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CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Preface for Volumes 1–3

Introduction: Definitions of Catalysis

Volume 1

Chapter 1: From Catalysis to Lewis Base Catalysis with Highlights from 1806 to 1970
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Catalysis
3. 1.3 Progress with Catalysis in Organic Chemistry
4. 1.4 Ostwald's Redefinition of Catalysis
5. 1.5 The First Example of Lewis Base Catalysis
6. 1.6 The Road to Mechanistic Comprehension; Multistage Catalysis by Lewis Base
7. 1.7 An Uneven Path to a Unifying Concept
8. 1.8 Amine Catalysis
9. 1.9 Summary
10. Acknowledgment
11. References
Section I: Principles
1. Chapter 2: Principles, Definitions, Terminology, and Orbital Analysis of Lewis Base–Lewis Acid Interactions Leading to Catalysis
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Lewis Definitions of Valence and the Chemical Bond
  3. 2.3 Extensions, Expansions of, and Objections to the Lewis Definitions
  4. 2.4 Interpretation of the Lewis Definitions in the Idiom of Molecular Orbital Theory and Quantum Mechanics
  5. 2.5 Defining Lewis Base Catalysis [17]10
  6. 2.6 Theoretical Analysis of the Geometrical and Electronic Consequences of Lewis Acid–Lewis Base Interactions
  7. 2.7 Summary
  8. References
2. Chapter 3: Thermodynamic Treatments of Lewis Basicity
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Basic Thermodynamics for the Study of Lewis Acid–Base Interactions
  3. 3.3 Scales of Lewis Affinity and Basicity
  4. 3.4 Lewis Acidity and Lewis Basicity: Thermodynamic Scales
  5. 3.5 Quantum Chemical Tools
  6. 3.6 Conclusion and Overview
  7. 3.7 Summary
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
3. Chapter 4: Quantitative Treatments of Nucleophilicity and Carbon Lewis Basicity
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Nucleophilicity
  3. 4.3 Lewis Basicity
  4. 4.4 Nucleofugality
  5. 4.5 Selected Applications
  6. 4.6 Conclusion
  7. 4.7 Summary
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
Section II: Mechanism and Lewis Base Catalysis: Nucleophilicity Is Only Part of the Story
1. Chapter 5: Anhydride Activation by 4-Dialkylaminopyridines and Analogs (n → π*)
  1. 5.1 Historical Background
  2. 5.2 Mechanistic Considerations
  3. 5.3 Catalyst Structure and Variation
  4. 5.4 The Influence of Reaction Conditions
  5. 5.5 The Influence of Acyl Donors
  6. 5.6 The Influence of Substrate Structure
  7. 5.7 Summary
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. References
2. Chapter 6: Mechanistic Understanding of Proline Analogs and Related Protic Lewis Bases (n → π*)
  1. 6.1 Proline Catalysis: Overview
  2. 6.2 Mechanism of the Proline-Catalyzed Aldol Reaction
  3. 6.3 Mechanism of the Proline-Catalyzed α-Amination and α-Aminoxylation Reactions
  4. 6.4 The Proline-Mediated Conjugate Addition Reaction
  5. 6.5 Modified Proline Derivatives
  6. 6.6 Concluding Remarks
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
3. Chapter 7: Mechanistic Options for the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (n → π*)
  1. 7.1 The Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: An Overview
  2. 7.2 Kinetic Studies Applied to aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction
  3. 7.3 Theoretical Calculations Applied to MBH Reaction
  4. 7.4 Mass Spectrometry Aids the Understanding of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction
  5. 7.5 Classical and Nonclassical Methods for Mechanistic Studies Associated with the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: Which Is the Correct Pathway of This Reaction?
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
4. Chapter 8: Mechanism of C—Si Bond Cleavage Using Lewis Bases (n → σ*)
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Mechanistic Issues
  3. 8.3 Alkylation
  4. 8.4 Benzylation
  5. 8.5 Allylation
  6. 8.6 Allenylation/Propargylation
  7. 8.7 Alkynylation
  8. 8.8 Arylation
  9. 8.9 Vinylation
  10. 8.10 Cyanation
  11. 8.11 Summary
  12. List of Abbreviations
  13. References
5. Chapter 9: Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation of X3Si—Nu and C=O (n → σ*)
  1. 9.1 Addition of Allyltrichlorosilanes to Aldehydes
  2. 9.2 Aldol Additions of Trichlorosilyl Enol Ethers Derived from Ketones, Aldehydes, and Esters
  3. List of Abbreviations
  4. References
6. Chapter 10: Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation of R–M and C=O (n → σ*)
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Activation of C–Zn and Related C–Mg by a Simple Lewis Base
  3. 10.3 Lewis Base-Activated C–Zn + C=O Reactions
  4. 10.4 Role of Dimeric Organozinc Species
  5. 10.5 Scope of Carbonyl Substrates in Catalytic Asymmetric Organozinc Addition Reaction
  6. 10.6 Anionic Lewis Base Activation in Mg(II) and Zn(II) Ate Complexes
  7. 10.7 Summary
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. References
7. Chapter 11: The Corey–Bakshi–Shibata Reduction: Mechanistic and Synthetic Considerations – Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 The Catalytic Cycle
  3. 11.3 Mechanism
  4. 11.4 Applications of the CBS Reduction in Organic Synthesis
  5. References

