List of Illustrations

Figure 1 Diagram illustrating technique of amniocentesis. The amniotic fluid obtained by this technique contains both cells and liquid for prenatal diagnosis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19–15, p. 173.

Figure 2 Anatomic position and bilateral symmetry. The body is erect, the arms are at the sides of the body, and the head, palms, and feet face forward. The line is in the median plane of the body, which is also the plane of bilateral symmetry. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 1-1, p. 3.

Figure 3 Alignment of the fetus in the uterus. Diagram shows examples of attitude (fetal position), lie (longitudinal), presentation (cephalic), and position (face right). Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 11-1, p. 91.

Figure 4 Sagittal section of the male pelvis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-1, p. 35.

Figure 5 Bilaminar embryonic disc. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-6, p. 65.

Figure 6 The body folds. (left) Diagrammatic sagittal sections of embryos during the fourth week, showing the contributions of the head and tail folds to the formation of the tubular embryonic body. (right) Diagrammatic transverse sections of embryos during the fourth week, showing the contributions of the two lateral folds to the formation of the tubular embryonic body. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-12, p. 71.

Figure 7 Lumen (cavity) of the brain. Four ventricles (I–IV) and the aqueduct of Sylvius make up the cerebrospinal fluid-filled lumen of the brain. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 16-6, p. 109.

Figure 8 Flexures and vesicles of the brain. As the brain forms, it bends to give rise to three flexures: cephalic, pontine, and cervical. The five-vesicle brain—a highly diagrammatic representation of the five vesicles of the early brain (at 5 weeks). The prosencephalon gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon, the mesencephalon persists, and the rhombencephalon gives rise to the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 13-5, p. 108.

Figure 9 The human embryo at the end of 4 weeks. Note the presence of branchial arches, tail, and arm buds; the head is off the chest. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-13A, p. 72. Original artwork by John C. Dye.

Figure 10 The cell cycle. Between the birth of a cell by cell division and its own division to form two daughter cells, the cell passes through the four stages that make up the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, and M. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 3-1, p. 13.

Figure 11 Diagram showing the setup for the procedure of chorionic villus sampling. Not shown are other instruments used, such as the ultrasound probe (for guiding the catheter) and the speculum (for making the uterine cervix accessible). Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-16, p. 174.

Figure 12 Types of cleavage patterns. The type of cleavage pattern is determined by yolk and genes. Note the effects of the amount and distribution of yolk on cleavage patterns. Note also that genes have an effect on cleavage patterns. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, table 8-3, p. 61.

Figure 13 Critical periods in development. An important concept in trying to understand birth defects is that of “critical periods in development.” Different organs and structures are most vulnerable to teratogens during specific periods in development. Most of the embryonic period, 3 weeks to 8 weeks, is very critical for most organs and structures because this is the time when most organs and structures are forming. The darker shading indicates periods more sensitive to birth-defect causing agents (teratogens). Adapted from Moore KL, Persaud, TVN. Before We Are Born, 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-12, p. 171.

Figure 14 Types of eggs. Eggs are classified according to their amount and distribution of yolk. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, table 8-2, p. 61.

Figure 15 The epididymis. The efferent ductules of the epididymis convey sperm from the testis to the duct of the epididymis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-4, p. 36.

Figure 16 A fallopian tube and its relationship to the ovary and uterus. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-8, p. 40.

Figure 17 Drawing showing what fetoscopy involves. Using fiber optics and a fetoscope, the obstetrician is able to directly observe the fetus in its amniotic cavity. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-14, p. 172.

Figure 18 Cell types derived from the neuroepithelium: ependymal cells, neuroblasts, and glioblasts. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 13–1, p. 106.

Figure 19 Formation of the heart (endocardial) tube illustrated in diagrams of transverse sections through the heart-forming regions of the early embryo. (A) 20 days; (B) 21 days; (C) 22 days . Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 15-1, p. 121.

Figure 20 Regions of the early heart shown in diagrams of the ventral side of the heart during the fourth week. (a) 21 days; (b) 22 days; (c) 23 days; (d) 24 days . Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 15-2, p. 122.

Figure 21 Week 28, third trimester. Although this fetus appears to be sleeping, the eyes by now are open again. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 9-8, p. 79. Original artwork by John C. Dye

Figure 22 In vitro fertilization. This simplified diagram shows the bringing together of the egg and sperm in a laboratory dish so that in vitro fertilization may occur. Also shown is transfer of the resulting embryo back into the woman’s uterus. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 21-1, p.188.

Figure 23 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this procedure, a spermatozoon that is incapable of reaching the egg or penetrating the egg coats or the plasma membrane of the egg may still deliver its genetic “payload” to the egg. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 21-3, p.191.

Figure 24 Karyotype of a patient with Down’s syndrome; note the extra number 21 chromosome (arrow). (Courtesy of Jacqueline Burns, PhD, The Danbury Hospital.) Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-3A, p. 164.

Figure 25 Karyotype of a patient with Klinefelter’s syndrome; note the three sex chromosomes (XXY). (Courtesy of Jacqueline Burns, PhD, The Danbury Hospital.) Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-4B, p. 164.

Figure 26 Phases of meiotic cell division. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 3-9, p. 18.

