> <p>1.3.1 The electromagnetic spectrum 8</p> <p>1.3.2 Electromagnetic wave interactions 9</p> <p>1.4 Interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter 11</p> <p>1.4.1 Refraction 12</p> <p>1.4.2 Reflection 12</p> <p>1.4.3 Mie scattering 14</p> <p>1.4.4 Bragg scattering 17</p> <p>1.4.5 Absorption 18</p> <p>1.5 Polarization of electromagnetic waves 18</p> <p>Important terms 20</p> <p>Review questions 21</p> <p>Challenge problems 22</p> <p><b>2 Radar Hardware 23</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2 Frequency and wavelength 23</p> <p>2.3 Components of a weather radar system 25</p> <p>2.3.1 Transmitter section 26</p> <p>2.3.2 Waveguides, rotary joints, polarization switching devices, and circulators 28</p> <p>2.3.3 The antenna section 32</p> <p>2.3.4 The receiver section 36</p> <p>2.3.5 Magnetron transmitters 38</p> <p>2.4 Specialized radar systems 40</p> <p>2.4.1 Phased-array radars 40</p> <p>2.4.2 Mobile and deployable radars 41</p> <p>2.4.3 Airborne radars 43</p> <p>2.4.4 Spaceborne radars 44</p> <p>Important terms 46</p> <p>Review questions 47</p> <p>Challenge problems 47</p> <p><b>3 Radar Characteristics 49</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 49</p> <p>3.2 Range and range ambiguity 50</p> <p>3.3 The transmitted and received signal 53</p> <p>3.3.1 Pulse duration and pulse length 54</p> <p>3.3.2 Power and the duty cycle 54</p> <p>3.4 Radar geometry and types of displays 56</p> <p>3.4.1 Common radar displays in spherical coordinates 56</p> <p>Important terms 64</p> <p>Review questions 64</p> <p>Challenge problems 64</p> <p><b>4 The Path of a Radar Ray 66</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 66</p> <p>4.2 Ray propagation in an idealized atmosphere 67</p> <p>4.2.1 Factors influencing radar ray paths 67</p> <p>4.2.2 The path of a ray in an idealized atmosphere 69</p> <p>4.2.3 The range and height of a pulse volume in space 72</p> <p>4.3 Anomalous propagation 74</p> <p>Important terms 78</p> <p>Review questions 78</p> <p>Challenge problems 79</p> <p><b>5 Power and the Radar Reflectivity Factor 82</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 82</p> <p>5.2 Radar equation for a solitary target 83</p> <p>5.2.1 Power flux density incident on a target 83</p> <p>5.2.2 Power flux density scattered back to the radar 85</p> <p>5.2.3 Backscattered power collected by the radar antenna 86</p> <p>5.2.4 Implications of the radar equation 87</p> <p>5.3 Radar equation for a distributed target 89</p> <p>5.3.1 The contributing volume for distributed targets 89</p> <p>5.3.2 The radar cross section of distributed targets 91</p> <p>5.3.3 The radar equation for a distributed target 94</p> <p>5.4 The weather radar equation 95</p> <p>5.4.1 Radar cross section of a small dielectric sphere 95</p> <p>5.4.2 The radar reflectivity factor 96</p> <p>5.4.3 The weather radar equation 97</p> <p>5.4.4 The validity of the Rayleigh approximation 98</p> <p>5.5 Summary 100</p> <p>Important terms 101</p> <p>Review questions 101</p> <p>Challenge problems 102</p> <p><b>6 Radial Velocity—The Doppler Effect 104</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 104</p> <p>6.2 Measurement of radial velocity 106</p> <p>6.2.1 Phase measurements and radial velocity retrieval 107</p> <p>6.2.2 Velocity ambiguities and their resolution 108</p> <p>6.3 Doppler spectra 115</p> <p>6.3.1 Doppler spectra of weather and other targets 116</p> <p>6.3.2 Moments of the Doppler spectrum 117</p> <p>6.4 Measurement of the Doppler moments 119</p> <p>6.5 Summary 122</p> <p>Important terms 123</p> <p>Review questions 123</p> <p>Challenge problems 124</p> <p><b>7 Dual-Polarization Radar 126</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 