Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Chapter 1: Rice Husk and its Composites: Effects of Rice Husk Loading, Size, Coupling Agents, and Surface Treatment on Composites’ Mechanical, Physical, and Functional Properties
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
1.3 Rice Husk and its Composites
1.4 Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of RH Composites
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Biodegradable Composites Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Talc Nanoparticles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermoplastic Starch-Talc Nanocomposites
2.3 Use of Talc Samples with Different Morphologies
2.4 Packaging Bags Based on TPS–Talc Nanocomposites Films
2.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Recent Progress in Biocomposite of Biodegradable Polymer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biodegradable Polymers: Natural Origin and Development
3.3 Polysaccharides
3.4 Chemical Synthesis Produced Polymer
3.5 Polyesters Produced by Microorganism or by Plants
3.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Microbial Polyesters: Production and Market
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polyhydroxy Alkanoates
4.3 Bacterial Cellulose
4.4 Polylactic Acid or Polylactide
4.5 Polyglycolic Acid
4.6 Brief Overview of the Local and World Scenario of Bioplastics
4.7 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Materials for Osteosynthesis Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 State-of-the-Art
5.3 Future Perspectives
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Biodegradable Polymers in Tissue Engineering
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering
6.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of Polymer Networks
6.4 Biomaterial Reaction to Foreign Bodies
6.5 Design of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials
6.6 Applications Potential of Polyurethanes in Engineering Tissues
6.7 Application Potential of Polycarbonates
6.8 Poly(amido Amine)
6.9 Polyester Amine
6.10 Polypyrrole-Based Conducting Polymers
6.11 Remarks and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite and Biodegradable Polylactide
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bone Tissues and Mineralization Processes
7.3 Polylactide and its Copolymers
7.4 Calcium Phosphate Cements Reinforced with Polylactide Fibers
7.5 Nanocomposites of Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite: Coupling Agents
7.6 PLA/HAp Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications
7.7 Scaffolds Constituted by Ternary Mixtures Including PLA and HAp
7.8 Bioactive Molecules Loaded in PLA/HAp Scaffolds
7.9 Hydrogels Incorporating PLA/HAp
7.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Biodegradable Composites: Properties and Uses
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biodegradable Polymers Applied in Composites
8.3 Composites Using Matrices by Biomass Polymers
8.4 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Synthesized from Monomers
8.5 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Produced by Microorganism
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Development of Membranes from Biobased Materials and Their Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membranes from Biopolymer or Biomaterials
9.3 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Green Biodegradable Composites Based on Natural Fibers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Plant Fibers Composition
10.3 Fiber Modifications
10.4 Composites Based on Different Plant Fibers
10.5 Future and Perspectives of Composites
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Fully Biodegradable All-Cellulose Composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Self-Reinforced Composites
11.3 All-Cellulose Composites
11.4 Conclusions and Future Challenges
References
Chapter 12: Natural Fiber Composites with Bioderivative and/or Degradable Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials
12.3 Methods for the Manufacture of Composites
12.4 Research Methodology of Plant Component and Composites
12.5 Test Results
12.6 Comparison of the Properties of Composites with Different Types of Polymer Matrices
12.7 Summary and Conclusive Statements
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
13.3 Physico-Chemical Characterizations of Polymeric Scaffolds
13.4 Definition and Clinical Needs of Bone Tissue Engineering
13.5 Application of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers in Bone Tissue Engineering
13.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Polysaccharides as Green Biodegradable Platforms for Building-up Electroactive Composite Materials: An Overview
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Main Chemical and Physical Chemical Properties of the Polysaccharides Used in the Synthesis of Electroactive Composites
14.3 Electroactive Materials
14.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of Colloidal Gum Arabic/Polyaniline and Gum Arabic/Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
14.5 Polysaccharides/Conducting Polymer: Final overview
References
Chapter 15: Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Seaweed Resources: World Scenario
15.3 Seaweed Polymers with Potential Materials Applications
15.4 Potential Biopolymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds
References
Chapter 16: Biocomposite Scaffolds Derived from Renewable Resources for Bone Tissue Repair
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Polysaccharide-Based Polymers
16.3 Glycosaminoglycans
16.4 Protein-Based Polymers
16.5 Polyesters
16.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
16.7 Others
16.8 Conclusions and Future Direction
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 17: Pectin-Based Composites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Pectin
17.3 Biosynthesis of Pectin Polymers During Cell Differentiation
17.4 Production of Pectin
17.5 Pectin-Based Biocomposites
17.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Recent Advances in Conductive Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Regenerative Medicine Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Regenerative Medicine
18.3 Biodegradable Polymers
18.4 Conductive Nanostructures
18.5 Polymer Nanocomposite Approach
18.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 19: Biosynthesis of PHAs and Their Biomedical Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Genetic and Metabolic Pathway of PHA Production
19.3 PHA Production from Sugars
19.4 PHA Production from Oils
19.5 Exploration and Application of PHAs as Biomaterials
19.6 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20: Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Packaging Films
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Experimental
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Biodegradability of Biobased Polymeric Materials in Natural Environments
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources
21.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources
21.4 Overview of Biodegradation Studies of Biobased Polymers in Different Environmental Conditions
21.5 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Biobased Polymeric Materials
21.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Fibers and their origin (Taj
et al
., 2007; Kim
et al
., 2007).
