Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Dedication

Contributors

Acknowledgments

A biocultural tribute to a biocultural scholar: Professor George J. Armelagos, May 22, 1936–May 15, 2014
1. References
Chapter 1: Introduction: the development of biocultural perspectives in anthropology
1. Introduction
2. The origins and development of the biocultural approach
3. Using a biocultural model
4. Difficulties in using the biocultural approach
5. The case studies in this volume
6. Conclusion
7. References
8. Notes

Part I: Critical and synthetic approaches to biocultural anthropology

Chapter 2: Exploring biocultural concepts: anthropology for the next generation
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: the Quechua of southern Peru, 1964 to the present
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. References
7. Notes
8. Endnotes
Chapter 3: Local nutrition in global contexts: critical biocultural perspectives on the nutrition transition in Mexico
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: the “coca-colonization” of diet in the Yucatán
4. Conclusion
5. References
6. Notes

Part II: Biocultural approaches to identity

Chapter 4: Disease and dying while black: how racism, not race, gets under the skin
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: race versus racism
4. Discussion and conclusion
5. References
Chapter 5: Beyond genetic race: biocultural insights into the causes of racial health disparities
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study #1: hypertension in the African Diaspora
4. Case study #2: does the experience of racial discrimination in the United States have intergenerational health consequences?
5. Discussion and conclusion
6. References
Chapter 6: Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. References
7. Notes
Chapter 7: Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people
1. Introduction
2. Case study: Afro-American biohistory
3. Conclusion
4. References
5. Notes

Part III: Biocultural approaches to health and diet

Chapter 8: “Canaries in the mineshaft”: the children of Kulubnarti
1. Introduction
2. Case study: Nubia and Kulubnarti
3. Conclusion
4. Acknowledgments
5. References
Chapter 9: Biocultural investigations of ancient Nubia
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: operationalizing a biocultural investigation: the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 10: Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past
1. Introduction
2. Case study: life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria
3. Discussion
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 11: Does industrialization always result in reduced skeletal robusticity?
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: testing ideas about robusticity and industrialization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
Chapter 12: Stable isotopes and selective forces: examples in biocultural and environmental anthropology
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: isotopes and epidemiological risk factors/synergies at Wadi Halfa and surrounding regions
4. Discussion and conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 13: The cuisine of prehispanic Central Mexico reconsidered: the “omnivore's dilemma” revisited
1. Introduction
2. Case study: prehispanic cuisine of Central Mexico
3. Conclusion
4. Acknowledgments
5. References

Part IV: Biocultural approaches to infectious disease

Chapter 14: The specter of Ebola: epidemiologic transitions versus the zombie apocalypse
1. Introduction
2. Case study: Ebola and the epidemiologic transitions
3. Discussion and conclusion
4. References
5. Notes
Chapter 15: Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague
1. Introduction
2. Case study: investigating the cause of the Hittite plague
3. Discussion and conclusion
4. Acknowledgments
5. References
Chapter 16: Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: biocultural and paleoepidemiological approaches to the origin and antiquity of syphilis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. References

Part V: Biocultural approaches to understanding population dynamics

Chapter 17: Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: Åland archipelago
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
Chapter 18: The hygiene hypothesis and the second epidemiologic transition: using biocultural, epidemiological, and evolutionary theory to inform practice in clinical medicine and public health
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: applying the hygiene hypothesis to practice in public health and clinical medicine
4. Discussion and conclusion
5. References
Chapter 19: An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies
1. Introduction
2. Case study: exploring Caribbean genetic history
3. Discussion
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
7. Notes
Chapter 20: Explorations in paleodemography: an overview of the Artificial Long House Valley agent-based modeling project
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: the Artificial Long House Valley (ALHV) Project models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References

Part VI: Biocultural approaches to inequality and violence

Chapter 21: Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: understanding European contact in the Americas
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
7. Notes
Chapter 22: The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: the Sierra de Mazatán massacre
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 23: Broken bodies and broken bones: Biocultural approaches to ancient slavery and torture
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Case study: slavery and torture in the prehispanic Southwest
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. References
7. Notes

Part VII: The next generation

Chapter 24: Concluding thoughts: a bright future for students trained in using a biocultural perspective
1. Introduction
2. Teaching, pedagogy, and ethics
3. The past as a guide
4. A bright future for biocultural scholarship
5. References
6. Notes
Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Introduction: the development of biocultural perspectives in anthropology

Figure 1.1 Biocultural model highlighting the common and important aspects of integration across domains.