Volume 2

Section III: Applications: Lewis Base Catalysis Involving an n → π* Activation Step
1. Chapter 12: Chiral Lewis Base Activation of Acyl and Related Donors in Enantioselective Transformations (n → π*)
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Phosphine Catalysts
  3. 12.3 Amine Catalysts
  4. 12.4 N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Catalysts
  5. 12.5 Alcohol Catalysts
  6. 12.6 Concluding Remarks
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
2. Chapter 13: Catalytic Generation of Ammonium Enolates and Related Tertiary Amine-Derived Intermediates: Applications, Mechanism, and Stereochemical Models (n → π*)
  1. 13.1 C(1)- and C(2)-Ammonium Enolates
  2. 13.2 α,β-Unsaturated Acylammonium Salts
  3. 13.3 Ammonium Dienolates via Net [4 + 2] Cycloadditions
  4. 13.4 Summary
  5. List of Abbreviations
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
3. Chapter 14: Morita–Baylis–Hillman, Vinylogous Morita–Baylis–Hillman, and Rauhut–Currier Reactions
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reactions
  3. 14.3 The Vinylogous Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction
  4. 14.4 The Rauhut–Currier Reaction
  5. 14.5 Summary
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. References
4. Chapter 15: Beyond the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (n → π*)
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Phosphine-Catalyzed Reactions of Activated Alkenes/Allenes/Alkynes
  3. 15.3 Phosphine-Catalyzed Generation of Brønsted Base: Michael Addition
  4. 15.4 Phosphine-Catalyzed Umpolung Additions
  5. 15.5 Brønsted Base-Assisted Phosphine Catalysis
  6. 15.6 Miscellaneous Phosphine-Catalyzed Processes
  7. 15.7 Chiral Phosphine Catalysis
  8. 15.8 Application in Total Synthesis
  9. 15.9 Conclusion
  10. List of Abbreviations
  11. References
5. Chapter 16: Iminium Catalysis (n → π*)
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Structural and Mechanistic Aspects of Iminium Catalysis
  3. 16.3 Enantioselectivity: MacMillan Catalysts and Geometry Control
  4. 16.4 Expanding the Diversity of Catalysts
  5. 16.5 Beyond Five-Membered Rings
  6. 16.6 Conclusions
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
6. Chapter 17: Enamine-Mediated Catalysis (n → π*)
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Mechanistic Considerations
  3. 17.3 Michael Additions
  4. 17.4 Aldol Reactions
  5. 17.5 Mannich Reactions
  6. 17.6 Reactions of Heteroatomic Electrophiles
  7. 17.7 α-Alkylation of Enamines
  8. 17.8 Cycloadditions
  9. 17.9 Selected Applications
  10. 17.10 Conclusions
  11. List of Abbreviations
  12. Acknowledgments
  13. References

