CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

A Word of Thanks

Preface to the 3rd Edition

Abbreviations

Volume 1

Chapter 1: Lubricants and Their Market
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Lubricants Demand
3. 1.3 Lubricants Competitor Landscape
4. 1.4 Lubricant Systems
5. References
Chapter 2: Lubricants in the Tribological System
1. 2.1 Lubricants as Part of Tribological Research
2. 2.2 The Tribological System
3. 2.3 Friction
4. 2.4 Wear
5. References
Chapter 3: Rheology of Lubricants
1. 3.1 Viscosity
2. 3.2 Influence of Temperature on Viscosity (V–T Behaviour)
3. 3.3 Viscosity–Pressure Dependency
4. 3.4 The Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity
5. 3.5 Special Rheological Effects
6. 3.6 Viscosity Grades
7. 3.7 Viscosity Measurements
8. 3.8 Viscosity Measurements at High Pressure
9. References
Chapter 4: Base Oils
1. 4.1 Base Oils: A Historical Review and Outlook
2. 4.2 Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils
3. 4.3 Refining
4. 4.4 Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking
5. 4.5 Boiling and Evaporation Behaviour of Base Oils
6. 4.6 Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base Oils
7. References
Chapter 5: Synthetic Base Oils
1. 5.1 Synthetic Hydrocarbons
2. 5.2 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
3. 5.3 Synthetic Esters
4. 5.4 Polyalkylene Glycols
5. 5.5 Other Polyethers
6. 5.6 Other Synthetic Base Oils
7. 5.7 Comparison of Synthetic Base Oils
8. 5.8 Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants
9. References
Chapter 6: Additives
1. 6.1 Antioxidants
2. 6.2 Viscosity Modifiers
3. 6.3 Pour Point Depressants (PPD)
4. 6.4 Detergents and Dispersants
5. 6.5 Antifoam Agents
6. 6.6 Demulsifiers and Emulsifiers
7. 6.7 Dyes
8. 6.8 Antiwear (AW) and Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives
9. 6.9 Friction Modifiers (FM)
10. 6.10 Corrosion Inhibitors
11. References
Chapter 7: Lubricants in the Environment
1. 7.1 Definition of ‘Environment-Compatible Lubricants’
2. 7.2 Current Situation
3. 7.3 Tests to Evaluate Biotic Potential
4. 7.4 Environmental Legislation 1: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACh)
5. 7.5 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS)
6. 7.6 Environmental Legislation 2: Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
7. 7.7 Environmental Legislation 3: Regular use
8. 7.8 Environmental Legislation 4: Emissions
9. 7.9 Standardization of Environment-Compatible Hydraulic Fluids
10. 7.10 Environmental Seal
11. 7.11 Base Fluids
12. 7.12 Additives
13. 7.13 Products (Examples)
14. 7.14 Safety Aspects of Handling Lubricants (Working Materials)
15. 7.15 Skin Problems Caused by Lubricants
16. Further Reading
Chapter 8: Disposal of Used Lubricating Oils
1. 8.1 Possible Uses of Waste Oil
2. 8.2 Legislative Influences on Waste Oil Collection and Reconditioning
3. 8.3 Re-Refining
4. References
Chapter 9: Lubricants for Internal Combustion Engines
1. 9.1 Four-Stroke Engine Oils
2. 9.2 Two-Stroke Oils
3. 9.3 Tractor Oils
4. 9.4 Gas Engine Oils [41–43]
5. 9.5 Marine Diesel Engine Oils [44]
6. References
Chapter 10: Gear Lubrication Oils
1. 10.1 Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils
2. 10.2 Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles
3. 10.3 Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears
4. References
Chapter 11: Hydraulic Oils
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Hydraulic Principle: Pascal's Law
3. 11.3 Hydraulic Systems, Circuits and Components
4. 11.4 Hydraulic Fluids
5. 11.5 Hydraulic System Filters
6. 11.6 Machine Tool Lubrication
7. 11.7 Summary
8. References
9. Further Reading
10. Books
11. Standards
Chapter 12: Compressor Oils
1. 12.1 Air Compressor Oils
2. 12.2 Refrigeration Oils
3. References
Chapter 13: Turbine Oils
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Demands on Turbine Oils – Characteristics
3. 13.3 Formulation of Turbine Oils
4. 13.4 Physical and Chemical Data of Turbine Oils
5. 13.5 Turbine Lubricants: Description According to DIN 51515, Parts 1 and 2 [11]
6. 13.6 Turbine Lubricants: Specifications
7. 13.7 Turbine Oil Circuits
8. 13.8 Flushing Turbine Oil Circuits
9. 13.9 Monitoring and Maintenance of Turbine Oils – General
10. 13.10 Turbine Oils: Evaluation of Used Oil Values – Parameters and Warning Values/Limits According to VGB Recommendation [13]
11. 13.11 Turbine Oils: Evaluation of Used Oil Values – Causes and Measures [13]
12. 13.12 Lifetime of (Steam) Turbine Oils
13. 13.13 Gas Turbine Oils: Application and Requirements
14. 13.14 Fire-Resistant, Water-Free Fluids for Power Station Applications
15. 13.15 Lubricants for Water Turbines and Hydroelectric Plants
16. References