Chapter 3: Local nutrition in global contexts: critical biocultural perspectives on the nutrition transition in Mexico

Figure 3.1 Map of Mexico showing the Yucatán Peninsula in gray. Source: Pi-Sunyer and Thomas (1997). Reproduced with permission of Sage Publications.

Chapter 4: Disease and dying while black: how racism, not race, gets under the skin

Figure 4.1 Relationship between geographic and genetic distance. Note the very strong relationship between geographic and genetic distance. In almost every case, geographic distance is highly correlated with genetic difference. Source: redrawn from Templeton (1998).
Figure 4.2 Mean differences in SNPs. Note that the average difference between two Africans is greater than the average difference between two Europeans or two Asians and also greater than the average difference between a Eurasian and an African. Data from Yu et al. (2002).
Figure 4.3 Percentage correct classification of Native American crania to race. Original test and original retest of the data from Giles and Elliot (1962) and four retests by other authors. Note the sharp decrease in percentage correct on the retested samples.
Figure 4.4 Distribution of birth weights among infants of US-born white and black women and African-born black women in Illinois, 1980–1995. The calculation of frequencies was based on all singleton births in Illinois. The study population included the infants of 3135 black women born in sub-Saharan Africa, 43 322 black women born in the United States (a sample that included 7.5% of the total number of black women giving birth in Illinois), and 44 046 US-born white women (2.5% of the total number of white women giving birth in Illinois). Source: David and Collins 1997.

Chapter 6: Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective

Figure 6.1 African adult sex ratio for eighteenth-century New York City.
Figure 6.2 New York African Burial Ground mortality.
Figure 6.3 New York African Burial Ground mortality by sex and age.
Figure 6.4 African child-to-woman ratio New York City.
Figure 6.5 Summary of relevant political economic factors.

Chapter 7: Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people

Figure 7.1 Generalized model for the biocultural analysis of skeletal remains. Source: Goodman et al. (1984).
Figure 7.2 First African Baptist Church location and African-American households residential segregation patterns (line density represents population density).
Figure 7.3 First African Baptist Church cemetery excavation plan.
Figure 7.4 First African Baptist Church mortality.
Figure 7.5 Synthesized FABC biocultural model.
Figure 7.6 Philadelphia free African American population 1830–1840.

Chapter 8: “Canaries in the mineshaft”: the children of Kulubnarti

Figure 8.1 Map of Nubia with cataracts labeled first through fifth.
Figure 8.2 (a) Cribra orbitalia. (b) Enamel hypoplasia. (c) Cross-sectional view of a tooth showing Wilson's bands.
Figure 8.3 Average life expectancy by age at death category for the island and mainland cemeteries. Data from Van Gerven et al. (1981).
Figure 8.4 (a) Percentage frequency of cribra orbitalia by age at death category for the island and mainland cemeteries. (b) Percentage frequency of active cribra orbitalia by age at death category for the island and mainland cemeteries. (c) Average life expectancy by age at death category for individuals with and without the cribra orbitalia lesion. (d) Percentage frequency of enamel hypoplasia by age at death for the island and mainland cemeteries. (e) Intervals between hypoplasias in years. When multiple hypoplasias are present on single teeth, 80% of them occur within six-month intervals in the island cemetery. Most hypoplasia events in the mainland cemetery are separated by a year of recovery. (f) Correlation between percent frequency of hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia for the cemeteries combined. Each data point is a whole-year age at death category (1–5yrs). Data for (a)–(c) from Mittler and Van Gerven (1994), (d,e) from Van Gerven et al. (1990) and (f) from Van Gerven et al. (1995).
Figure 8.5 Percentage frequency of cribra orbitalia, hypoplasia, and probability of dying by age at death. Data from Van Gerven et al. (1995).
Figure 8.6 Number of Wilson's bands and percentage of enamel affected by cemetery. Data from Karhu (1991).
Figure 8.7 Nitrogen isotope values of rib collagen by age at death. Each data point is the mean of a category. There is considerable variability at each age, but the mean line is a reasonable representation of the trend in the data. The declining values represent the weaning process. Here, the average three year old was not completely weaned, but weaning was complete for most five year olds. Data from Turner et al. (2007) and Sandberg et al. (2014).
Figure 8.8 (a) High-resolution nitrogen isotope profile from the permanent first molar of individual “R26” overlaid on the mean line from the rib collagen data. The individual appears to have been weaned earlier than the average non-survivor. (b) A high-resolution nitrogen isotope profile from the permanent first molar of individual “R26.” The vertical bars represent the timing of enamel hypoplasias on this individual's permanent first molar or permanent canine. The hypoplasias occurred during the weaning process, rather than after weaning was complete. Data from Sandberg et al. (2014).

