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Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics

This outstanding multi‐volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole.

The Handbook of Child Language
Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney

The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Second Edition
Edited by John A. Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, and Alan C. L. Yu

The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory
Edited by Shalom Lappin

The Handbook of Sociolinguistics
Edited by Florian Coulmas

The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Second Edition
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The Handbook of Morphology
Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky

The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics
Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura

The Handbook of Linguistics
Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees‐Miller

The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory
Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins

The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton

The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, Second Edition
Edited by J. K. Chambers and Natalie Schilling

The Handbook of Historical Linguistics
Edited by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda

The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality, Second Edition
Edited by Susan Ehrlich, Miriam Meyerhoff, and Janet Holmes

The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and Michael H. Long

The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Second Edition
Edited by Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie

The Handbook of Pragmatics
Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward

The Handbook of Applied Linguistics
Edited by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder

The Handbook of Speech Perception
Edited by David B. Pisoni and Robert E. Remez

The Handbook of the History of English
Edited by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los

The Handbook of English Linguistics
Edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon

The Handbook of World Englishes
Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and Cecil L. Nelson

The Handbook of Educational Linguistics
Edited by Bernard Spolsky and Francis M. Hult

The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics
Edited by Martin J. Ball, Michael R. Perkins, Nicole Müller, and Sara Howard

The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies
Edited by Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor Singler

The Handbook of Language Teaching
Edited by Michael H. Long and Catherine J. Doughty

The Handbook of Language Contact
Edited by Raymond Hickey

The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders
Edited by Jack S. Damico, Nicole Müller, and Martin J. Ball

The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing
Edited by Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and Shalom Lappin

The Handbook of Language and Globalization
Edited by Nikolas Coupland

The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics
Edited by Manuel Díaz‐Campos

The Handbook of Language Socialization
Edited by Alessandro Duranti, Elinor Ochs, and Bambi B. Schieffelin

The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication
Edited by Christina Bratt Paulston, Scott F. Kiesling, and Elizabeth S. Rangel

The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics
Edited by Juan Manuel Hernández‐Campoy and Juan Camilo Conde‐Silvestre

The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics
Edited by José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke

The Handbook of Conversation Analysis
Edited by Jack Sidnell and Tanya Stivers

The Handbook of English for Specific Purposes
Edited by Brian Paltridge and Sue Starfield

The Handbook of Spanish Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin

The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
Edited by C.‐T. James Huang, Y.‐H. Audrey Li, and Andrew Simpson

The Handbook of Language Emergence
Edited by Brian MacWhinney and William O’Grady

The Handbook of Korean Linguistics
Edited by Lucien Brown and Jaehoon Yeon

The Handbook of Speech Production
Edited Melissa A. Redford

The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, Second Edition
Edited by Shalom Lappin and Chris Fox

The Handbook of Classroom Discourse and Interaction
Edited by Numa Markee

The Handbook of Narrative Analysis
Edited by Anna De Fina and Alexandra Georgakopoulou

The Handbook of English Pronunciation
Edited by Marnie Reed and John M. Levis

The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Second Edition
Edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin

The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual Education
Edited by Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, and Ofelia García

The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics
Edited by W. Leo Wetzels, João Costa, and Sergio Menuzzi

The Handbook of Dialectology
Edited by Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, and Dominic Watt

The Handbook of Linguistics, Second Edition
Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees‐Miller

The Handbook of Translation and Cognition
Edited by John W. Schwieter and Aline Ferreira

The Handbook of Translation and Cognition

 

 

Edited by

John W. Schwieter and
Aline Ferreira

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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List of Figures

2.1Translog (Academic) from 2006, with source text in upper‐left window, dynamic replay lower‐left (stopped 37:18 s after start) and the linear representation of keystrokes in window (right) showing keystrokes and time intervals between keystrokes longer than 1 s. Translog (Jakobsen, 1998, 1999, 2006; Jakobsen & Schou, 1999) was one such program developed specifically for use in translation experiments.
3.1The Vauquois triangle of translation based on Vauquois (1968).
3.2Example of an undisturbed translation progression.
3.3Progression graph with complex patterns of monitoring behavior.
8.1The “hard problem” of bilingual lexical selection (Finkbeiner et al., 2006) (Schwieter & Ferreira, 2013).
Reproduced with the permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8.2Lexical selection according to La Heij (2005) (Schwieter & Ferreira, 2013).
Reproduced with the permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8.3Lexical selection according to Costa (2005) (Schwieter & Ferreira, 2013). Reproduced with the permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company.
25.1Cognitive resource footprint for simultaneous interpreting.
25.2Conflict matrix with interference score for simultaneous interpreting.
25.3Cognitive resource footprint for simultaneous interpreting with text.
25.4Conflict matrix with interference score for simultaneous interpreting with text.

