Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

I.1. Main findings
I.2. Conclusions

PART 4: Recycling and Sustainability Issues

28 Introduction to European COREPASOL Project on Harmonizing Cold Recycling Pavement Techniques
1. 28.1. Introduction
2. 28.2. Background of European project COREPASOL
3. 28.3. Methods of cold-recycled asphalt specimen compaction
4. 28.4. Experimental comparison of compaction methods
5. 28.5. Publication policy
6. 28.6. Acknowledgments
7. 28.7. Bibliography
29 Technical Performance and Benefits of Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Containing Polymer-modified Binder in Premium Surface Layers
1. 29.1. Introduction
2. 29.2. State of the art on recycling of polymer modified asphalt (PMA)
3. 29.3. Materials
4. 29.4. Properties of extracted and blended binders
5. 29.5. Performance of asphalt mixtures with RA containing polymer modified binder
6. 29.6. Microscopy investigations of RA and asphalt mixes containing RA
7. 29.7. Environmental and economic benefits
8. 29.8. Conclusions and recommendations
9. 29.9. Acknowledgments
10. 29.10. Bibliography
30 Case Study: Increasing the Percentage of Recycled Asphalt
1. 30.1. Introduction
2. 30.2. Materials and test program
3. 30.3. Results and analysis
4. 30.4. Conclusions
5. 30.5. Bibliography
31 Evaluation of Long-term Glass-grid Test Section using a Unique Method
1. 31.1. Introduction
2. 31.2. Methodology
3. 31.3. Analysis
4. 31.4. Conclusions and recommendations
5. 31.5. Bibliography
32 Effect of Using of Reclaimed Asphalt and/or Lower Temperature Asphalt on the Availability of the Road Network
1. 32.1. Introduction
2. 32.2. Review of existing knowledge
3. 32.3. Trial site
4. 32.4. Laboratory testing
5. 32.5. Assessment of lifecycle cost and carbon footprint
6. 32.6. Conclusions
7. 32.7. Acknowledgments
8. 32.8. Bibliography
33 Brazilian Road Deterioration Test: Final Report
1. 33.1. Introduction
2. 33.2. Field analysis
3. 33.3. Pavement deterioration analysis
4. 33.4. Analysis model
5. 33.5. Results
6. 33.6. Conclusions
7. 33.7. Acknowledgments
8. 33.8. Bibliography

PART 5: Railways and Inland Navigation

34 Application of Different Methods for Rehabilitation of Existing Transition Zones on Old Railway Lines
1. 34.1. Introduction
2. 34.2. Transition zones
3. 34.3. Case study: transition zones at the “Buna” bridge
4. 34.4. Modeling
5. 34.5. Construction process
6. 34.6. Monitoring
7. 34.7. Conclusions
8. 34.8. Acknowledgments
9. 34.9. Bibliography
35 CAPACITY4RAIL: Toward a Resilient, Innovative and High-capacity European Railway System for 2030/2050
1. 35.1. Introduction
2. 35.2. Project objectives
3. 35.3. Project approach
4. 35.4. Conclusions
5. 35.5. Acknowledgments
36 Secondary Stiffness of Fastening Clips: Influence on the Behavior of the Railway Track Panel
1. 36.1. Introduction
2. 36.2. The railway track panel
3. 36.3. The system “railway track–railway vehicle” as an ensemble of springs and dashpots
4. 36.4. The static stiffness coefficient of the railway track in the vertical direction
5. 36.5. Compatibility of clip and pad
6. 36.6. Influence of pad stiffness on the stresses on ballast
7. 36.7. Requirements for the fastenings and pads due to their role in the track panel
8. 36.8. Secondary stiffness of the fastening clip and behavior of the track panel
9. 36.9. Conclusions
10. 36.10. Bibliography
37 A New Asset Management Approach for Inland Waterways
1. 37.1. Overview waterway asset management
2. 37.2. Maintenance measures and fairway availability
3. 37.3. Fairway availability and transport costs
4. 37.4. Pilot implementation and first results
5. 37.5. Summary and outlook
6. 37.6. Bibliography
38 3D Numerical Simulation of Convoy-generated Waves and Sediment Transport in Restricted Waterways
1. 38.1. Introduction
2. 38.2. Numerical model and governing equations
3. 38.3. Suspended sediment transport
4. 38.4. Boundary conditions
5. 38.5. Computational procedures and hydrodynamical model results
6. 38.6. Navigation influences on sediment transport
7. 38.7. Conclusions
8. 38.8. Bibliography