Chapter 9: Biocultural investigations of ancient Nubia

Figure 9.1 Map showing the locations of major sites and landmarks in Nubia. The star marks the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition project area.
Figure 9.2 George J. Armelagos preparing bone samples from the 1963–1964 field season for shipment to the United States in the University of Colorado field lab near Wadi Halfa. Photo provided by George Armelagos.

Chapter 10: Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past

Figure 10.1 Map of the Peoria Public Library excavation showing the existing library, the location of detected grave shafts, the original proposed footprint of the new building (the outermost line within which all grave shafts appear), and the final reduced footprint of the proposed building (the square within which a more limited number of grave shafts were recorded). The original plat of the cemetery has been overlaid, appearing as numbered squares and rectangles of varying size. Source: Bird and Grauer (2012).
Figure 10.2 Mortality profiles derived from skeletal analyses and mortality schedules.
Figure 10.3 Common causes of death recorded in the mortality schedules.
Figure 10.4 Most common causes of death of children two years old and younger (1850 = 79 children, 1860 = 193).

Chapter 13: The cuisine of prehispanic Central Mexico reconsidered: the “omnivore's dilemma” revisited

Figure 13.1 Map of the Prehispanic Basin of Mexico with Both Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan and the Lakes. Adapted from Basin of Mexico-en.svg, Creative Commons International 4.0.].
Figure 13.2 The axolotl, the distinctive salamander eaten by prehispanics in the Basin of Mexico. Photo by R. Widmer.

Chapter 15: Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague

Figure 15.1 Comparison of skeletal lesions in Ugandans who died of anemia and those who died of other causes.
Figure 15.2 Amarna age-at-death frequencies by group.
Figure 15.3 Sex frequencies at Amarna's South Tombs Cemetery.
Figure 15.4 Frequencies of multiple burials by section of the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna.
Figure 15.5 Female stature differences at Amarna by site.
Figure 15.6 Childhood age at death at Amarna.

Chapter 16: Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis

Figure 16.1 (a) Caries sicca lesions on the cranial vault. (b) Bony expansions and nodes with superficial cavitation on the long bones.
Figure 16.2 Typical chancre of primary stage syphilis.
Figure 16.3 Maps depicting (a) all reported cases of pre-Columbian treponemal disease in the Old World, (c) those cases with a certain diagnosis (score ≥4), and (c) those cases with both a certain diagnosis (score ≥4) and a radiocarbon date with a 95% CI interval that ends before 1493, after adjusting for the marine signature (dating score ≥4). Modified from Harper et al. (2011). Reroduced with permission of American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Chapter 17: Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland

Figure 17.1 The components, stages, and characteristics of demographic and epidemiologic transitions.
Figure 17.2 Map showing location and parish subdivisions for the Åland Island archipelago.
Figure 17.3 Crude birth rates, crude death rates, and population growth in Åland from 1750 to 1950.
Figure 17.4 Observed and predicted changes in crude death and crude birth rates along with slope changes.
Figure 17.5 Observed and predicted changes in infectious disease deaths along with a slope change.
Figure 17.6 Observed and predicted changes in deaths of children less than 10 years of age along with slope changes.
Figure 17.7 Observed and predicted changes in deaths of children 10 years and older along with the changes in slopes.