Volume 2

Chapter 14: Metalworking Fluids
1. 14.1 Action Mechanism and Cutting Fluid Selection
2. 14.2 Friction and Wear Assessment Method for the Use of Cutting Fluids
3. 14.3 Water-Miscible Cutting Fluids
4. 14.4 Neat Cutting Fluids
5. 14.5 Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges
6. 14.6 Machining with Geometric Non-Defined Cutting Edges
7. 14.7 Specific Material Requirements for Machining Operations
8. 14.8 Metalworking Fluid Circulation System
9. 14.9 Coolant Costs
10. 14.10 New Trends in Coolant Technology
11. References
Chapter 15: Forming Lubricants
1. 15.1 Sheet Metal Working Lubricants
2. 15.2 Lubricants for Wire, Tube and Profile Drawing
3. 15.3 Lubricants for Rolling
4. 15.4 Solid Metal Forming Lubricants: Solid Forming, Forging and Extrusion
5. References
Chapter 16: Lubricating Greases
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Thickeners
3. 16.3 Base Oils
4. 16.4 Grease Structure
5. 16.5 Additives
6. 16.6 Manufacture of Greases
7. 16.7 Grease Rheology
8. 16.8 Grease Performance
9. 16.9 Applications of Greases
10. 16.10 Grease Market
11. 16.11 Ecology and the Environment
12. 16.12 Grease Tribology
13. References
Chapter 17: Solid Lubrication
1. 17.1 Classification of Solid Lubricants
2. 17.2 Characteristics
3. 17.3 Products Containing Solid Lubricants
4. 17.4 Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants
5. Further Reading [1–50]
6. Journals
7. Standards, Reprints
8. Books
Chapter 18: Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Density
3. 18.3 Viscosity
4. 18.4 Refractive Index
5. 18.5 Structural Analyses
6. 18.6 Flash Point
7. 18.7 Surface Phenomena
8. 18.8 Cloud Point, Pour Point
9. 18.9 Aniline Point
10. 18.10 Water Content
11. 18.11 Ash Content
12. 18.12 Acidity, Alkalinity
13. 18.13 Ageing Tests
14. 18.14 Hydrolytic Stability
15. 18.15 Corrosion Tests
16. 18.16 Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials
17. 18.17 Evaporation Loss
18. 18.18 Analysis and Testing of Lubricating Greases
19. 18.19 Elemental Analyses by Spectroscopic Methods
20. 18.20 List of Equivalent Standardized Methods for Testing Lubricants
21. References
Chapter 19: Mechanical–Dynamic Test Methods and Tribology
1. 19.1 Tribological System Categories within Mechanical–Dynamic Tests
2. 19.2 Simple Tribological Mechanical–Dynamic Test Machines and Test Methods
3. 19.3 Mechanical–Dynamic Tests for Gearbox and Transmission Application
4. 19.4 Mechanical–Dynamic Tests for Internal Combustion Engines
5. 19.5 Hydraulic Pump and Circuit Design
6. 19.6 Interpretation and Precision of Tribological Mechanical–Dynamic Testing
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
Chapter 20: Lubrication Systems
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 The Taxonomy of Centralized Lubrication Systems DIN 24271 Part 1 and DIN ISO 5170
3. 20.3 Total-Loss Lubrication Systems
4. 20.4 Circulating Lubrication Systems
5. 20.5 Special Applications
6. Reference
Chapter 21: Removal of Lubricants: Industrial Cleaners
1. 21.1 Introduction to Industrial Cleaning
2. 21.2 Substrates (Workpieces)
3. 21.3 Contamination: Soil
4. 21.4 Mechanisms of Aqueous Cleaning
5. 21.5 Detection and Control of Cleaning Result
6. 21.6 Cleaning Methods and Equipment
7. 21.7 Aqueous Cleaners
8. 21.8 Solvent Cleaners
9. 21.9 Maintenance of Cleaner Systems
10. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 3.1