126</p> <p>7.2 The physical bases for radar polarimetry 127</p> <p>7.3 Measuring polarimetric quantities 130</p> <p>7.4 Reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and linear depolarization ratio 132</p> <p>7.4.1 Reflectivity factor in the dual-polarization framework (ZHH and ZVV) 132</p> <p>7.4.2 Differential reflectivity (ZDR) 133</p> <p>7.4.3 Raindrop shapes and sizes 134</p> <p>7.4.4 ZDR measurements in rain 138</p> <p>7.4.5 ZDR measurements in ice and mixed-phase precipitation 141</p> <p>7.4.6 Linear depolarization ratio (LDR) 145</p> <p>7.5 Polarization and phase 149</p> <p>7.5.1 Propagation differential phase shift (;;DP) 150</p> <p>7.5.2 Backscatter differential phase shift (;;) 152</p> <p>7.5.3 Specific differential phase (KDP) 152</p> <p>7.5.4 Retrieval of KDP 155</p> <p>7.5.5 Co-polar correlation coefficient (;;HV) 162</p> <p>7.5.6 Using polarimetric variables together 168</p> <p>7.5.7 Covariation of the polarimetric variables: an example at Sand C-band 168</p> <p>7.5.8 Using dual-polarization variables to discern meteorological versus non-meteorological echo and non-uniform beam filling 170</p> <p>7.5.9 Hydrometeor classification 172</p> <p>Important terms 176</p> <p>Review questions 181</p> <p>Challenge problems 181</p> <p><b>8 Clear Air Echoes 183</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 183</p> <p>8.2 Ground clutter 184</p> <p>8.2.1 Ground clutter characteristics 184</p> <p>8.2.2 Sea clutter 185</p> <p>8.2.3 Effects of anomalous propagation 188</p> <p>8.2.4 Ground clutter mitigation 188</p> <p>8.3 Echoes from biological sources 191</p> <p>8.3.1 Insect echo 192</p> <p>8.3.2 Birds and bats 193</p> <p>8.4 Debris, dust, and smoke 195</p> <p>8.5 Aircraft echoes and chaff 196</p> <p>8.6 Other non-meteorological echo sources 198</p> <p>8.6.1 The sun 199</p> <p>8.6.2 Receiver noise 199</p> <p>8.6.3 Radio interference 200</p> <p>8.7 Bragg scattering 200</p> <p>Important terms 203</p> <p>Review questions 203</p> <p>Challenge problems 204</p> <p><b>9 Propagation Effects: Attenuation and Refractivity 205</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 205</p> <p>9.2 Attenuation 206</p> <p>9.2.1 Attenuation by atmospheric gases and measurement of water vapor 207</p> <p>9.2.2 Attenuation by cloud droplets and measurement of liquid water content 212</p> <p>9.2.3 Attenuation by rain and its correction 214</p> <p>9.2.4 Attenuation by hail 219</p> <p>9.2.5 Short-wavelength radars and attenuation 224</p> <p>9.3 Refractivity 225</p> <p>9.3.1 Basic principles 226</p> <p>9.3.2 Measurement of the water vapor field 227</p> <p>Important terms 229</p> <p>Review questions 229</p> <p>Challenge problems 230</p> <p><b>10 Operational Radar Networks 232</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 232</p> <p>10.2 The WSR-88D radar network 233</p> <p>10.2.1 Network coverage 233</p> <p>10.2.2 Radar characteristics and data distribution 234</p> <p>10.2.3 Scanning strategies 236</p> <p>10.2.4 Ground clutter suppression 240</p> <p>10.2.5 Super resolution 240</p> <p>10.2.6 Additional features 242</p> <p>10.3 Terminal Doppler weather radars 242</p> <p>10.3.1 Radar characteristics and data distribution 243</p> <p>10.4 International operational radar networks 246</p> <p>Important terms 248</p> <p>Review questions 249</p> <p>Challenge problems 249</p> <p><b>11 Doppler Velocity Patterns and Single-Radar Wind Retrieval 251</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 251</p> <p>11.2 Kinematic properties of the wind field 252</p> <p>11.3 Doppler radial velocity patterns and the wind field 254</p> <p>11.3.1 Large-scale flow patterns 255</p> <p>11.3.2 Fronts 257</p> <p>11.3.3 Convective