Volume 3

Section IVa: Applications: Enhanced Nucleophilicity by Lewis Base Activation (n → σ*, n → n*)
1. Chapter 18: Si—C—X and Si—C—EWG as Carbanion Equivalents under Lewis Base Activation (n → σ*)
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 Lewis Base-Induced Generation of Carbanion Equivalents with Si—C—EWG
  3. 18.3 CF3SiMe3 and Related Reagents; Lewis Base-Induced Transfer of “CF3−”
  4. 18.4 Potentially Catalytic Cases of Si—C—X Activation by Lewis Base; X = O, N, S, SMe2(+), and Related Reagents
  5. 18.5 Carbanion Generation from Selected Sn—C—X and Sn—C—EWG Analogs
  6. 18.6 Conclusion
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
2. Chapter 19: Activation of B—B and B—Si Bonds and Synthesis of Organoboron and Organosilicon Compounds through Lewis Base-Catalyzed Transformations (n → n*)
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Lewis Base Activation of B—B Bonds and Catalytic C—B Bond Forming Processes
  3. 19.3 Lewis Base Activation of B—Si Bonds and Catalytic Silyl or Boryl Additions
  4. 19.4 Mechanistic Aspects of NHC-Catalyzed Boryl and Silyl Conjugate Additions
  5. 19.5 Conclusions and Outlook
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
Section IVb: Applications: Enhanced Electrophilicity and Dual Activation by Lewis Base Catalysis (n → σ*)
1. Chapter 20: Lewis Base-Catalyzed Reactions of SiX3-Based Reagents with C=O, C=N (n → σ*)
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Allylation of C=O Substrates: Diastereoselection and Mechanistic Aspects
  3. 20.3 Chiral Catalysts for Enantioselective Allylation
  4. 20.4 Functionalized Allyltrichlorosilanes and Synthetic Applications of Allylation
  5. 20.5 Allylation of C=N Substrates
  6. 20.6 Propargylation and Allenylation of Aldehydes, Imines, and Hydrazones
  7. 20.7 Conclusion and Outlook
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. References
2. Chapter 21: Lewis Base-Catalyzed, Lewis Acid-Mediated Reactions (n → σ*)
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Allylation Reactions
  3. 21.3 Aldol Reactions
  4. 21.4 Double-Aldol Additions
  5. 21.5 Vinylogous Aldol Additions
  6. 21.6 Passerini Reactions
  7. 21.7 Outlook and Perspective
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. References
3. Chapter 22: Lewis Bases as Catalysts in the Reduction of Imines and Ketones with Silanes (n → σ*)
  1. 22.1 Introduction: Activation of Silanes
  2. 22.2 Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Trichlorosilane
  3. 22.3 Enantioselective Reduction of Ketimines with Trichlorosilane
  4. 22.4 Enantioselective Reduction of Functionalized Ketimines with Trichlorosilane
  5. 22.5 Enantioselective Reduction of Ketimines with Trialkoxysilanes
  6. 22.6 Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones with Trichlorosilane
  7. 22.7 Selected Synthetic Applications of the Enantioselective Reduction of Imines with Trichlorosilane
  8. 22.8 Conclusion
  9. List of Abbreviations
  10. References
4. Chapter 23: Reactions of Epoxides (n → σ*)
  1. 23.1 Introduction
  2. 23.2 Opening of Epoxides Catalyzed by Achiral Lewis Bases
  3. 23.3 Lewis Base-Catalyzed, Enantioselective Epoxide Opening
  4. 23.4 Mechanistic Studies on Lewis Base-Catalyzed Epoxide Opening
  5. 23.5 Enantioselective Opening of Epoxides with Fluoride
  6. 23.6 Summary
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References
Section V: Lewis Base-Catalyzed Generation of Electrophilic Intermediates
1. Chapter 24: Lewis Base Catalysis: A Platform for Enantioselective Addition to Alkenes Using Group 16 and 17 Lewis Acids (n → σ*)
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 Selenofunctionalization
  3. 24.3 Sulfenofunctionalization
  4. 24.4 Halofunctionalization
  5. 24.5 Summary
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. References
Section VI: Bifunctional (and Multifunctional) Catalysis
1. Chapter 25: Bifunctional and Synergistic Catalysis: Lewis Acid Catalysis and Lewis Base-Assisted Bond Polarization (n → σ*)
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 Bifunctional Catalysis
  3. 25.3 Synergistic Catalysis
  4. 25.4 Bifunctional/Synergistic Catalysis with Fluoride Activation
  5. 25.5 Conclusion
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. References
2. Chapter 26: Bifunctional Catalysis with Lewis Base and X-H Sites That Facilitate Proton Transfer or Hydrogen Bonding (n → π*)
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Group Transfer Reactions
  3. 26.3 Addition Reactions to Electron-Deficient Alkenes
  4. 26.4 Allenoate Reactions
  5. 26.5 Summary
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. References
Section VII: Carbenes: Lewis Base Catalysis Triggers Multiple Activation Pathways
1. Chapter 27: Catalysis with Stable Carbenes (n → π*)
  1. 27.1 Introduction
  2. 27.2 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Lewis Base Catalysts: Structural and Electronic Considerations
  3. 27.3 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Classical Lewis Base-Catalyzed Reactions
  4. 27.4 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Nonclassical Lewis Base-Catalyzed Reactions
  5. 27.5 Selected Examples of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Synthesis
  6. 27.6 Summary
  7. List of Abbreviations
  8. References

Summation

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 6.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 9.7