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 6.1

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 7.9

Table 7.10

Table 7.11

Table 7.12

Table 7.13

Table 7.14

Table 8.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 9.7

Table 9.8

Table 9.9

Table 9.10

Table 9.11

Table 9.12

Table 9.13

Table 9.14

Table 9.15

Table 9.16

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Table 10.9

Table 10.10

Table 10.11

Table 10.12

Table 10.13

Table 10.14

Table 10.15

Table 10.16

Table 10.17

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Table 11.9

Table 11.10

Table 11.11

Table 11.12

Table 11.13

Table 11.14

Table 11.15

Table 11.16

Table 11.17

Table 11.18

Table 11.19

Table 11.20

Table 11.21

Table 11.22

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 14.5

Table 14.6

Table 14.7

Table 14.8

Table 14.9

Table 14.10

Table 14.11

Table 14.12

Table 14.13

Table 14.14

Table 14.15

Table 14.16

Table 14.17

Table 14.18

Table 14.19

Table 14.20

Table 14.21

Table 14.22

Table 14.23

Table 14.24

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

Table 15.8

Table 15.9

Table 15.10

Table 15.11

Table 15.12

Table 15.13

Table 15.14

Table 15.15

Table 15.16

Table 15.17

Table 15.18

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 16.4

Table 16.5

Table 16.6

Table 16.7

Table 16.8

Table 16.9

Table 16.10

Table 16.11

Table 16.12

Table 16.13

Table 16.14

Table 16.15

Table 16.16

Table 16.17

Table 16.18

Table 16.19

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Table 17.5

Table 17.6

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 19.5

Table 19.6

Table 19.7

Table 19.8

Table 19.9

Table 19.10

Table 19.11

Table 19.12

Table 19.13

Table 19.14

Table 19.15

Table 19.16

Table 19.17

Table 19.18

Table 19.19

Table 19.20

Table 19.21

Table 19.22

Table 19.23

Table 19.24

Table 19.25

Table 19.26

Table 19.27

Table 19.28

Table 19.29

Table 19.30

Table 19.31

Table 19.32

Table 19.33

Table 19.34

Table 19.35

Table 19.36

Table 19.37

Table 19.38

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

List of Illustrations

Chart 1.1

Chart 1.2

Chart 1.3

Chart 1.4

Chart 1.5

Chart 1.6

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24

Figure 10.25

Figure 10.26

Figure 10.27

Figure 10.28

Figure 10.29

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Figure 11.19

Figure 11.20

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22

Figure 11.23

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.12

Figure 13.13

Figure 13.14

Figure 13.15

Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Figure 13.18

Figure 13.19

Figure 13.20

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 14.10

Figure 14.11

Figure 14.12

Figure 14.13

Figure 14.14

Figure 14.15

Figure 14.16

Figure 14.17

Figure 14.18

Figure 14.19

Figure 14.20

Figure 14.21

Figure 14.22

Figure 14.23

Figure 14.24

Figure 14.25

Figure 14.26

Figure 14.27

Figure 14.28

Figure 14.29

Figure 14.30

Figure 14.31

Figure 14.32

Figure 14.33

Figure 14.34

Figure 14.35

Figure 14.36

Figure 14.37

Figure 14.38

Figure 14.39

Figure 14.40

Figure 14.41

Figure 14.42

Figure 14.43

Figure 14.44

Figure 14.45

Figure 14.46

Figure 14.47

Figure 14.48

Figure 14.49

Figure 14.50

Figure 14.51

Figure 14.52

Figure 14.53

Figure 14.54

Figure 14.55

Figure 14.56

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 15.8

Figure 15.9

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.11

Figure 15.12

Figure 15.13

Figure 15.14

Figure 15.15

Figure 15.16

Figure 15.17

Figure 15.18

Figure 15.19

Figure 15.20

Figure 15.21

Figure 15.22

Figure 15.23

Figure 15.24