scale flow patterns 259</p> <p>11.4 Wind retrieval with profiling radars 261</p> <p>11.4.1 Wind profilers 261</p> <p>11.5 Velocity–azimuth display wind retrieval 264</p> <p>11.5.1 VAD technique 264</p> <p>11.5.2 Extended VAD analysis 272</p> <p>Important terms 275</p> <p>Review questions 276</p> <p>Challenge problems 277</p> <p><b>12 Multiple Doppler Wind Retrieval 279</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 279</p> <p>12.2 Network design and deployment 279</p> <p>12.2.1 Meteorological considerations 281</p> <p>12.2.2 Sampling limitations 281</p> <p>12.2.3 Siting and logistics 283</p> <p>12.3 Characteristics of single Doppler data 284</p> <p>12.3.1 Geographic location of a range gate 284</p> <p>12.3.2 Characteristics of raw data 284</p> <p>12.3.3 Ambiguities and Doppler radar data editing 287</p> <p>12.4 Procedures for multiple Doppler syntheses 290</p> <p>12.4.1 Interpolation of data from spherical to Cartesian coordinates 290</p> <p>12.4.2 Transformation of radial velocities to orthogonal particle motion components 292</p> <p>12.4.3 Calculation of vertical motion from orthogonal wind components 302</p> <p>12.4.4 Uncertainty in vertical motion retrievals 304</p> <p>12.5 Summary 306</p> <p>Important terms 306</p> <p>Review questions 307</p> <p>Challenge problems 308</p> <p><b>13 Precipitation Estimation with Radar 310</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 310</p> <p>13.2 Measurement of precipitation rate, total precipitation, and particle size distributions 311</p> <p>13.2.1 Precipitation gauges 311</p> <p>13.2.2 Disdrometers 313</p> <p>13.2.3 Optical array probes 315</p> <p>13.3 Nature of particle size distributions 316</p> <p>13.3.1 The exponential size distribution 318</p> <p>13.3.2 The gamma size distribution 319</p> <p>13.4 Radar remote sensing of precipitation 319</p> <p>13.4.1 Determining Z–R relationships 322</p> <p>13.4.2 Challenges in precipitation estimation with radar 323</p> <p>13.5 Precipitation estimation using dual polarization 326</p> <p>13.6 Winter precipitation 329</p> <p>13.7 Measuring precipitation from space 330</p> <p>13.7.1 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 332</p> <p>13.7.2 Global Precipitation Mission 332</p> <p>Important terms 334</p> <p>Review questions 334</p> <p>Challenge problems 335</p> <p><b>14 Warm Season Convection 338</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 338</p> <p>14.2 Mesoscale convective systems 339</p> <p>14.2.1 Radar-observed life cycle of an MCS 339</p> <p>14.2.2 Conceptual model of an MCS as observed with a research radar 341</p> <p>14.2.3 Radar signatures of hazardous weather in MCSs 343</p> <p>14.2.4 Frontal squall lines 345</p> <p>14.3 Supercell thunderstorms 349</p> <p>14.3.1 Tornado detection 352</p> <p>14.3.2 Radar signatures of supercells 354</p> <p>14.3.3 Hail detection 356</p> <p>14.4 Downbursts and wind shear 358</p> <p>Important terms 358</p> <p>Challenge problems 359</p> <p><b>15 Extratropical Cyclones 361</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 361</p> <p>15.2 Radar approaches to monitor cyclone mesostructure 363</p> <p>15.3 Mesoscale structures observable with radar 366</p> <p>15.3.1 The comma-cloud tail 367</p> <p>15.3.2 The comma-cloud head 371</p> <p>Important terms 381</p> <p>Review questions 381</p> <p>Challenge problems 382</p> <p><b>16 Tropical Cyclones 383</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 383</p> <p>16.2 Airborne and satellite radar systems for tropical cyclone research and operations 386</p> <p>16.2.1 NOAA WP-3D radar systems 386</p> <p>16.2.2 Other airborne radars used in hurricane research 388</p> <p>16.2.3 Satellite radars used in hurricane research 389</p> <p>16.3 Tropical cyclone structure and kinematics 390</p> <p>16.3.1 Eyewall and eye radar structure 395</p> <p>16.3.2 Radar structure of principal band 399</p> <p>16.3.3 Other bands within the hurricane vortex 404</p> <p>16.4 Operational use of radar to detect tropical cyclone hazards 405</p> <p>16.4.1 High winds and storm surge 405</p> <p>16.4.2 Heavy precipitation and flooding 407</p> <p>16.4.3 Tornadoes 409</p> <p>Important terms 411</p> <p>Review questions 411</p> <p>Challenge problems 412</p> <p><b>17 Clouds and Vertical Motions 413</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 413</p> <p>17.2 Cloud radars 414</p> <p>17.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of cloud radars 415</p> <p>17.2.2 Examples of data from cloud radars 417</p> <p>17.3 Application of cloud radars 421</p> <p>17.3.1 Determining vertical motions in clouds 421</p> <p>17.3.2 Determining statistical cloud properties 424</p> <p>17.3.3 Understanding atmospheric and storm structure 428</p> <p>17.3.4 Understanding global cloud properties 432</p> <p>Important terms 432</p> <p>Review questions 433</p> <p>Challenge problems 433</p> <p>Appendix A List of Variables (and Chapters) 435</p> <p>Appendix B Derivation of the Exact Equation for a Ray Path through a</p> <p>Spherically Stratified Atmosphere 441</p> <p>Index 443</p>

<p><b>Robert M. Rauber,</b> Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.</p> <p><b>Stephen W. Nesbitt, </b>Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.</p>

<p> <strong>A comprehensive introduction to the current technology and application of radar in meteorology and atmospheric sciences</strong> <p> Written by leading experts in the field, <em>Radar Meteorology: A First Course</em> offers an introduction to meteorological radar systems and applications, with emphasis on observation and interpretation of physical processes in clouds and weather systems. This comprehensive introduction to the subject offers an overview of the quantities essential to radar meteorology including the radar reflectivity factor, and Doppler, dual-polarization, and multi-wavelength radar variables. The authors highlight wind retrieval from single and multiple Doppler radars, precipitation estimation and hydrometeorological applications, with chapters dedicated to interpretation of radar data from warm season mid-latitude severe weather, winter storms, tropical cyclones and more. <p> In addition, <em>Radar Meteorology</em> highlights research applications of this burgeoning technology, exploring dynamic applications such as space-borne and ground-based vertically pointing radar systems, and cloud, airborne and mobile radars. As meteorological radars are increasingly used professionally for weather observation, forecasting and warning, this much-needed text: <ul> <li>Presents an introduction to the technical aspects and current application of radar as used in the meteorology and atmospheric sciences</li> <li>Contains full-colour illustrations that enhance the understanding of the material presented </li> <li>Examines the wide-range of meteorological applications of radar</li> <li>Includes problems at the end of each chapter as a helpful review of the contents</li> <li>Provides full instructor support with all illustrations and answers to problems available via the book's instructor website.</li> </ul> <br> <p> <em>Radar Meteorology</em> offers a much-needed introductory text to the study of radar as applied to meteorology. The text was designed for a one semester course based on the authors' own course in Radar Meteorology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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