Acknowledgments

The Handbook of Translation and Cognition showcases new research directions in translation and interpreting studies while emphasizing their enrichment from and interface with cognitive science. We are profoundly grateful to the invited contributors for their diligence and hard work, without which this handbook would not exist. These scholars have helped us to put together a much‐needed collection of essential topics that present engaging discussions. The value of their expertise to readers resonates in a quote by an anonymous peer reviewer of the handbook project:

The caliber of the contributors involved has every chance of becoming the first—and remaining the main—reference work of this kind.

We would also like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers who were commissioned by Wiley‐Blackwell to assess our proposal for The Handbook of Translation and Cognition. Their suggestions on how to improve the handbook were extremely beneficial as we put together the project. We hope that readers will agree with the anonymous peer reviewers that the handbook serves as

a groundbreaking proposal that bridges the gap between the field of translation and interpreting and cognitive science

and

a unique attempt to explore underpinnings of the interdisciplinary connections between translation studies and cognitive linguistics.

A special thank‐you goes to Prof. Erik Angelone, Prof. Birgitta Englund Dimitrova, Prof. Yves Gambier, and Prof. Daniel Gile for having endorsed The Handbook of Translation and Cognition. Their assessments are both humbling and encouraging, and we hope that readers will agree with their words that grace this handbook’s back cover.

We would like to offer our gratitude to the publisher, John Wiley & Sons, whose support was beyond professional and efficient in the development of The Handbook of Translation and Cognition. Those who deserve special thanks for their excellent and prompt correspondence include Mark Calley, Assistant Editor for Linguistics; Tanya McMullin, Associate Editor for Social Sciences; Aravind Kannankara, Copy Editor; Vimali Joseph, Production Editor and Manish Luthra, Project Editor. It has been our pleasure to work with John Wiley & Sons on this publication.

We are very grateful to our two editorial assistants for their excellent work during the preparation of the manuscript: Andrea Hadland and Samantha Graham. We thankfully acknowledge that financial support to hire these two editorial assistants was received from a grant partly funded by Wilfrid Laurier University operating funds and partly by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Institutional Grant.

Finally, we are extremely appreciative of the scholars—both internal and external to The Handbook of Translation and Cognition—who served as anonymous peer reviewers of the individual contributions. It is without a doubt that their knowledge and expertise have strengthened the content of this handbook and its implications for future research. As such, we would like to extend sincere thanks to the following researchers:

Erik Angelone
Carolina Barcellos
Rafael Barranco
Allison Beeby
Bergljot Behrens
Ursula Boser
Clemens Brunner
Augusto Buchweitz
Michael Carl
Cinzia Citarella
Oliver Čulo
Igor da Silva
Silvana Maria de Jesus
Maureen Ehrensberger‐Dow
Birgitta Englund Dimitrova
Claudia Förster Hegrenæs
Antin Fougner Rydning
Daniel Gile
María González Davies
Sandra L. Halverson
Gyde Hansen
Andrea Hunziker
Kristian T. Hvelplund
Arnt Lykke Jakobsen
Philipp Koehn
Karen Korning Zethsen
Haidee Kruger
Jan‐Louis Kruger
Paul Kussmaul
Anna Kuznik
Elisabeth Lavault
Kirsten Malmkjær
Celia Martín de León
Gary Massey
Heliana Mello
Ricardo Muñoz Martín
Elide Oliver
Mariana Orozco
Nataša Pavlović
Marisa Presas
Hanna Risku
Ana Rojo
Marcia Schmaltz
Moritz J. Schaeffer
Sanjun Sun
Karina Szpak
Carlos Teixeira
Elisabet Tiselius
Jesús Torres del Rey
María Cristina Valdés Rodríguez
Sonia Vandepitte
José Luiz Vila Real Gonçalves
Boguslawa Whyatt