Chapter 18: The hygiene hypothesis and the second epidemiologic transition: using biocultural, epidemiological, and evolutionary theory to inform practice in clinical medicine and public health

Figure 18.1 The model of demographic and epidemiologic transitions, as conceptualized by Omran (1971) and Thompson (1929).
Figure 18.2 Asthma prevalence among children 0 to 17 years of age in the United States, in 1980–2007, based on data from the National Health Interview Survey. Figure shows an increase from 3.6% in 1980 to a peak of 7.5% in 1995. Asthma attack is defined as those experiencing >/−1 asthma attack in the previous year.
Figure 18.3 Helminths that have been used in trials to treat IBD. (a) Trichuris suis, the pig whipworm. (b) Necator americanus, the human hookworm.

Chapter 19: An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies

Figure 19.1 A map of the Caribbean region showing the locations of the islands on which the indigenous populations participating in our genetics studies reside.

Chapter 20: Explorations in paleodemography: an overview of the Artificial Long House Valley agent-based modeling project

Figure 20.1 The Four Corners region showing the location of other major Ancestral Puebloan areas; top map provides detail on the study area itself.
Figure 20.2 Population growth rates in the Long House Valley, AD 800–1350. The archaeological data are based on archaeological estimates over the entire period. The curves in gray fit an exponential growth model to the three time periods corresponding to growing populations in the region. The early and late periods are characterized by similar growth rates (r = 0.006 versus r = 0.005), while the middle period indicates a time of accelerated growth (r = 0.012).
Figure 20.3 General structure of the original AA model. The model space is 80 × 120 cells with each cell representing a 100 m × 100 m space. Farms can be placed on any productive cell, but only one farm is allowed per cell. Households are placed on unfarmed, less productive cells near farms, with multiple households allowed per cell.
Figure 20.4 Output from simulations of the AA model. (a) Map of the simulated Long House Valley near the time of maximum population size. White squares designate household farms, which are densely distributed throughout the prime agricultural land (darkest gray) at this time. (b) Graph of archaeological (black) and simulated (gray) household counts between AD 800 and AD 1350 exhibiting a “good fit” of the model to data. The model parameters were chosen to maximize the probability that the fit between the model and data is adequate, although specific runs are highly variable and can result in, for example, early extinction, presence of only one peak, overshooting both peaks, etc. Analyses presented in Janssen (2009) indicate that the general pattern is driven by environmental characteristics that influence “harvest parameters” and determine the carrying capacity of the land.
Figure 20.5 Results of simulations using low, moderate, and high values for HARVEST ADJUSTMENT with archaeological population estimates for comparison.
Figure 20.6 An example of simulations where population estimates reach the carrying capacity of the landscape. The tops of the peaks have leveled off because the population cannot grow larger than the carrying capacity.
Figure 20.7 Typical output from simulations of the ALHV model. The vast majority of runs exhibit a pattern of exponential growth (consistent with the assumption of constant age-specific birth and death rates), followed by a steep decline as the region becomes agriculturally unproductive. Patterns of population growth are independent of the environmental characteristics that influence “harvest variables.” Note: the archaeological data curve is identical to that shown in Figure 20.2 and 20.4b, but the vertical scale has changed so that all simulated data can appear on the plot.
Figure 20.8 The packed simulation landscape that results from ALHV runs. Map of the simulated Long House Valley near the time of maximum population size. White squares designate household farms, which are densely distributed throughout almost the entire valley at this time.
Figure 20.9 Premortem maxillary tooth loss for Early and Late Pueblo. Based on data from right side maxillae only. Adapted from Martin et al. (1991:206).

Chapter 21: Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology

Figure 21.1 Map of the Lambayeque Valley region with locations of Mórrope and Eten.
Figure 21.2 (a) The archaeological site at Mórrope. (b) The archaeological site at Eten.
Figure 21.3 Bone collagen carbon and nitrogen isotope data from Mórrope and Eten.
Figure 21.4 Bone and enamel carbon and oxygen isotope data from Mórrope and Eten (broken down by time period).
Figure 21.5 Wilson's band (WB) in tooth enamel from Eten (individual U4-AE12) along with a well-defined neonatal line and striae of Retzius (SR) at a low magnification. Photo source: Garland (2014).

Chapter 22: The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis

Figure 22.1 Alternative model for a bioarchaeology of violence.
Figure 22.2 Map of relevant locations in north-western Mexico.