Figure 15.25

Figure 15.26

Figure 15.27

Figure 15.28

Figure 15.29

Figure 15.30

Figure 15.31

Figure 15.32

Figure 15.33

Figure 15.34

Figure 15.35

Figure 15.36

Figure 15.37

Figure 15.38

Figure 15.39

Figure 15.40

Figure 15.41

Figure 15.42

Figure 15.43

Figure 15.44

Figure 15.45

Figure 15.46

Figure 15.47

Figure 15.48

Figure 15.49

Figure 15.50

Figure 15.51

Figure 15.52

Figure 15.53

Figure 15.54

Figure 15.55

Figure 15.56

Figure 15.57

Figure 15.58

Figure 15.59

Figure 15.60

Figure 15.61

Figure 15.62

Figure 15.63

Figure 15.64

Figure 15.65

Figure 15.66

Figure 15.67

Figure 15.68

Figure 15.69

Figure 15.70

Figure 15.71

Figure 15.72

Figure 15.73

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 16.8

Figure 16.9

Figure 16.10

Figure 16.11

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 17.9

Figure 17.10

Figure 17.11

Figure 17.12

Figure 17.13

Figure 17.14

Figure 17.15

Figure 17.16

Figure 17.17

Figure 17.18

Figure 17.19

Figure 17.20

Figure 17.21

Figure 17.22

Figure 17.23

Figure 17.24

Figure 17.25

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

Figure 19.8

Figure 19.9

Figure 19.10

Figure 19.11

Figure 19.12

Figure 19.13

Figure 19.14

Figure 19.15

Figure 19.16

Figure 19.17

Figure 19.18

Figure 19.19

Figure 19.20

Figure 19.21

Figure 19.22

Figure 19.23

Figure 19.24

Figure 19.25

Figure 19.26

Figure 19.27

Figure 19.28

Figure 19.29

Figure 19.30

Figure 19.31

Figure 19.32

Figure 19.33

Figure 19.34

Figure 19.35

Figure 19.36

Figure 19.37

Figure 19.38

Figure 19.39

Figure 19.40

Figure 19.41

Figure 19.42

Figure 19.43

Figure 19.44

Figure 19.45

Figure 19.46

Figure 19.47

Figure 19.48

Figure 19.49

Figure 19.50

Figure 19.51

Figure 19.52

Figure 19.53

Figure 19.54

Figure 19.55

Figure 19.56

Figure 19.57

Figure 19.58

Figure 19.59

Figure 19.60

Figure 19.61

Figure 19.62

Figure 19.63

Figure 19.64

Figure 19.65

Figure 19.66

Figure 19.67

Figure 19.68

Figure 19.69

Figure 19.70

Figure 19.71

Figure 19.72

Figure 19.73

Figure 19.74

Figure 19.75

Figure 19.76

Figure 19.77

Figure 19.78

Figure 19.79

Figure 19.80

Figure 19.81

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Figure 20.9

Figure 20.10

Figure 20.11

Figure 20.12

Figure 20.13

Figure 20.14

Figure 20.15

Figure 20.16

Figure 20.17

Figure 20.18

Figure 20.19

Figure 20.20

Figure 20.21

Figure 20.22

Figure 20.23

Figure 20.24

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 21.10

Figure 21.11

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List of Contributors

Thorsten Bartels

Dr.-Ing., Weisenheim am. Sand, Germany

Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH

Director Performance Testing

Wolfgang Bock

Dipl.-Ing., Weinheim, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

International Product Management Industrial Oils

Jürgen Braun

Dr. rer. nat., Speyer, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Head of R&D for Industrial Oils

Christian Busch

Prof. Dr. Ing., Zwickau, Germany

Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau

Vice President

Wilfried Dresel

Dr. rer. nat., Mannheim, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

R&D for Lubricating Greases (International)

Carmen Freiler

Dipl.-Ing., Hüttenfeld, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Head of R&D and Product Management for Metal Cutting Fluids

Apu Gosalia

Dipl.-Kfm/MBA, Mannheim Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

Vice President Sustainability & Global Competitive Intelligence

Manfred Harperscheid

Dr. rer. nat., Römerberg, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Head of R&D for Engine Oils