About the Editors

The EDITORS of The Handbook of Translation and Cognition are JOHN W. SCHWIETER and ALINE FERREIRA. Together they have edited Psycholinguistic and Cognitive Inquiries into Translation and Interpreting (Benjamins, 2015) and The Development of Translation Competence: Theories and Methodologies from Psycholinguistics and Cognitive Science (Cambridge Scholars, 2014). Their recent or forthcoming papers have appeared in Cadernos de Tradução (2016), The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (2016), The Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics (2016), and The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Linguistics (forthcoming). More about the editors can be found in the contributors’ bios below.

About the Contributors

The CONTRIBUTORS are international experts based at and/or affiliated with institutions and research centers in 18 COUNTRIES, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Japan, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

Barbara Ahrens is a Professor of Interpreting Studies and Interpreting (Spanish) at Technische Hochschule Köln (Cologne University of Applied Sciences) in Germany. Her research focuses on prosody and speaking skills in interpreting, consecutive interpreting and note‐taking, as well as cognitive aspects of speech processing in interpreting.

Fabio Alves is a Professor in Translation Studies at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil. His main focus of research is on translation as a cognitive activity, including the study of expertise in translation, human–machine interaction, and inferential processes in translation. He has published extensively in peer‐reviewed journals such as Target, Meta, Across Languages and Cultures, Machine Translation, and Translation and Interpreting Studies, and in book series published by Benjamins, Routledge, and Springer.

Michael Carl is a Professor at the Renmin University of China and Professor at the Copenhagen Business School in Denmark. He is also Director of the CRITT (Center for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology). His current research interest is related to the investigation of human translation processes and interactive machine translation. He is a (co‐)author of more than 140 papers and articles on Translation, Machine Translation and Translation Process Research.

Bruce J. Diamond is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at William Paterson University in the United States. He is a New Jersey–licensed Psychologist, specializing in Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation. Diamond’s research interests and publications span neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience with research specialties in information processing, executive function, and working memory and their physiological correlates. He is the co‐author of Information Processing in The Bilingual Brain (with Shreve, Golden, and Narucki‐Durán) and Neural, Physiological, and Behavioral Correlates of Language Translation and Interpretation in the Bilingual Brain (with Shreve).

Maureen Ehrensberger‐Dow is a Professor of Translation Studies in the Institute of Translation and Interpreting at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) in Switzerland. She was principal investigator of the interdisciplinary research project Cognitive and Physical Ergonomics of Translation, a follow‐up of the Capturing Translation Processes project, and co‐investigator of a project on language barriers in nursing. She has published in various journals as well as co‐editing a number of special issues on translation process research.

Aline Ferreira is an Assistant Professor of Hispanic and Portuguese Linguistics at the University of California Santa Barbara in the United States where she is also the Director of the Bilingualism, Translation, and Cognition Laboratory. Prior to this, in Canada she was a postdoctoral research fellow in the Language and Literacy Laboratory and the Psycholinguistics and Language Acquisition Laboratory at Wilfrid Laurier University and a Lecturer of Portuguese at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include directionality in translation, translation competence, language development and reading, and cognitive aspects of multilingualism.

Susanne Göpferich is a Professor of Applied Linguistics and the Director of the Centre for Competence Development (ZfbK) at Justus Liebig University in Germany. Her main fields of research and publication comprise text linguistics, specialized communication, translation and transfer studies, comprehensibility research, as well as writing and translation process research with a focus on competence development and writing and translation pedagogy.

Sandra L. Halverson is a Professor of English at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. Her research centers on questions related to various areas of translation studies and cognitive linguistics, and she has published both empirical and theoretical/conceptual work. An overarching concern is the integration of insights from cognitive linguistics into translation studies, and she is currently working on testing hypotheses concerning the cognitive origins of lexical and syntactic patterns in translated language. Another long‐term research interest is the epistemology of translation studies. She is a member of the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network, and serves on several editorial boards. She currently serves as co‐editor of Target: The International Journal of Translation Studies.

Silvia Hansen‐Schirra is a Professor of English Linguistics and Translation Studies at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz in Germany. Her main research interests include specialized communication, text comprehensibility, post‐editing, and translation processes and competence. As a fellow of the Gutenberg Research College, she is the Director of the Translation and Cognition Center in Germersheim and co‐editor of the online book series Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing.