Table 9.8

Table 9.9

Table 9.10

Table 9.11

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Table 11.9

Table 11.10

Table 11.11

Table 11.12

Table 11.13

Table 11.14

Table 11.15

Table 11.16

Table 11.17

Table 11.18

Table 11.19

Table 11.20

Table 11.21

Table 11.22

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 12.9

Table 12.10

Table 12.11

Table 12.12

Table 12.13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 14.1

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

Table 15.8

Table 15.9

Table 15.10

Table 15.11

Table 15.12

Table 15.13

Table 15.14

Table 15.15

Table 15.16

Table 15.17

Table 15.18

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 16.4

Table 16.5

Table 16.6

Table 16.7

Table 16.8

Table 16.9

Table 16.10

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 21.3

Table 21.4

Table 21.5

Table 21.6

Table 21.7

Table 21.8

Table 21.9

Table 21.10

Table 21.11

Table 21.12

Table 21.13

Table 21.14

Table 21.15

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 22.3

Table 22.4

Table 22.5

Table 22.6

Table 22.7

Table 22.8

Table 22.9

Table 22.10

Table 22.11

Table 22.12

Table 22.13

Table 22.14

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 23.3

Table 23.4

Table 23.5

Table 23.6

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 24.3

Table 24.4

Table 24.5

Table 24.6

Table 24.7

Table 25.1

Table 26.1

Table 26.2

Table 26.3

List of Illustrations

Scheme 1

Scheme 2

Scheme 1.1

Scheme 1.2

Scheme 1.3

Scheme 1.4

Scheme 1.5

Scheme 1.6

Scheme 1.7

Scheme 1.8

Scheme 1.9

Scheme 2.1

Figure 2.1

Scheme 2.2

Scheme 2.3

Scheme 2.4

Scheme 2.5

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Scheme 4.1

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Scheme 4.2

Chart 4.1

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Scheme 4.3

Scheme 4.4

Scheme 4.5

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Scheme 4.6

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Scheme 4.7

Scheme 4.8

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Scheme 5.1

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Chart 5.1

Scheme 5.2

Figure 5.3

Chart 5.2

Scheme 5.3

Scheme 5.4

Figure 5.4

Scheme 5.5

Scheme 5.6

Scheme 5.7

Scheme 5.8

Scheme 5.9

Scheme 5.10

Scheme 5.11

Scheme 5.12

Scheme 6.1

Scheme 6.2

Scheme 6.3

Scheme 6.4

Scheme 6.5

Scheme 6.6

Scheme 6.7

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Scheme 6.8

Scheme 6.9

Figure 6.3

Scheme 6.10

Figure 6.4

Scheme 6.11

Scheme 6.12

Scheme 6.13

Scheme 6.14

Scheme 6.15

Scheme 6.16

Figure 6.5

Scheme 6.17

Figure 6.6

Scheme 6.18

Scheme 6.19

Chart 6.1

Scheme 6.20

Scheme 6.21

Figure 6.7

Scheme 6.22

Figure 6.8

Scheme 6.23

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Scheme 7.1

Scheme 7.2

Scheme 7.3

Scheme 7.4

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Scheme 7.5

Figure 7.4

Scheme 7.6

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Scheme 7.7

Scheme 7.8

Figure 7.11

Scheme 7.9

Figure 7.12

Scheme 7.10

Figure 7.13

Scheme 7.11

Figure 7.14

Scheme 7.12

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Scheme 7.13

Figure 7.17

Figure 7.18

Scheme 7.14

Figure 7.19

Figure 7.20

Chart 8.1

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Chart 8.2

Scheme 8.1

Scheme 8.2

Figure 8.3

Scheme 8.3

Scheme 8.4

Chart 8.3

Chart 8.4

Scheme 8.5

Figure 8.4

Scheme 8.6

Chart 8.5

Scheme 8.7

Scheme 8.8

Scheme 8.9

Scheme 8.10

Scheme 8.11

Scheme 8.12

Scheme 8.13

Scheme 8.14

Scheme 8.15

Scheme 8.16

Chart 8.6

Chart 8.7

Chart 8.8

Scheme 8.17

Figure 8.5

Scheme 8.18

Scheme 8.19

Scheme 8.20

Scheme 9.1

Scheme 9.2

Scheme 9.3