Rolf-Peter Heckler

Dipl.-Ing., Rimbach, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

International Product Management for Lubricating Greases

Dietrich Hörner

Dr. rer. nat., Hassloch, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

International Product Management for Metal working Fluids and Quenching Oils

Franz Kubicki

Dipl.-Ing., Hockenheim, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

International Product Management for Corrosion Preventives and Sheet Metal forming

Georg Lingg

Dr.-Ing., Mannheim, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

Member of the Executive Board, (until 2013)

Achim Losch

Dr. rer. nat., Westhofen, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Head of R&D for Corrosion Preventives, Metal forming and Cleaners

Rolf Luther

Dipl.-Phys., Speyer, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Head of Advanced Development

Theo Mang

Prof. Dr.-Ing., Weinheim, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

Group's Executive Board, Technology, Group Purchasing, Human Resources (retired)

Roman Müller

Chem. Eng., Mannheim, Germany

Fuchs Petrolub SE

Vice President Know How Transfer/Group Laboratory

Christian Puhl

Dipl.-Ing., Grünstadt, Germany

Fuchs Schmierstoffe GmbH

Product Management for Compressor and Turbine Oils

Nael Zaki

Ph.D., Shawnee, Kansas, USA

Fuchs Lubricants Co.

Lubricating Grease R&D Manager

A Word of Thanks

We thank the Vogel-Verlag for permission to use texts and illustrations from the book titled Schmierstoffe in der Metallbearbeitung written by Prof. Dr. Mang, published in Würzburg in 1983.

The authors thank the following persons for their specialist and linguistic contributions:

Prof. Dr. Dieter Schmoeckel and Dirk Hortig, Institut für Produktions- und Umformtechnik, Darmstadt, Germany; Prof. Will Scott, Tribology Research Group, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Dr. Anand Kakar, FUCHS LUBRICANTS Co., Emlenton, PA; Paul Wilson, FUCHS LUBRICANTS CO., Harvey, IL; Ted McClure, FUCHS LUBRICANTS CO., Harvey, IL; Albert Mascaro, FUCHS LUBRICANTES, Castellbisbal, Spain; Cliff Lea, FUCHS LUBRICANTS (UK), Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Paul Littley, FUCHS LUBRICANTS (UK), Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Heinz-Gerhard Theis, FUCHS, Mannheim, Germany; Mercedes Kowallik FUCHS, Mannheim, Germany; Dr. Helmut Seidel, FUCHS LUBRITECH GmbH, Weilerbach, Gisela Dressler, FUCHS PETROLUB AG, Mannheim, Germany; Ursula Zelter, FUCHS PETROLUB AG, Mannheim, Germany and Jochen Held, Bolanden-Weierhof, Germany.

Roman Müller would extend his special thanks to his former Supervisor and mentor, Siegfried Noll of FUCHS PETROLUB AG, Mannheim, who drew up the initial version of Chapter 18 in the 1st edition of Lubricants and Lubrication.

Dr. Thortsen Bartels, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Darmstadt, the test laboratory engineers Daniel Debus, Lucas Voigt, test assistants Ludwig Herdel, Marcus Stephan and Robert Cybert for collecting and preparing descriptions, making literature searches, providing valuable information and for preparing figures used in Chapter 19. The author also thanks Wolfgang Bock and Dr. Manfred Harperscheid for the good cooperation, and for providing detailed information and their permission to use their data and figures in Chapter 10.

Prof. Dr. Theo Mang thanks SKF Lubrication Systems Germany AG, formerly Willy Vogel AG, to use the internal papers of the Company in Chapter 20. He thanks especially Frank Bechtloff, Jan Ruiter, Götz Mehr, Alexander Tietz and Hans Gaca. He also thanks Dr. Hermann-J. Gummert, Viersen, Germany, Dr. Kai F. Karhausen, Hydro Aluminium Rolled Products GmbH, Bonn Germany as well as Dr. Hartmut Pavelski, SMS Siemag AG, Erhard Schloemann, Düsseldorf, Germany, for important Information in the area of drawing and rolling (Chapter 15).

Preface to the 3rd Edition

Nine years after the publication of the second edition of Lubricants and Lubrication, its high acceptance motivated the publisher and the editors to realize a third edition. The result is this largely revised and extended version in two volumes.