Figure 27 The ovarian and menstrual (uterine) cycles. The top of the figure shows the events of follicle development in the ovary. The bottom of the figure shows the corresponding events of the menstrual cycle. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-10, p. 41.

Figure 28 Regions of embryonic mesoderm. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-11, p. 70.

Figure 29 The five phases of mitosis. Interphase is not part of mitosis but represents a nondividing cell. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 3-6, p. 15.

Figure 30 Surface views of human embryos at the beginning of the fourth week, showing the neural tube progressively closing, with open anterior (*) and posterior (**) neuropores. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-9BC, p. 68. Original artwork by John C. Dye.

Figure 31 Neurulation. Diagrammatic transverse sections through 3-week human embryos undergoing neurulation. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8-9A, p. 68.

Figure 32 Oogenesis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 6-6, p. 49.

Figure 33 The ovary and ovulation. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-7, p. 39.

Figure 34 The female pelvis. A sagittal section of the female pelvis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-12, p. 43.

Figure 35 The placenta. A diagrammatic section through the fully developed placenta. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 10-2, p. 82.

Figure 36 The fetal side of the placenta and most of the umbilical cord, including its attachment to the placenta (see Figure ). [Courtesy of Jack Wolk, MD, The Danbury Hospital.] Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 23-3A, p. 207.

Figure 37 The maternal side of the same placenta (See Figure 36). [Courtesy of Jack Wolk, MD, The Danbury Hospital.] Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 23-3B, p. 207.

Figure 38 Relative positions and planes of the body. Relative positions are reference points. Note that the elbow is closer (proximal) to the shoulder than is the wrist (distal to the shoulder). Three important planes—transverse, sagittal, and frontal—divide the body. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 1-2, p. 3.

Figure 39 Cell types in the seminiferous tubules. A diagrammatic section through a portion of the wall of a seminiferous tubule. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5–3, p. 36.

Figure 40 The seven cardinal movements of labor. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 11–2, p. 92.

Figure 41 Earlier (A) and later (B and C) diagrammatic transverse sections showing somite development. In each case, only one somite of each bilaterally symmetric pair is shown. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 14-3, p. 113.

Figure 42 Spermatogenesis. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 6-2, p. 46.

Figure 43 Spinal cord development. Two successive stages, earlier (A) and later (B) in spinal cord development. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 13-2, p. 106.

Figure 44 The trophoblast. Early in implantation. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 8–5, p. 65.

Figure 45 The male gonads. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-2, p. 35.

Figure 46 Karyotype of a patient with Turner’s syndrome; note the presence of only one sex chromosome (X). (Courtesy of Jacqueline Burns, PhD, The Danbury Hospital.) Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 19-5, p. 165.

Figure 47 The umbilical cord. (A) The human fetus within its amniotic sac. (B) Cross-section of the umbilical cord at term. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 10–6, p. 86. Original artwork (A) by John C. Dye.

Figure 48 The uterus. A partially dissected uterus showing the surface and interior of the organ. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5–9, p. 40.

Figure 49 The female external organs of reproduction. Reprinted from Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000, fig. 5-6, p. 38.

Dictionary of Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine, and Translational Medicine

Frank J. Dye

Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences,
Western Connecticut State University,
Danbury, Connecticut, USA

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Title: Dictionary of stem cells, regenerative medicine, and translational medicine / Frank J. Dye.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016053361 (print) | LCCN 2017001684 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118867822 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118867754 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118867792 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Regenerative medicine–Dictionaries. | Developmental biology–Dictionaries. | Embryology–Dictionaries.

Classification: LCC QH491 .D95 2017 (print) | LCC QH491 (ebook) | DDC 571.803–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053361

I dedicate this book to Western Connecticut State University, which has provided this developmental cell biologist with, for nearly half a century, a congenial implantation site for the gestation of my career. It is an institution dedicated to changing students’ lives in the context of amiable student–faculty interactions.

Preface

This book has evolved from the second edition of Dictionary of Developmental Biology and Embryology, published in 2012. The title of this book, Dictionary of Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine, and Translational Medicine, which retains much of the content of its predecessor, reflects the application of advancements in cell and developmental biology, especially in the realm of stem cells, to the practical application of such to regenerative medicine and translational medicine. Undergraduate students, graduate students, professors, and researchers will find this book to be most convenient. Undoubtedly, most terms found in this book are accessible on the Internet; however, it is often not convenient to boot up the computer and initiate a search for the term in question; also the book contains extensive cross-referencing, which will enable the reader to place the term in question into an ever broader context. In addition to terminology, this book also presents historical vignettes of some major contributors, classical and modern (many of them Nobel laureates), to cell and developmental biology, as well as relevant concepts (as opposed to terminology per se).

This book will, perhaps, have omissions of some terms that you feel should be included. The author would greatly appreciate it if you would send suggested terms, for possible inclusion in subsequent editions of this book, to dyef@wcsu.edu.

I wish to acknowledge the contribution to the creation of this book of a sabbatical leave granted to me by Western Connecticut State University, during the fall of 2013—it provided the momentum to get the ball rolling. Also, I wish to thank Dr. James Schmotter, president of W.C.S.U., for his support in obtaining the sabbatical leave. Additionally, I acknowledge the contributions of Mindy Okura-Marszycki, Acquisitions Editor, and Divya Narayanan, Project Editor at John Wiley, to the creation of this book.