Figure 9.1

Scheme 9.4

Scheme 9.5

Chart 9.1

Scheme 9.6

Scheme 9.7

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Scheme 9.8

Chart 9.2

Scheme 9.9

Scheme 9.10

Scheme 9.11

Scheme 9.12

Scheme 9.13

Scheme 9.14

Scheme 9.15

Scheme 9.16

Scheme 9.17

Scheme 9.18

Scheme 9.19

Scheme 9.20

Figure 9.4

Scheme 9.21

Scheme 9.22

Scheme 9.23

Scheme 9.24

Scheme 9.25

Scheme 9.26

Scheme 9.27

Scheme 9.28

Scheme 9.29

Scheme 9.30

Scheme 9.31

Scheme 9.32

Figure 9.5

Scheme 9.33

Figure 9.6

Scheme 9.34

Scheme 9.35

Scheme 9.36

Scheme 9.37

Scheme 9.38

Scheme 9.39

Scheme 9.40

Scheme 9.41

Scheme 9.42

Scheme 9.43

Scheme 9.44

Scheme 9.45

Scheme 9.46

Figure 9.7

Scheme 9.47

Scheme 9.48

Scheme 9.49

Scheme 9.50

Scheme 9.51

Scheme 9.52

Scheme 9.53

Scheme 9.54

Scheme 9.55

Scheme 9.56

Scheme 9.57

Scheme 9.58

Figure 9.8

Scheme 9.59

Scheme 9.60

Scheme 9.61

Scheme 9.62

Scheme 9.63

Scheme 9.64

Scheme 10.1

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Scheme 10.2

Chart 10.1

Scheme 10.3

Scheme 10.4

Figure 10.3

Scheme 10.5

Scheme 10.6

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Scheme 10.7

Scheme 10.8

Scheme 10.9

Scheme 10.10

Scheme 10.11

Scheme 10.12

Figure 10.6

Scheme 10.13

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Scheme 10.14

Scheme 10.15

Scheme 10.16

Scheme 10.17

Scheme 10.18

Scheme 10.19

Scheme 10.20

Scheme 10.21

Scheme 10.22

Scheme 10.23

Scheme 10.24

Scheme 10.25

Scheme 10.26

Scheme 10.27

Scheme 10.28

Scheme 10.29

Scheme 10.30

Scheme 10.31

Scheme 10.32

Scheme 10.33

Scheme 10.34

Scheme 10.35

Scheme 10.36

Scheme 10.37

Scheme 10.38

Scheme 10.39

Figure 11.1

Chart 11.1

Scheme 11.1

Scheme 11.2

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Chart 11.2

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Figure 11.19

Figure 11.20

Figure 11.21

Scheme 11.3

Figure 11.22

Scheme 11.4

Scheme 11.5

Scheme 11.6

Scheme 11.7

Scheme 11.8

Scheme 11.9

Scheme 11.10

Figure 11.23

Scheme 11.11

Scheme 11.12

Scheme 11.13

Scheme 11.14

Figure 11.24

Scheme 11.15

Scheme 11.16

Scheme 11.17

Figure 11.25

Scheme 11.18

Scheme 11.19

Figure 11.26

Scheme 11.20

Scheme 11.21

Figure 11.27

Scheme 11.22

Scheme 11.23

Figure 11.28

Figure 11.29

Scheme 11.24

Figure 11.30

Scheme 11.25

Scheme 11.26

Figure 11.31

Scheme 11.27

Figure 11.32

Scheme 11.28

Figure 11.33

Scheme 11.29

Scheme 11.30

Scheme 11.31

Scheme 11.32

Scheme 12.1

Scheme 12.2

Chart 12.1

Figure 12.1

Chart 12.2

Scheme 12.3

Figure 12.2

Scheme 12.4

Scheme 12.5

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Chart 12.3

Scheme 12.6

Scheme 12.7

Scheme 12.8

Scheme 12.9

Scheme 12.10

Figure 12.6

Scheme 12.11

Scheme 12.12

Scheme 12.13

Scheme 12.14

Figure 12.7

Chart 12.4

Scheme 12.15

Scheme 12.16

Scheme 12.17

Figure 12.8

Scheme 12.18

Scheme 12.19

Scheme 12.20

Scheme 12.21

Scheme 12.22

Scheme 12.23

Scheme 12.24

Scheme 12.25

Scheme 12.26

Chart 12.5

Scheme 12.27

Figure 12.9

Chart 12.6

Chart 12.7

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Scheme 12.28

Chart 12.8

Chart 12.9

Scheme 12.29

Scheme 12.30

Scheme 12.31

Scheme 12.32

Scheme 12.33

Scheme 12.34

Chart 12.10

Chart 12.11

Scheme 12.35

Scheme 12.36

Scheme 12.37

Scheme 12.38

Figure 12.12

Scheme 12.39

Scheme 12.40

Scheme 12.41

Scheme 12.42

Figure 13.1

Scheme 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Scheme 13.2

Scheme 13.3

Scheme 13.4

Scheme 13.5

Scheme 13.6

Scheme 13.7

Scheme 13.8

Scheme 13.9

Scheme 13.10

Scheme 13.11

Scheme 13.12

Scheme 13.13

Scheme 13.14

Scheme 13.15

Scheme 13.16

Scheme 13.17

Scheme 13.18

Scheme 13.19

Scheme 13.20

Scheme 13.21

Scheme 13.22

Chart 13.1

Scheme 13.23

Scheme 13.24

Scheme 13.25

Scheme 13.26

Scheme 13.27

Scheme 13.28

Chart 13.2

Scheme 13.29

Chart 13.3

Scheme 13.30

Scheme 13.31

Scheme 13.32

Figure 13.4

Scheme 13.33

Scheme 13.34

Scheme 13.35

Scheme 13.36

Scheme 13.37

Scheme 13.38

Scheme 13.39

Chart 13.4

Scheme 13.40

Scheme 13.41

Scheme 13.42

Scheme 13.43

Scheme 13.44

Scheme 13.45

Scheme 13.46

Scheme 13.47

Scheme 13.48

Scheme 13.49

Scheme 13.50

Scheme 13.51

Scheme 13.52

Scheme 13.53

Scheme 13.54

Scheme 13.55

Scheme 13.56

Scheme 13.57

Scheme 13.58

Scheme 13.59

Scheme 13.60

Scheme 13.61

Scheme 13.62

Scheme 13.63

Scheme 13.64

Scheme 13.65

Scheme 13.66

Scheme 13.67

Scheme 13.68

Scheme 13.69

Scheme 13.70

Scheme 13.71

Scheme 13.72

Scheme 13.73

Scheme 13.74

Scheme 13.75

Scheme 13.76

Scheme 13.77

Scheme 13.78

Scheme 13.79

Scheme 13.80

Scheme 13.81

Scheme 13.82

Scheme 13.83

Scheme 13.84

Scheme 13.85

Scheme 13.86

Scheme 13.87

Scheme 13.88

Scheme 13.89

Scheme 13.90

Scheme 13.91

Scheme 13.92

Scheme 13.93

Scheme 13.94

Scheme 13.95

Scheme 13.96

Scheme 13.97

Scheme 13.98

Scheme 13.99

Scheme 13.100

Scheme 13.101

Scheme 13.102

Scheme 13.103

Scheme 13.104

Scheme 13.105

Scheme 13.106

Scheme 13.107

Scheme 13.108

Figure 13.5

Scheme 13.109

Scheme 13.110

Scheme 13.111

Scheme 13.112

Scheme 13.113

Scheme 13.114

Scheme 13.115

Scheme 13.116

Scheme 13.117

Scheme 13.118

Scheme 13.119

Scheme 13.120

Scheme 13.121

Scheme 13.122

Scheme 13.123

Scheme 13.124

Scheme 13.125

Scheme 13.126

Scheme 13.127

Scheme 13.128

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Scheme 13.129

Scheme 13.130

Scheme 13.131

Scheme 13.132

Scheme 13.133

Scheme 13.134

Figure 13.8

Scheme 13.135

Scheme 13.136

Scheme 13.137

Scheme 13.138

Scheme 13.139

Scheme 13.140

Figure 13.9

Scheme 13.141

Scheme 13.142

Scheme 14.1

Scheme 14.2

Scheme 14.3

Scheme 14.4

Scheme 14.5

Scheme 14.6

Scheme 14.7

Scheme 14.8

Scheme 14.9

Scheme 14.10

Scheme 14.11

Scheme 14.12

Scheme 14.13

Scheme 14.14

Scheme 14.15

Scheme 14.16

Scheme 14.17

Scheme 14.18

Scheme 14.19

Scheme 14.20

Scheme 14.21

Scheme 14.22

Scheme 14.23

Scheme 14.24

Scheme 14.25

Scheme 14.26

Chart 14.1

Scheme 14.27

Figure 14.1

Scheme 14.28

Scheme 14.29

Scheme 14.30

Scheme 14.31

Scheme 14.32

Scheme 14.33

Scheme 14.34

Figure 14.2

Scheme 14.35

Scheme 14.36

Scheme 14.37

Scheme 14.38

Scheme 14.39

Scheme 14.40

Scheme 14.41

Scheme 14.42

Scheme 14.43

Scheme 14.44

Scheme 14.45

Scheme 14.46

Scheme 14.47

Scheme 14.48

Scheme 14.49

Scheme 14.50

Scheme 14.51

Scheme 14.52

Scheme 14.53

Scheme 14.54

Scheme 14.55

Scheme 14.56

Scheme 14.57

Scheme 14.58

Scheme 14.59

Scheme 14.60

Scheme 14.61

Scheme 15.1

Scheme 15.2

Scheme 15.3

Scheme 15.4

Scheme 15.5

Scheme 15.6

Scheme 15.7

Scheme 15.8

Scheme 15.9

Scheme 15.10

Scheme 15.11

Scheme 15.12

Scheme 15.13

Scheme 15.14

Scheme 15.15

Scheme 15.16

Scheme 15.17

Scheme 15.18

Scheme 15.19

Scheme 15.20

Scheme 15.21

Scheme 15.22

Scheme 15.23

Scheme 15.24

Scheme 15.25

Scheme 15.26

Scheme 15.27

Scheme 15.28

Scheme 15.29

Scheme 15.30

Scheme 15.31

Scheme 15.32

Scheme 15.33

Scheme 15.34

Scheme 15.35

Scheme 15.36

Scheme 15.37

Scheme 15.38

Scheme 15.39

Scheme 15.40

Scheme 15.41

Scheme 15.42

Scheme 15.43

Scheme 15.44

Scheme 15.45

Scheme 15.46

Scheme 15.47

Scheme 15.48

Scheme 15.49

Scheme 15.50

Scheme 15.51

Scheme 15.52

Scheme 15.53

Scheme 15.54

Scheme 15.55

Scheme 15.56

Scheme 15.57

Scheme 15.58

Scheme 15.59

Scheme 15.60

Scheme 15.61

Scheme 16.1

Chart 16.1

Figure 16.1

Scheme 16.2

Scheme 16.3

Figure 16.2

Scheme 16.4