The use of lubricants is as old as the history of mankind but the scientific analysis of lubrication, friction and wear as an aspect of tribology is relatively new. The reduction of friction along with the reduction or even avoidance of wear by the use of lubricants and lubrication technologies results in energy savings, the protection of resources and also fewer emissions. These benefits describe the economic and ecological importance of this field of work.

This third edition spent more attention to environmental facts, to new energies, test methods for lubricants and modern applications of lubricants with centralized lubrication systems and the removal of lubricants in two additional chapters.

Only recently have lubricants begun to be viewed as functional elements in engineering and this group of substances are also attracting increasing attention from engineers.

This book offers chemists and engineers a clear interdisciplinary introduction and orientation to all major lubricant applications. The book focuses not just on the various products but also on specific application engineering criteria.

The authors are internationally recognized experts. All can draw on many years of experience in lubricant development and application.

This book offers the following readers a quick introduction to this field of work: the laboratory technician who has to monitor and evaluate lubricants; plant maintenance people for whom lubricants are an element in process technology; research and development people who have to deal with friction and wear; engineers who view lubricants as functional elements and as media which influence service life and increasingly safety and environmental protection officers who are responsible for workplace safety, an acceptable use of resources along with the reduction or avoidance of emissions and wastes.

Theo Mang

October 2016 Wilfried Dresel

Abbreviations

AAS	Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
ACEA	Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles
	Association of the European Car Manufacturers
AD	Ashless Dispersant
AENOR	Asociación Espanola de Normalización y Certificación
	Spanish Association for Normalization and Certification
AFNOR	Association Francaise de Normation
	French Association for Normalization
AGMA	American Gear Manufacturers Association (USA)
API	American Petroleum Institute (USA)
ASTM	American Society of Testing Materials (USA)
ASTME	American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers (USA)
ATF	Automatic Transmission Fluid
ATIEL	Association Technique de L'Industrie Européenne des Lubrifiants
	Technical Association of the European Lubricant Industry
AW	Anti-Wear
AWT	Almen-Wieland-Test
BAM	Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (D)
	Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
BOD	Biological Oxygen Demand
CAFE	Californian Act for Fuel Emission (USA)
CCEL	China Certification Committee for Environmental Labelling of products
CCMC	Committee of Common Market Automobile Constructors (EU)
CCS	Cold Cranking Simulator
CEC	Coordinating European Council for the development of performance tests for lubricants and engine fuels
CETOP	Comité Européen des Transmissions Oleohydrauliques et Pneumatiques European Oil Hydraulic and Pneumatic Committee
CFMS	Closed-Field Magnetron Sputtering
COD	Chemical Oxygen Demand
CONCAWE	The Oil Companies' Organization for the Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
CRC	Coordinating Research Council (EU)
CVD	Chemical Vapor Deposition
CVT	Constantly Variable Transmission
DD	Detergent and Dispersant
DGMK	Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle German Scientific Society for Mineral Oil, Natural Gas and Coal
DIN	Deutsches Institut für Normung
	German Institute for Normalization
DKA	Deutscher Koordinierungsausschuß im CEC
	German Committee for Coordination in the CEC
DLC	Diamond-like amorphous Carbon
DSC	Differential Scanning Calorimetry
EBT	Electron Beam Texturing
ECP	Environmental Choice Program (CDN)
EHD	Elastohydrodynamic
EHEDG	European Hygienic Equipment Design Group
ELGI	European Lubricating Grease Institute
EN	European Norm
EP	Extreme Pressure
FCC	Fuel Catalytic Cracker
FDA	Food and Drug Administration (USA)
FM	Friction Modifier
FTMS	Federal Test Methods Standardization (USA)
FVA	Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik (D)
	Research Association for Drive Technology
FZG	Forschungsstelle für Zahnräder und Getriebebau (D)