Adelina Hild is the Director of the Research Centre for Translation and Interpreting Studies and Lecturer in Interpreting & Intercultural Communication at the School of Modern Languages at the University of Leicester in England and an active conference and business interpreter.

Amparo Hurtado Albir is a Professor in Translation Studies at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain. She is the team leader of a number of research projects on translation pedagogy and the acquisition of translation competence and is also the head of the PACTE group. She is the author of numerous publications on the theory and pedagogy of translation, the most prominent of which are Enseñar a traducir (1999), Traducción y Traductología (2001/2011), and Aprender a traducir del francés al español (2015).

Kristian T. Hvelplund is an Associate Professor of English and Translation Studies in the Department of English, Germanic and Romance Studies at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. He holds a PhD in translation from the Copenhagen Business School. His research interests include translation and cognition, and his research has focused in particular on the cognitive processes involved in the translation process, using experimental methods such as eye tracking and keylogging.

Riitta Jääskeläinen is a Professor of English (Translation and Interpreting) at the University of Eastern Finland. Her research interests in translation process research have focused on methodology, expertise, and conceptual analyses. She has published on think‐aloud (Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies and Benjamins Handbook of Translation Studies), translation process research (Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies), and translation psychology (Benjamins Handbook of Translation Studies).

Arnt Lykke Jakobsen is a Professor Emeritus of Translation and Translation Technology at the Copenhagen Business School in Denmark. In 1995, he invented the keylogging software program Translog. In 2005, he established the Centre for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology (CRITT), which he directed until his retirement in 2013. His main focus of research is developing and exploiting a methodology for translation process research using keylogging and eye tracking.

Haidee Kruger is a Lecturer in the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie University in Australia and also holds an appointment as Extraordinary Professor at the North‐West University in South Africa. Her current research interests include language variation and change under conditions of language contact, quantitative corpus linguistics, and process‐oriented studies of mediated language production and reception, including translation and editing.

Jan‐Louis Kruger is the Head of the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie University in Australia, and an Extraordinary Professor at the North‐West University in South Africa. His current research projects are focused on the cognitive processing of subtitles in terms of cognitive load and psychological immersion making use of multimodal methodologies including eye tracking, EEG, and self‐reported data.

Isabel Lacruz is an Assistant Professor of Translation Studies at Kent State University in the United States. She teaches doctoral courses on translation and cognition and empirical research methods for translation, as well as master‐level translation practice courses. Her current research interests include investigation of the mental processes involved in translation and post‐editing. She has published theoretical and empirical articles on cognitive aspects of translation and post‐editing.

Celia Martín de León is an Associate Professor in Translation at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in Spain. Since 2002, she has belonged to the PETRA Research Group (Expertise and Environment in Translation, Spanish acronym), devoted to empirical research into translation processes. Her main research interests are metaphors, implicit theories, and mental simulations in translation.

Gary Massey is the Director of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting and the Director of the MA in Applied Linguistics at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) in Switzerland. His research interests include translation processes, translation and e‐learning pedagogy, translation quality, and translators’ information literacy skills. He is a member of the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network.

Ricardo Muñoz Martín is a Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in Spain, a part‐time freelance translator, coordinator of the PETRA Research Group (Expertise and Environment in Translation, Spanish acronym), and member of the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network. He is the editor of the new journal Translation, Cognition & Behavior, and has published articles in Meta, Translation and Interpreting Studies, Babel, Perspectives, The Translator, Translation Spaces and other journals, and book chapters in John Benjamins, De Gruyter, Routledge, Samfundslitteratur, and Peter Lang, mainly on the development of cognitive translatology, research methods, and translator training.

Sharon O’Brien is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies at Dublin City University in Ireland. She is also the Director of the Centre for Translation and Textual Studies and a funded investigator in the ADAPT Research Centre. Her primary research interest is translation technology, with a special focus on interaction with machine translation, post‐editing, usability measurement, and cognitive ergonomics.

Marisa Presas is a Tenured Lecturer at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain, a member of the PETRA Research Group, and a member of the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network. She has published articles in Target and The Interpreter and Translator Trainer among other journals, and chapters in books published by Peter Lang, Frank & Timme, and Bloomsbury, mainly on cognitive translatology, translation didactics, and research methods.