PART 6: Climate Resilient Roads

39 Potential Impact of Climate Change on Porous Asphalt with a Focus on Winter Damage
1. 39.1. Introduction
2. 39.2. Porous asphalt
3. 39.3. Modeling of climate change impact
4. 39.4. Conclusions
5. 39.5. Acknowledgments
6. 39.6. Bibliography
40 Risk Assessment of Highway Flooding in the Netherlands
1. 40.1. Introduction
2. 40.2. Background – climate change and the mission of Rijkswaterstaat
3. 40.3. Development of methods to investigate vulnerability and to assess risks related to climate change
4. 40.4. Summary of the “Blue spots” study
5. 40.5. Flooding events and their frequency of occurrence
6. 40.6. Consequences of flooding
7. 40.7. Scoring effects of events
8. 40.8. Analysis and interpretation
9. 40.9. Risk evaluation (RIMAROCC step 4)
10. 40.10. Conclusions
11. 40.11. Recommendations
12. 40.12. Implementation of results in the Netherlands and other European countries
13. 40.13. Acknowledgments
14. 40.14. Bibliography
41 Adaptation of the Road Infrastructure to Climate Change
1. 41.1. Introduction
2. 41.2. Strategies of adaptation to climate change
3. 41.3. The AdSVIS projects
4. 41.4. International cooperation
5. 41.5. Conclusions
6. 41.6. Bibliography
42 The Impacts of Climate Change on Pavement Maintenance in Queensland, Australia
1. 42.1. Introduction
2. 42.2. Climate change trends in Australia
3. 42.3. HDM-III road deterioration model
4. 42.4. Thornthwaite moisture index
5. 42.5. Road environment and climate data of the study area
6. 42.6. Economic impacts on pavement maintenance
7. 42.7. Conclusions
8. 42.8. Acknowledgments
9. 42.9. Bibliography
43 Design Guideline for a Climate Projection Data Base and Specific Climate Indices for Roads: CliPDaR
1. 43.1. Introduction
2. 43.2. Data and methods
3. 43.3. The ensemble approach
4. 43.4. Results and discussion
5. 43.5. Conclusions
6. 43.6. Acknowledgments
7. 43.7. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

Contents for Volume 5A

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

28 Introduction to European COREPASOL Project on Harmonizing Cold Recycling Pavement Techniques

Table 28.1. Mix designs used
Table 28.2. Indirect tensile strength and water susceptibility

29 Technical Performance and Benefits of Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Containing Polymer-modified Binder in Premium Surface Layers

Table 29.1. Matrix of tested asphalt mixtures
Table 29.2. Overview of extracted, virgin and blended binders studied
Table 29.3. Summary of RA addition influence
Table 29.4. Economic and ecological benefits of recycling of RA containing PMB into new polymer modifies asphalt mixes

30 Case Study: Increasing the Percentage of Recycled Asphalt

Table 30.1. Properties of RA used in experimental study
Table 30.2. Properties of laboratory-prepared asphalt samples
Table 30.3. Sieving curve of asphalt samples prepared in asphalt plant
Table 30.4. Properties of used fresh bitumen
Table 30.5. Tests carried out in research
Table 30.6. Characteristics of extracted bitumen from laboratory-prepared asphalt samples
Table 30.7. Properties of asphalt samples without RA and asphalt samples from the plant or laboratory containing 50% RA and rejuvenator
Table 30.8. Properties of built-in asphalt course with or without RA

31 Evaluation of Long-term Glass-grid Test Section using a Unique Method

Table 31.1. Typical pavement section on Marszałkowska Street
Table 31.2. Visual inspection results

32 Effect of Using of Reclaimed Asphalt and/or Lower Temperature Asphalt on the Availability of the Road Network

Table 32.1. General service life assumptions given in guidelines and specifications for pavement management systems
Table 32.2. Mixture designs
Table 32.3. On-site work record of asphalt material
Table 32.4. The quantity of the processed RA material by size
Table 32.5. Average IRI values of the test site

33 Brazilian Road Deterioration Test: Final Report

Table 33.1. Huet–Sayegh parameters
Table 33.2. Vehicle class composition
Table 33.3. Physical and statistical parameters
Table 33.4. Pavement end of life proportional to load increase and velocity variation
Table 33.5. Pavement end of life proportional to load increase and velocity variation
Table 33.6. Pavement end of life proportional to load increase and velocity variation
Table 33.7. Pavement end of life proportional to load increase and velocity variation

34 Application of Different Methods for Rehabilitation of Existing Transition Zones on Old Railway Lines

Table 34.1. The calculation results of the transition zones (TZs)

38 3D Numerical Simulation of Convoy-generated Waves and Sediment Transport in Restricted Waterways

Table 38.1. Geometrical parameters of the channel and the convoy [COM 97b]
Table 38.2. Convoy model and waterway related to sediment transport

39 Potential Impact of Climate Change on Porous Asphalt with a Focus on Winter Damage

Table 39.1. Porous asphalt road characteristics by type [VAN 05]
Table 39.2. List of RCMs used in this study with their driving GCMs

40 Risk Assessment of Highway Flooding in the Netherlands

Table 40.1. Three main types of flooding, effects and impact, from “Blue spots” study by Bles et al. [BLE 12]
Table 40.2. Descriptions for scoring effect (1–4) of flooding events for functionalities availability and safety
Table 40.3. Average relative ranking (1 = most important, 5 = least important) of the functionalities of the road
Table 40.4. Scoring the effects of flooding events and network category on functionalities of the road. The larger the (negative) influence of the event on each of the functionalities, the larger the score (from 1 to 4) for that specific functionality
Table 40.5. Classes of effect, probability and risk used in graphical representations

41 Adaptation of the Road Infrastructure to Climate Change

Table 41.1. The status of the AdSVIS projects. Running: light gray; planned: dark gray

42 The Impacts of Climate Change on Pavement Maintenance in Queensland, Australia

Table 42.1. Climate changes and impacts on road network [KIN 05, HOP 07, DEP 09]
Table 42.2. HDM-III climate input variables
Table 42.3. Road management strategic scenarios adopted in the economic analysis
Table 42.4. Annual pavement maintenance costs

43 Design Guideline for a Climate Projection Data Base and Specific Climate Indices for Roads: CliPDaR

Table 43.1. Overview of climate simulations of (i) the years 1961–2000 for the control run (C20), (ii) projection runs for the years 2001–2100 based on the scenario A1B (special eight-member ensemble (5 km scale) of daily values used in KLIWAS, original data 25 km scaled; after [IMB 13], modified). GCM, global climate model
Table 43.2. Transport spots for which the climate indices are calculated. This calculation involves nine points of the KLIWAS-8 ensemble considered for averaging
Table 43.3. Median for FTC of the KLIWAS ensemble mean for 20 sites and three time period
Table 43.4. Differences in mean and variance of the model results averaged over all sites and the appendant significance (on the 0.95-level) of the changes for the three CIs. The time periods 2071–2100 and 1961–1990 have been compared

List of Illustrations

28 Introduction to European COREPASOL Project on Harmonizing Cold Recycling Pavement Techniques

Figure 28.1. Indirect tensile strength and bulk density of mix A
Figure 28.2. Indirect tensile strength and bulk density of mix B
Figure 28.3. Stiffness modulus and bulk density of mix A
Figure 28.4. Stiffness modulus and bulk density of mix B

29 Technical Performance and Benefits of Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Containing Polymer-modified Binder in Premium Surface Layers

Figure 29.1. Master curves of virgin, extracted and blended bitumen from Denmark (RAD): (left) when blending with PGB; (right) when blending with polymer modified bitumen. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 29.2. Relation between penetration and indirect tensile strength (ITS) value, and AC11 and SMA 11 show a good correlation
Figure 29.3. Detailed image from a micrograph of AC 11 with PMB and 40% RA