Chapter 23: Broken bodies and broken bones: Biocultural approaches to ancient slavery and torture

Figure 23.1 Female, age 25, no skeletal evidence of trauma. Pit structure 1, upper fill. LA 37595, B1.
Figure 23.2 Female, age 33, cranial and postcranial trauma evident on the skeleton highlighted. Pit structure 1, lower fill. LA 65030, B9.
Figure 23.4 Age 10.5, no skeletal evidence of trauma. Pit structure 1, lower fill. LA 65030, B7.
Figure 23.3 Female, age 20, cranial and postcranial trauma evident on the skeleton highlighted. Pit structure 1, lower fill. LA 65030, B8.
Figure 23.5 Drawing of perimortem taphonomic damage to FOO-002, dorsal surface.
Figure 23.6 Drawing of perimortem taphonomic damage to FOO-002, plantar view.

List of Tables

Chapter 6: Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective

Table 6.1 New York African population by age and sex, eighteenth century censuses
Table 6.2 African adult sex ratio New York County 1703–1800
Table 6.3 New York African Burial Ground adult mortality
Table 6.4 New York African Burial Ground subadult mortality
Table 6.5 Population of New York County, 1698–1800

Chapter 7: Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people

Table 7.1 FABC adult mortality by age and sex
Table 7.2 FABC subadult mortality by age group
Table 7.3 Denomination of church and color of households
Table 7.4 Afro-American and African Baptist heads of households
Table 7.5 Male heads of household occupations
Table 7.6 Occupation of female heads of household
Table 7.7 Household beneficial society membership
Table 7.8 Afro-American skeletal series (prior to 1996)

Chapter 8: “Canaries in the mineshaft”: the children of Kulubnarti

Table 8.1 Age at death categories and sample sizes for the island and mainland cemeteries

Chapter 10: Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past

Table 10.1 Demographic profile of skeletal remains recovered from the Peoria City Cemetery (age at death could not be determined for two individuals)
Table 10.2 Most frequent pathological conditions recorded in the Peoria Cemetery sample
Table 10.3 Juveniles in the Peoria Public Cemetery skeletal sample displaying reactive bone (adapted from Grauer et al. 2013 and Drissell et al. 2012)
Table 10.4 Comparison of demographic profiles derived from mortality schedules and skeletal analysis

Chapter 11: Does industrialization always result in reduced skeletal robusticity?

Table 11.1 Descriptive statistics for the femur and humerus of the Colorado Insane Asylum sample
Table 11.2 Regression of robusticity indices for nineteenth-century archaeological sites compared to the Colorado Asylum sample
Table 11.3 Difference of means between the nineteenth-century samples and the Industrial samples presented in Wescott (2001, 2006)
Table 11.4 Skeletal robusticity indices from external metric measurements

Chapter 15: Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague

Table 15.1 Diseases potentially responsible for the Hittite plague
Table 15.2 Comparison chart of malaria species ecology^*
Table 15.3 Frequencies of skeletal anemia at Amarna compared with modern malarial/non-malarial reference samples

Chapter 16: Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis

Table 16.1 Scoring criteria employed, modified from Harper et al. (2011)

Chapter 17: Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland

Table 17.1 MARS estimates (parameters) for crude death and crude birth rates in Åland

Chapter 19: An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies

Table 19.1 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies in indigenous Caribbean communities
Table 19.2 Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in indigenous Caribbean communities

Chapter 21: Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology

Table 21.1 Commonly studied pathological conditions in human skeletal remains
Table 21.2 Summary pathological condition frequencies and prevalence at Mórrope and Eten (broken down by time period) (adapted from Klaus and Alvarez-Calderón, in press)

Chapter 22: The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis

Table 22.1 Trauma and pathology analysis of crania from the 1902 Sierra de Mazatán massacre. Source: Bauer-Clapp and Pérez (2014:180)

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Cover images provided by Ann Magennis, Nicole Smith Guzman, Beth Turner, Chris Kuzawa, Tad Schurr, Alan Swedlund, Tom Leatherman, and Kristin Harper.

Contributors

George J. Armelagos (deceased)
Formerly Department of Anthropology
Emory University
Atlanta
USA

Brenda J. Baker
Center for Bioarchaeological Research
School of Human Evolution and Social Change
Arizona State University
Tempe
USA

Ronald Barrett
Department of Anthropology
Macalester College
Carnegie Hall
St Paul
USA

Jonathan R. Belanich
Department of Anthropology and Middle
Eastern Cultures and
Department of Biological Sciences
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State
USA

Jada Benn Torres
Department of Anthropology
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame
USA

M. Catherine Bird
Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc.
Marengo
USA

Michael L. Blakey
Department of Anthropology
Institute for Historical Biology;
College of William and Mary
Williamsburg
USA

Joshua G.S. Clementz
Department of Anthropology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
USA

Jill B. Gaieski
Department of Anthropology
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
USA

Alan H. Goodman
School of Natural Science
Hampshire College
Amherst
USA

George J. Gumerman III
Santa Fe Institute
Santa Fe
USA

Anne L. Grauer
Department of Anthropology
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago
USA

Clarence C. Gravlee
Department of Anthropology
University of Florida
Gainesville
USA

Kristin N. Harper
Harper Health & Science Communications, LLC
Seattle
USA

Morgan Hoke
Department of Anthropology
Northwestern University
Evanston
USA

Haagen D. Klaus
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
George Mason University
Fairfax
USA

Kathleen Kuckens
Department of Anthropology
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville
USA

Christopher W. Kuzawa
Department of Anthropology
Northwestern University
Evanston
USA

Thomas Leatherman
Department of Anthropology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst
USA

Fred J. Longstaffe
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Western Ontario
London
Canada

Ann L. Magennis
Department of Anthropology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
USA

Debra L. Martin
Department of Anthropology
University of Nevada
Las Vegas
USA

Richard S. Meindl
Department of Anthropology
Kent State University
Kent
USA

Carlalynne Melendez
Department of Social Science
University of Puerto Rico
Humacao
Puerto Rico

James H. Mielke
Department of Anthropology
University of Kansas
Lawrence
USA

Anna J. Osterholtz
Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State
USA

Ventura R. Pérez
Department of Anthropology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst
USA

Lesley M. Rankin-Hill
Department of Anthropology
University of Oklahoma
Norman
USA

Jerome C. Rose
Department of Anthropology
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville
USA

Paul A. Sandberg
Department of Anthropology
University of Colorado
Boulder
USA

Lisa Sattenspiel
Department of Anthropology
University of Missouri
Columbia
USA

Theodore G. Schurr
Department of Anthropology
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
USA

Nicole E. Smith-Guzmán
Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archeology
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Balboa
Republic of Panamá

Rebecca Storey
Comparative Cultural Studies
University of Houston
Houston
USA

Alan C. Swedlund
Department of Anthropology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst
USA

R. Brooke Thomas
Department of Anthropology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst
USA

Bethany L. Turner
Department of Anthropology
Georgia State University
Atlanta
USA

Dennis P. Van Gerven
Department of Anthropology
University of Colorado
Boulder
USA

Miguel G. Vilar
Department of Anthropology
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
USA

Amy Warren
Department of Anthropology
University of Missouri
Columbia
USA

Christine D. White
Department of Anthropology
University of Western Ontario
London
Canada

Randolph J. Widmer
Comparative Cultural Studies
University of Houston
Houston
USA

Laura A. Williams
West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine
River Forest
USA

Molly K. Zuckerman
Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State
USA

Acknowledgments

This book was a labor of love. Each author or set of authors for the chapters were clearly moved to write something that would immortalize some aspect of their history with George Armelagos. For this we are extremely grateful. We would like to express a special note of gratitude to Karen Rosenberg, former President of the American Association of Physical Anthropology, who suggested that we organize a poster session in Knoxville, TN, in 2013. It was her idea that we have the session in a large room with all of the posters surrounded by food with plenty of places to sit and talk with each other and with George. We also want to thank George's former colleagues in the Department of Anthropology at Emory University, especially Peter Brown and Peter Little, and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, especially Tom Leatherman, as well as faculty in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas and the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures at Mississippi State University for their gracious support of the event. Our editor, Mindy Okura-Marszycki, and the editorial and productions team at Wiley-Blackwell have been wonderfully helpful and patient with us as this book took shape. Finally, we want to thank those colleagues of George who loved and appreciated having him in their departments at the University of Massachusetts, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Florida at Gainesville, and at Emory University.