Hanna Risku is a Professor of Translation Studies and Head of the Department of Translation Studies at the University of Graz in Austria, and co‐editor of Fachsprache–International Journal of Specialized Communication. Her previous positions include Professor, Head of Department, and Vice Rector at the Danube University Krems in Austria, and Guest Professor at the University of Aarhus in Denmark. Her research areas include translation and cognition, translation networks, usability, knowledge management, and translation as computer‐supported cooperative work.

Patricia Rodríguez‐Inés is a Lecturer in the Department of Translation and Interpreting of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain. Her research interests include corpus‐based translation studies, empirical research in translation competence and its acquisition, and translator education, areas in which she has published various articles (e.g., ITT 2010, Meta 2013, Babel 2013, Perspectives 2014). She is also a member of the PACTE research group and the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network.

Ana Rojo is a Senior Lecturer in Translation at the University of Murcia in Spain, where she is also the Coordinator of the Master in Translation for the Publishing Industry and of the doctoral program in translation. She is a current member of the PETRA Research Group (Expertise and Environment in Translation, Spanish acronym), and of the Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition (TREC) network. Her main area of research is presently the study of the translation process, with special emphasis on emotional and creativity processes. She has published extensively in various formats, including books, articles, and book chapters on cognitive contrastive linguistics, translation, and research methodology.

John W. Schwieter is an Associate Professor of Spanish and Linguistics and Faculty of Arts Teaching Scholar at Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada and a Visiting Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Centre for Applied Research and Outreach in Language Education at the University of Greenwich in England. His research interests include: bilingualism and multilingualism; second/third language acquisition; psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics; translation and cognition; and language learning and teaching. He is Executive Editor of the Bilingual Processing and Acquisition series (Benjamins) and some of his books include Cognitive Control and Consequences of Multilingualism (Benjamins, 2016), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (Cambridge University Press, 2015), and Innovative Research and Practices in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism (Benjamins, 2013).

Kilian G. Seeber is an Associate Professor of Interpreting and Director of the Interpreting Department at the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting of the University of Geneva in Switzerland. His research focuses on cognitive load and integration during multilingual and multimodal language processing in general and simultaneous interpreting in particular. He has co‐edited a special issue of the International Journal of Bilingualism on cognitive processes in simultaneous interpreters and is the convener of the International Association of Conference Interpreters’ (AIIC) Research Committee.

Moritz J. Schaeffer is a Research Associate in the Faculty of Translation Studies, Linguistics, and Cultural Studies at the Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz in Germany. He was recently a Research Associate in the Center for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology at the Copenhagen Business School in Denmark, and in the Institute for Language, Cognition, and Computation at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. His research interests including cognitive modeling of the human translation process, human‐computer interaction in the context of translation, and the psychology of reading. He has also conducted research on bilingual memory during translation, the role of shared semantics and syntax during translation, and error detection in reading for translation.

Gregory M. Shreve is a Professor Emeritus of Translation Studies at Kent State University in the United States. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Translation, Interpreting, and Foreign Languages at New York University in the United States. His research interests include cognitive translation studies and translation process research, translation expertise, empirical approaches to translation studies, and translation informatics. His books include (with Neubert) Translation as Text, (with Danks) Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting, and (with Angelone) Translation and Cognition.

Elisabet Tiselius is a Senior Lecturer and Director of Studies in Translation and Interpreting Studies at the institute for Interpreting and Translation Studies at Stockholm University in Sweden and an active EU‐accredited conference interpreter.

Sonia Vandepitte is a Professor in the Department of Translation, Interpreting, and Communication and Head of the English section at Ghent University in Belgium. She teaches English, translation studies, and translation into and from Dutch. Publication topics and doctoral thesis supervision include both corpus‐based and process‐oriented methods and cover anticipation in interpreting, translation problems, methodology in Translation Studies, translation competences, international translation teaching projects, collaborative learning in translation training, and post‐editing.

Boguslawa Whyatt is an Associate Professor of Linguistics and the Head of the Department of Psycholinguistic Studies at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland. Her research interests include language processing in translation, translation process research, and translation expertise development. She is the author of Translation as a Human Skill: From Predisposition to Expertise (Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 2012).

Part I
Introduction