	Research Center for Toothed Wheel and Gearing Engineering
GC	Gas Chromatography
GfT	Gesellschaft für Tribologie (D)
	Society for Tribology
GOST	Gossudarstwenny Obschtschessojusny Standart (former USSR)
	State Standard (Governmental Union Standard)
HC	Hydrocracked
HD	Heavy Duty
HLB	Hydrophilic-Lyophilic Balance
HPDSC	High Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
HPLC	High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
HRC	Rockwell C Hardness
HTHS	High Temperature High Shear
HVI	High Viscosity Index
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer
IBAD	Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition
ICP	Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
IFP	Institute Francais de Pétrole
	French Institute of Petroleum
ILMA	Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association (USA)
ILSAC	International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
IP	Institute of Petroleum (UK)
ISO	International Standard Organisation
ISO VG	ISO Viscosity Grade
JEA	Japanese Environmental Association
JIS	Japanese Industrial Standard
LDF	Long Drain Field Test
LIMS	Laboratory Information and Management System
LVFA	Low Velocity Friction Apparatus
LVI	Low Viscosity Index
MAK	Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration
	Maximum Workplace Concentration
MIL	Military Standard (USA)
MLDW	Mobil Lube Dewaxing
MQL	Minimum Quantity Lubrication
MRV	Mini Rotary Viscosimeter
MS	Mass Spectroscopy
MSDW	Mobil Selective Dewaxing
N-D-M	(Refractive Index) n-Density-Molecular Weight
NLGI	National Lubricating Grease Institute (USA)
NMR	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (EU)
OEM	Original Equipment Manufacturer
PCMO	Passenger Car Motor Oil
PEP	Passive Extreme Pressure
PPD	Pour Point Depressant
PTFE	Polytetrafluorethylene
PVD	Physical Vapor Deposition
RAL UZ	Reichsausschuß für Lieferbedingungen und Gütesicherung, Umweltzeichen (D)
	Imperial Committee for Quality Control and Labelling, Environmental Symbol
RNT	Radionuclide Technique
RVT	Reichert-Verschleiß-Test
	Reichert-Wear-Test
SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers (USA)
SCDSC	Sealed Capsule Differential Scanning Calorimetry
SHPD	Super High Performance Diesel
SRE	Standard Reference Elastomer
SRV	Schwing-Reibverschleiß Gerät (translatorisches Oszillations-Prüfgerät)
	Translatory oscillation apparatus
STLE	Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
STOU	Super Tractor Oil Universal
SUS	Saybolt Universal Seconds
TAN	Total Acid Number
TBN	Total Base Number
TDA	Thermal Deasphalting
TEI	Thailand Environment Institute
TEWL	Transepidermal Water Loss
TG	Thermogravimetry
TGL	Technische Normen, Gütevorschriften und Lieferbedingungen (former DDR)
	Technical Standards, Quality Specifications and Terms of Delivery
TLV	Threshold Limit Value
TOST	Turbine Oil Oxidation Stabilty Test
TRIP	Transformation Induced Plasticity
TRK	Technische Richtkonzentration (D)
	Technical Guideline Concentration
TSSI	Temporary Shear Stability Index
UEIL	Union Européenne des Indépendents en Lubrifiants
	European Union of Independent Lubricant Manufacturers
UHPD	Ultra High Performance Diesel
UHVI	Ultra High Viscosity Index
UNITI	Bundesverband Mittelständischer Mineralölunternehmen (D)
	Federal Association of the Middle-class Oil Companies
USDA	United States Department for Agriculture
UTTO	Universal Tractor Transmission Oil
VAMIL	Regeling Willekeurig Afschrijving Milieu-Investeringen (NL)
	Regulation of discretion deductions for investments into the environment
VCI	Vapor Phase (Volatile) Corrosion Inhibitor
VDA	Verband der Automobilindustrie (D)
	Automobile Industry Association
VDI	Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
	Association of German Engineers
VDMA	Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau German Engineering Federation
VDS	Volvo Drain Specification
VGB	Technische Vereinigung der Großkraftwerkbetreiber (D)
	Technical Association of Large Power Plant Operators
VGO	Vacuum Gas Oil
VHVI	Very High Viscosity Index
VI	Viscosity Index
VIE	Viscosity Index Extended
VII	Viscosity Index Improver
VKA	Vier-Kugel-Apparat
	Four-Ball-Apparatus
VOC	Volatile Organic Compounds
Vp	Viscosity-pressure
VPI	Vapor Phase Inhibitor
VT	Viscosity-Temperature
VTC	Viscosity-Temperature-Coefficient
WGK	Wassergef_hrdungsklasse
	Water Hazardous Class (Water Pollution Class)
XHVI	Extra High Viscosity Index
XRF	X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry
ZAF	Zinc and Ashes Free

Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition