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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rosen, Marc (Marc A.), author. | Koohi-Fayegh, Seama, 1983- author.
Title: Geothermal energy : sustainable heating and cooling using the ground /
Marc A. Rosen and Seama Koohi-Fayegh, University of Ontario Institute of
Technology, Oshawa, Canada.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016037031 (print) | LCCN 2016046782 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119180982 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119181033 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119181019
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016037031
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Preface
Geothermal energy systems that provide heating and cooling using the ground are increasingly applied, and represent a technology that supports sustainable use of energy. Ground-source heat pumps, thermal energy storage and district energy are components of geothermal energy systems, and have been around for over 40 years and are widely applied. But they are also undergoing research and being improved continually, and advanced systems and components, as well as advanced understanding, are expected to be developed over the foreseeable future.
In this book, geothermal energy systems that utilize ground energy in conjunction with heat pumps to provide sustainable heating and cooling are described. Information on a range of topics is provided, from thermodynamic concepts to more advanced discussions on the renewability and sustainability of closed-loop geothermal energy systems. Numerous applications of such systems are also described. Theory and analysis are emphasized throughout, with detailed descriptions of models available for vertical geothermal heat exchangers.
The book also contains many references, including some related to books and articles on various aspects of geothermal systems that are not fully covered. Some links to websites with basic freeware for ground-source heat transfer modeling and building heating loads are referenced throughout the book.
The book is research oriented, thereby ensuring that new developments and advances in geothermal energy systems are covered.
The book is intended for use by advanced undergraduate or graduate students in several engineering disciplines such as mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energy engineering, environmental engineering, process engineering and industrial engineering. Courses on geothermal energy systems or related courses such as heat exchangers, thermal energy storage or heat pumps that are often offered at the graduate level in Mechanical Engineering or related fields may find this book useful. The information included is sufficient for energy, environment and sustainable development courses. The book can also be used in research centers, institutes and labs focusing on the areas mentioned above, by related learned societies and professional associations, and in industrial organizations and companies interested in geothermal energy and its applications. Drillers and installers as well as regulatory agencies may also be interested in the book. Furthermore, the book offers a valuable and readable reference text source for anyone interested in learning about geothermal energy systems.
The book strives to provide clear information on ground-based geothermal systems and the many advances occurring in the field in a way that makes it understandable for students, practitioners, researchers and policy makers.
Various topics are covered, from fundamentals to advanced discussions on sustainability. Many applications are described, while theory and analysis are emphasized throughout. Detailed descriptions are provided of models for geothermal heat exchangers and heat pumps. The organization of the book is intended to help the reader build knowledge in a logical fashion while working through the book, and is as outlined here. Introductory material is included in the first two chapters, with an overview of geothermal energy as a source of energy and technologies that can harvest it described in Chapter 1, and fundamentals of thermofluid engineering disciplines related to geothermal energy systems provided in Chapter 2. Information on the main components of geothermal energy systems such as heat pumps, heat exchangers, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment and energy storage units are provided in Chapter 3. The next five chapters form the heart of the book, with thermal energy storage being the focus of Chapter 4, geothermal heating and cooling forming the core of Chapter 5, and design and installation considerations for geothermal energy systems being the emphasis of Chapter 6. Extensive material is provided on modeling of ground heat exchangers and heat pumps, with the modeling of ground heat exchangers including a variety of models examined in Chapter 7 and the application of the models to various relevant examples presented in Chapter 8. The thermodynamic analysis of geothermal energy systems is the focus of Chapter 9. Extensive coverage is provided on environmental and sustainability factors, as these have become increasingly germane in recent years. Environmental factors related to geothermal energy systems are covered in Chapter 10 while their renewability and sustainability are examined in Chapter 11. To close, a range of case studies for geothermal energy systems is presented in Chapter 12 that illustrate the technologies, their applications and their advantages and disadvantages.
The main features of the book are:
comprehensive coverage of ground-based geothermal energy systems;
detailed descriptions and discussions of methods to determine potential environmental impacts of geothermal energy systems and their thermal interactions;
presentations of the most up-to-date information in the area;
suitability as a good reference for geothermal heat exchangers;
a research orientation to provide coverage of the state of the art and emerging trends and recent developments;
numerous illustrative examples and case studies;
clarity and simplicity of presentation of geothermal energy systems that use the ground.
We hope this book allows geothermal energy to be used more widely for the provision of heating and cooling services using the ground in a sustainable manner, using both existing and conventional equipment and systems as well as new and advanced technologies. The book aims to provide an enhanced understanding of the behaviours of heating and cooling systems in the form of ground-source heat pumps that exploit geothermal energy for sustainable heating and cooling of buildings, and enhanced tools for improving them. By exploiting the benefits of applying exergy methods to these ground-based energy systems, we believe they can be made more efficient, clean and sustainable, and help humanity address many of the challenges it faces.
October 2016
Marc A. Rosen and Seama Koohi-Fayegh
University of Ontario Institute of
Technology, Oshawa, Canada
About the Authors
Marc A. Rosen is a Professor at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada, where he served as founding Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science. A former President of the Engineering Institute of Canada and the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, he is a registered Professional Engineer in Ontario. He has served in many professional capacities, including Editor-in-Chief of several journals and a member of the Board of Directors of Oshawa Power and Utilities Corporation. He is an active teacher and researcher in energy, sustainability, geothermal energy and environmental impact. Much of his research has been carried out for industry, and he has written numerous books. He has worked for such organizations as Imatra Power Company in Finland, Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, and the Institute for Hydrogen Systems near Toronto. He has received numerous awards and honours, including an Award of Excellence in Research and Technology Development from the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Engineering Institute of Canada's Smith Medal for achievement in the development of Canada, and the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering's Angus Medal for outstanding contributions to the management and practice of mechanical engineering. He is a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Canadian Academy of Engineering, the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the International Energy Foundation and the Canadian Society for Senior Engineers.
Seama Koohi-Fayegh is a Post-doctoral Fellow at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada. She received her PhD in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology under the supervision of Professor Marc A. Rosen. Her PhD thesis topic was proposed by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and focused on thermal sustainability of geothermal energy systems: system interactions and environmental impacts. She did her Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering (Energy Conversion) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, and worked on entropy generation analysis of condensation with shear stress on the condensate layer. Her thesis research won multiple awards at the school level and at the Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineering in 2009. Her research interests include heat transfer, sustainable energy systems and energy technology assessment.
Acknowledgments
The work of many of our colleagues helped greatly in the development of this book, and is gratefully acknowledged. Some of the material in this book is derived from research that we have carried out with numerous distinguished collaborators over the years. These include the following faculty members in geothermal energy and related areas:
Drs Ibrahim Dincer and Bale V. Reddy, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
Drs Wei Leong and Alan Fung, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dr Vlodek R. Tarnawski, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Dr Robert A. Schincariol, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
Dr Tomasz Śliwa, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
Dr Frank C. Hooper, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dr David S. Scott, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
We highly appreciate all of their efforts, as well as their thought-provoking insights.
Last but not least, the authors warmly thank their families, for their endless encouragement and support throughout the completion of this book. Their patience and understanding is most appreciated.
Nomenclature
A
surface area; m2; cross-sectional area, m2
a
absorptivity; temperature coefficient; constant
b
constant
Bi
Biot number
C
volumetric heat capacity of soil, J/m3 K
c
specific heat, J/kg K
COP
coefficient of performance
cp
specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg K
cv
specific heat at constant volume, J/kg K
d
diameter, m
dA
surface element, m2
di
pipe inner diameter, m
D
pipe diameter, m; uppermost part of the borehole, m; U-tube leg half distance, m