Table 1.2: Chemical composition of some natural fibers (Malkapuram
et al
., 2009).
Table 1.3: Annual production of natural fibers and sources (Taj
et al
., 2007).
Table 1.4: Manufacturing processes used in the manufacture of RH composites.
Table 1.5: Different percentages by weight of RH in composites.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1: Basal spacing of the talc (T) layers in thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS).
Table 2.2: Thermal properties of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with talc nanoparticles (T).
Table 2.3: Relaxation temperatures associated to the glass transition of the glycerol and starch-rich phases of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with talc nanoparticles (T) determined by DMA (3 Hz).
Table 2.4: Color parameters and opacity of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with talc nanoparticles (T).
Table 2.5: Thermal properties of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with A10 and SJ10 talc particles.
Table 2.6: Mechanical properties of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with A10 and SJ10 talc particles.
Table 2.7: Opacity of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with A10 and SJ10 talc and blocking effect values of mineral particles.
Table 2.8: Color parameters of thermoplastic corn starch films (TPS) with A10 and SJ10 talc particles.
Table 2.9: Barrier properties of thermoplastic corn starch (TPS) films with 0, 1, 3 and 5 % w/w talc nanoparticles (T).
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: NC dimensions.
Table 3.2: Monomers/polymer structures and photo-initiating system studied.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: Different carbon substrates used for PHA production.
Table 4.2: Representation of microbial species and the type of PHA produced.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1: Mechanical properties of some materials used for osteosynthesis implants in comparison with cortical bone (Gogolewski, 2000; Huiskes & Mow, 2005).
Table 5.2: Mechanical properties of PLA/ceramic composites under compression
(Comp)
, bending
(Bend)
, or tensile
(Tens)
tests.
Table 5.3: Mechanical properties of Mg alloys compared with those of pure Mg and cortical bone (Gu & Zheng, 2010; Poinern
et al
., 2012; Zberg
et al
., 2009; Zhang
et al
., 2010).
Table 5.4: Conditions and degradation times of immersion tests performed on polymer coated – Mg-based alloys.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1: Biodegradable materials for tissue engineering.
Table 6.2: Physicochemical characterization of scaffolds in tissue engineering.
Table 6.3: Implications of the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials (immune responses to implants).
Table 6.4: Physicomechanical properties of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates: weight average molecular weight, M
w
, polydispersity, P, glass transition temperature, T
g
, and decomposition temperature, D (Bourche & Kohn, 2003; Luna
et al
., 1993).
Chapter 9
Table 9.1: Recent applications of few MMMs based on NaAlg.
Table 9.2: Effect of the ZIF loading amount in CS polymer with 0.25 g GA (in 50 wt.% ethanol solution) on the PV performance at 25 °C.
Table 9.3: Recent applications of membranes based on CS.
Table 9.4: Recent applications of cellulose and its derivatives based MMMs.
Table 9.5: Some uses of PHA’s based MMMs.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1: The literature survey of tensile properties of ACCs.
Table 11.2: The literature survey of tensile properties of biocomposites.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1: The share of mass and labeling of individual composite series on the basis of biobased and/or degradable polymers (Salasinska, 2014).
Table 12.2: The values of elongation at break determined for composites with various types of matrix (Salasinska, 2014).
Table 12.3: Values determined on the basis of the DSC thermograms of unfilled polymers and manufactured composites with their participation (Salasinska, 2014).
Table 12.4: The values read from the weight loss and NFC weight loss derivative curves of and with various types of matrix (Salasinska, 2014).
Table 12.5: Values of growth of the thickness and mechanical properties of the NFC subjected to moisture resistance under cyclical conditions.
Table 12.6: Comparison of properties of the bioderived and/or degraded NFC.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1: Sources and structural properties of the most used polysaccharides in electroactive composites synthesis.
Table 14.2: Characteristics of the mostly used conducting polymers.
Table 14.3: Some relevant works that describe the preparation of conducting polymer composites employing polysaccharides.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1: Physical properties of agar and agar blends.
Table 15.2: Research performed in polymer–agar composites.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1: Different sources of pectin: orange peel and apple pomace are the leading commercial pectin sources; investigations have been made on peach pomace and sunflower head seeds, as examples.
Table 17.2: Reinforcing materials categorized by origin and structure. The reinforcing materials discussed in the present chapter are highlighted.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1: Physical data of some commercial biopolyesters.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1: Common types of PHA monomers and their well-known carbon sources or precursors
Table 19.2: Production of PHA by wild type and recombinant bacterial strains by using various oils and precursors.
Table 19.3: Examples of animal testing and
in vivo
studies of polyhydroxyalkanoates
Chapter 20
Table 20.1: Water activity values (
α
w
) of saturated solutions at different temperatures.
Table 20.2: Effect of PVA content and compatibilized by glycerol on mechanical properties of SPI/PVA film (Su
et al
., 2008).
Table 20.3: GAB model constants and root mean square error (
r
2
, %) of the fitting for SPI/PVA films (P-0, P-5, P-10, and P-20) with/without glycerol (Su
et al
., 2010).
Table 20.4: WVP values of SPI/PVA films with and without glycerol (Su
et al
., 2010).
Chapter 21
Table 21.1: Test standard methods and specification for testing biodegradability of polymeric materials in soil, compost and marine water medium conditions.
Table 21.2: Overview of biodegradation results of biodegradable polymer in different environmental conditions.