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 16.8

Figure 16.9

Scheme 16.5

Figure 16.10

Scheme 16.6

Figure 16.11

Scheme 16.7

Figure 16.12

Figure 16.13

Scheme 16.8

Figure 16.14

Figure 16.15

Scheme 16.9

Figure 16.16

Figure 16.17

Figure 16.18

Figure 16.19

Scheme 16.10

Scheme 16.11

Scheme 16.12

Figure 16.20

Scheme 16.13

Figure 16.21

Scheme 17.1

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Scheme 17.2

Scheme 17.3

Scheme 17.4

Figure 17.4

Scheme 17.5

Figure 17.5

Scheme 17.6

Figure 17.6

Scheme 17.7

Scheme 17.8

Figure 17.7

Scheme 17.9

Scheme 17.10

Figure 17.8

Scheme 17.11

Scheme 17.12

Scheme 17.13

Scheme 17.14

Scheme 17.15

Scheme 17.16

Scheme 17.17

Scheme 17.18

Scheme 17.19

Scheme 17.20

Scheme 17.21

Scheme 17.22

Scheme 17.23

Scheme 17.24

Scheme 17.25

Scheme 17.26

Scheme 17.27

Scheme 17.28

Scheme 17.29

Scheme 17.30

Figure 17.9

Scheme 17.31

Scheme 17.32

Scheme 17.33

Figure 17.10

Scheme 18.1

Chart 18.1

Scheme 18.2

Chart 18.2

Scheme 18.3

Scheme 18.4

Chart 18.3

Scheme 18.5

Chart 18.4

Scheme 18.6

Scheme 18.7

Scheme 18.8

Scheme 18.9

Scheme 18.10

Scheme 18.11

Scheme 18.12

Chart 18.5

Scheme 18.13

Scheme 18.14

Scheme 18.15

Scheme 18.16

Scheme 18.17

Scheme 18.18

Scheme 18.19

Scheme 18.20

Scheme 18.21

Scheme 18.22

Scheme 18.23

Scheme 18.24

Scheme 18.25

Scheme 18.26

Scheme 18.27

Scheme 18.28

Scheme 18.29

Scheme 18.30

Scheme 18.31

Scheme 18.32

Scheme 18.33

Scheme 18.34

Scheme 18.35

Scheme 18.36

Scheme 18.37

Scheme 18.38

Scheme 18.39

Scheme 18.40

Scheme 18.41

Scheme 18.42

Scheme 18.43

Scheme 18.44

Scheme 18.45

Scheme 18.46

Scheme 18.47

Scheme 18.48

Scheme 18.49

Scheme 18.50

Scheme 18.51

Scheme 18.52

Scheme 18.53

Scheme 18.54

Scheme 18.55

Scheme 18.56

Scheme 18.57

Scheme 18.58

Scheme 18.59

Scheme 18.60

Scheme 18.61

Scheme 18.62

Scheme 18.63

Scheme 18.64

Scheme 18.65

Scheme 18.66

Scheme 18.67

Scheme 18.68

Scheme 18.69

Scheme 18.70

Scheme 18.71

Scheme 18.72

Scheme 18.73

Scheme 18.74

Scheme 18.75

Scheme 18.76

Scheme 18.77

Scheme 18.78

Scheme 18.79

Scheme 18.80

Scheme 18.81

Scheme 18.82

Scheme 18.83

Scheme 18.84

Scheme 18.85

Scheme 18.86

Scheme 18.87

Scheme 18.88

Scheme 19.1

Scheme 19.2

Scheme 19.3

Scheme 19.4

Scheme 19.5

Scheme 19.6

Scheme 19.7

Scheme 19.8

Scheme 19.9

Scheme 19.10

Scheme 19.11

Scheme 19.12

Scheme 19.13

Scheme 19.14

Scheme 19.15

Scheme 19.16

Scheme 19.17

Scheme 19.18

Scheme 19.19

Scheme 19.20

Scheme 19.21

Scheme 19.22

Scheme 19.23

Scheme 19.24

Scheme 19.25

Scheme 19.26

Scheme 19.27

Scheme 19.28

Scheme 19.29

Scheme 19.30

Scheme 19.31

Scheme 19.32

Scheme 20.1

Scheme 20.2

Scheme 20.3

Scheme 20.4

Chart 20.1

Chart 20.2

Chart 20.3

Chart 20.4

Chart 20.5

Scheme 20.5

Scheme 20.6

Scheme 20.7

Scheme 20.8

Scheme 20.9

Scheme 20.10

Scheme 20.11

Scheme 20.12

Scheme 20.13

Scheme 20.14

Scheme 20.15

Scheme 21.1

Scheme 21.2

Scheme 21.3

Scheme 21.4

Figure 21.1

Scheme 21.5

Scheme 21.6

Figure 21.2

Scheme 21.7

Figure 21.3

Scheme 21.8

Figure 21.4

Scheme 21.9

Scheme 21.10

Scheme 21.11

Scheme 21.12

Scheme 21.13

Scheme 21.14

Scheme 21.15

Scheme 21.16

Scheme 21.17

Scheme 21.18

Scheme 21.19

Scheme 21.20

Scheme 21.21

Scheme 21.22

Scheme 21.23

Scheme 21.24

Scheme 21.25

Scheme 21.26

Scheme 21.27

Figure 21.5

Scheme 22.1

Scheme 22.2

Scheme 22.3

Chart 22.1

Chart 22.2

Chart 22.3

Chart 22.4

Scheme 22.4

Chart 22.5

Scheme 22.5

Chart 22.6

Chart 22.7

Chart 22.8

Chart 22.9

Chart 22.10

Chart 22.11

Chart 22.12

Chart 22.13

Chart 22.14

Figure 22.1

Scheme 22.6

Scheme 22.7

Scheme 22.8

Scheme 22.9

Scheme 22.10

Figure 22.2

Scheme 22.11

Scheme 22.12

Chart 22.15

Scheme 22.13

Scheme 22.14

Scheme 23.1

Figure 23.1

Scheme 23.2

Scheme 23.3

Figure 23.2

Scheme 23.4

Scheme 23.5

Scheme 23.6

Scheme 23.7

Scheme 23.8

Scheme 23.9

Scheme 23.10

Scheme 23.11

Scheme 23.12

Scheme 23.13

Scheme 23.14

Scheme 23.15

Scheme 23.16

Scheme 23.17

Scheme 23.18

Scheme 23.19

Scheme 23.20

Scheme 23.21

Scheme 23.22

Figure 23.3

Figure 23.4

Figure 23.5

Figure 23.6

Figure 23.7

Figure 23.8

Scheme 23.23

Scheme 23.24

Figure 23.9

Scheme 23.25

Scheme 23.26

Scheme 24.1

Scheme 24.2

Scheme 24.3

Scheme 24.4

Scheme 24.5

Scheme 24.6

Scheme 24.7

Scheme 24.8

Scheme 24.9

Scheme 24.10

Scheme 24.11

Scheme 24.12

Scheme 24.13

Scheme 24.14

Scheme 24.15

Figure 24.1

Scheme 24.16

Scheme 24.17

Scheme 24.18

Scheme 24.19

Scheme 24.20

Scheme 24.21

Scheme 24.22

Scheme 24.23

Scheme 24.24

Scheme 24.25

Scheme 24.26

Scheme 24.27

Scheme 24.28

Figure 24.2

Scheme 24.29

Scheme 24.30

Scheme 24.31

Figure 24.3

Scheme 24.32

Scheme 24.33

Scheme 24.34

Scheme 24.35

Scheme 24.36

Scheme 24.37

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Scheme 24.38

Scheme 24.39

Scheme 24.40

Scheme 24.41

Scheme 24.42

Scheme 24.43

Scheme 24.44

Scheme 24.45

Scheme 24.46

Scheme 24.47

Scheme 24.48

Scheme 24.49

Scheme 24.50

Scheme 24.51

Scheme 24.52

Scheme 24.53

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Scheme 25.1

Figure 25.3

Scheme 25.2

Scheme 25.3

Figure 25.4

Scheme 25.4

Figure 25.5

Scheme 25.5

Scheme 25.6

Figure 25.6

Figure 25.7

Scheme 25.7

Figure 25.8

Figure 25.9

Scheme 25.8

Scheme 25.9

Figure 25.10

Scheme 25.10

Scheme 25.11

Scheme 25.12

Scheme 25.13

Scheme 25.14

Figure 25.11

Scheme 25.15

Figure 25.12

Chart 25.1

Scheme 25.16

Figure 25.13

Scheme 25.17

Scheme 25.18

Figure 25.14

Figure 25.15

Scheme 25.19

Scheme 25.20

Scheme 25.21

Scheme 25.22

Figure 25.16

Scheme 25.23

Scheme 25.24

Scheme 25.25

Scheme 25.26

Scheme 25.27

Scheme 25.28

Scheme 25.29

Scheme 25.30

Scheme 25.31

Figure 25.17

Scheme 25.32

Scheme 25.33

Scheme 25.34

Scheme 25.35

Figure 25.18

Scheme 25.36

Figure 25.19

Scheme 25.37

Scheme 25.38

Scheme 25.39

Scheme 25.40

Scheme 26.1

Figure 26.1

Scheme 26.2

Figure 26.2

Scheme 26.3

Scheme 26.4

Scheme 26.5

Scheme 26.6

Scheme 26.7

Scheme 26.8

Scheme 26.9

Figure 26.3

Scheme 26.10

Scheme 26.11

Scheme 26.12

Scheme 26.13

Scheme 26.14

Scheme 26.15

Scheme 26.16

Figure 26.4

Scheme 26.17

Scheme 26.18

Figure 26.5

Scheme 26.19

Scheme 26.20

Scheme 26.21

Scheme 26.22

Scheme 26.23

Scheme 26.24

Scheme 26.25

Scheme 26.26

Scheme 26.27

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Scheme 27.1

Chart 27.1

Chart 27.2

Scheme 27.2

Scheme 27.3

Scheme 27.4

Figure 27.4

Scheme 27.5

Scheme 27.6

Figure 27.5

Scheme 27.7

Scheme 27.8

Scheme 27.9

Scheme 27.10

Scheme 27.11

Scheme 27.12

Scheme 27.13

Scheme 27.14

Scheme 27.15

Scheme 27.16

Scheme 27.17

Scheme 27.18

Scheme 27.19

Scheme 27.20

Scheme 27.21

Scheme 27.22

Scheme 27.23

Scheme 27.24

Scheme 27.25

Scheme 27.26

Scheme 27.27

Scheme 27.28

Scheme 27.29

Scheme 27.30

Scheme 27.31

Scheme 27.32

Scheme 27.33

Scheme 27.34

Figure 27.6

Scheme 27.35

Scheme 27.36

Scheme 27.37

Scheme 27.38

Scheme 27.39

Scheme 27.40

Scheme 27.41

Scheme 27.42

Scheme 27.43

Scheme 27.44

Scheme 27.45

Scheme 27.46

Scheme 27.47

Scheme 27.48

Scheme 27.49

Scheme 27.50

Scheme 27.51

Scheme 27.52

Scheme 27.53

Scheme 27.54

Scheme 27.55

Scheme 27.56

Scheme 27.57

Scheme 27.58

Scheme 27.59

Scheme 27.60

Scheme 27.61

Scheme 27.62

Scheme 27.63

Scheme 27.64

Scheme 27.65

Scheme 27.66

Scheme 27.67

Scheme 27.68

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