30 Case Study: Increasing the Percentage of Recycled Asphalt

Figure 30.1. Characteristics of extracted bitumen from laboratory-prepared asphalt mixtures with different percentages of RA and with or without rejuvenator
Figure 30.2. Average rut propagation (mm/1,000) of asphalt taken from the test field

31 Evaluation of Long-term Glass-grid Test Section using a Unique Method

Figure 31.1. Definition of terms
Figure 31.2. Reinforced/unreinforced deflection curve (illustration of hypothesis)
Figure 31.3. Experimental data from pavement deflection basin: a) 2004 and b) 2012 (reinforced section is between 0 and 0.350 km). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 31.4. Comparison of maximum deflections in time and location
Figure 31.5. Surface curvature index parameter
Figure 31.6. AREA parameter
Figure 31.7. Evolution of deflection basin radiuses over time
Figure 31.8. Observed distress (fatigue/block cracking area) versus considered FWD parameters in 2012

32 Effect of Using of Reclaimed Asphalt and/or Lower Temperature Asphalt on the Availability of the Road Network

Figure 32.1. Definition of low-temperature asphalt mixtures [EUR 10]
Figure 32.2. Particle size distribution. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 32.3. Satellite image of the trial road section
Figure 32.4. Schematic representation of the trail section
Figure 32.5. Paving process of the trial section. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 32.6. RA material grading after the binder removal
Figure 32.7. Collection of samples from site

33 Brazilian Road Deterioration Test: Final Report

Figure 33.1. Location of test track, pavement assessment and weighing in motion systems
Figure 33.2. Cole–cole complex modulus representation. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 33.3. Asphalt fatigue curve. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 33.4. Axle load spectra
Figure 33.5. Pavement life × overload. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip

34 Application of Different Methods for Rehabilitation of Existing Transition Zones on Old Railway Lines

Figure 34.1. a) “Buna” bridge; b) deformed geometry of superstructure
Figure 34.2. Ground characteristics
Figure 34.3. a) Transition zone on Zagreb site (No1); b) transition zone on Sisak site (No2)
Figure 34.4. Laboratory tests of GRS. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 34.5. Final design of the transition zone on Zagreb site
Figure 34.6. Final design of the transition zone on Sisak site
Figure 34.7. Execution of GRS layer 1
Figure 34.8. Load scheme of anchoring longitudinal beam at the top of GRS
Figure 34.9. Execution of GRS layer 2
Figure 34.10. Strain gages

35 CAPACITY4RAIL: Toward a Resilient, Innovative and High-capacity European Railway System for 2030/2050

Figure 35.1. CAPACITY4Rail structure and interactions
Figure 35.2. Capacity4Rail migration model

36 Secondary Stiffness of Fastening Clips: Influence on the Behavior of the Railway Track Panel

Figure 36.1. Fastening in schematic depiction, before mounting (right side) and after mounting (left side)
Figure 36.2. Railway vehicle and railway track as a combination of springs and dampers
Figure 36.3. Typical cross-section of ballasted track and its simulation as a combination of springs and dampers
Figure 36.4. Typical load–deflection curves of fastening clip (left side) and fastening pad (right side)
Figure 36.5. (Left side) Rotation φ of the rail due to pad thickness. (Right side) Load–deflection curves of two clips and one plate [fastclip with no secondary stiffness, Skl 14, Nabla]. The diagram was designed by the author, based on [ERR 94b]. The diagram of the load–deflection curve, of the fastclip with secondary stiffness, was designed by the author, based on the booklet “A new Generation Rail Fastening”. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip

37 A New Asset Management Approach for Inland Waterways

Figure 37.1. Asset management approach based on fairway availability with measure costs and transport cost savings
Figure 37.2. a) Classes of fairway width and depth of a river section i with the actual riverbed condition on daily basis; b) availability performance of the river section i for 1 year with deviation from different levels of service (LOSs), e.g. regarding width (e.g. LOS 3 = DC1998 → width = 120 m, depth =2.5 m, 343 days)
Figure 37.3. Overview decision tree for a selection of individual measures and their resulting impact on fairway availability
Figure 37.4. a) Costs per unit of fine sediment and gravel dredging depending on measure extent (economy of scale); b) duration of dredging measure impact with specific backfilling rate being related to various parameters (e.g. amount of discharge)
Figure 37.5. Optimization for continuous fairway parameters and resulting increase in availability for an entire transport route
Figure 37.6. Resulting measure program for dredging measures with measure extent, measure costs and time for implementation depending on targeted level of service and priority (e.g. due to critical condition or development)
Figure 37.7. Utilization of physical fairway availability based on traffic volume, fleet composition and critical encounters
Figure 37.8. a) Static draught/loaded depth and loading capacity of Danube fleet; b) dynamic squat depending on static draught and speed for low water levels and main vessel types of the River Danube fleet
Figure 37.9. Transport distancerelated unit costs of inland navigation on the Danube (e.g. for main Johann Welker type vessel)
Figure 37.10. Optimization of fairway parameters for any given level of service with resulting total measure costs and their impact on increasing fairway availability and decreasing transport costs
Figure 37.11. WAMS availability calculation for a shallow section on the River Danube in Austria for an entire year as well as typical low water periods and high water periods
Figure 37.12. Development of absolute riverbed altitude for a shallow section on the River Danube in Austria with a substantial sedimentation process especially during the flood period in June 2013. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 37.13. Impact of dredging measure in a shallow section on the river Danube in Austria in October 2012 with subsequent sedimentation (and erosion) processes especially during the flood period in June 2013. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 37.14. Example for planning of dredging measures for different fairway width and a common fairway depth of 2.5 m with water depth based on LNWL before and after dredging at the shallow section Petronell–Witzelsdorf. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 37.15. Example for the calculation of a dredging program for a specific LOS-based fairway width and depth of 2.5 m (+0.3 m safety margin) with priorities, dredging volume and costs from 1,872–1,920 km of the River Danube

38 3D Numerical Simulation of Convoy-generated Waves and Sediment Transport in Restricted Waterways

Figure 38.1. Diagram of the convoy and location of the probes used for the comparison
Figure 38.2. Meshes on hull surfaces and on the boundaries
Figure 38.3. Simulated free surface including a barge and a towboat
Figure 38.4. Wave profile at probe 2 (see Figure 38.1): comparison with experimental data
Figure 38.5. Maximum SPM versus Froude number
Figure 38.6. SPM distribution along lines L1, L2 and L3 on the symmetry. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 38.7. SPM distribution on trans-section for different blockage coefficient (C_b) for V_b = –0.8 m/s. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 38.8. SPM distribution on the symmetry plane for different value of blockage coefficient (C_b) for V_b = –0.8 m/s. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 38.9. SPM time history at a point fixed z/h = –0.975 on the plane symmetry for V_b = –0.8 m/s

39 Potential Impact of Climate Change on Porous Asphalt with a Focus on Winter Damage

Figure 39.1. Frost damage on porous pavement [RWS 12]
Figure 39.2. Location of road sensors on highway A10 and KNMI weather station
Figure 39.3. Results of temperature analysis: a) correlation between minimum air temperature measured beside the road and with official KNMI station; b) correlation between maximum air temperature measured beside the road and with official KNMI station; c) correlation between minimum road temperature and air temperature measured at the KNMI station and d) correlation between maximum road temperature and air temperature measured at the KNMI station
Figure 39.4. Flow chart of the input climate related input parameters for predicting frost damage

40 Risk Assessment of Highway Flooding in the Netherlands

Figure 40.1. RIMAROCC risk management framework
Figure 40.2. Flooding event 1 (only for functionality availability): a) effect score and b) risk score. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 40.3. Flooding event 4 (only for availability): a) effect score and b) risk score. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 40.4. Flooding event 3 (only for availability): (a and b) potentially vulnerable objects; increase in ground water levels; (c) risk score of approximately 20 sensitive locations. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip

41 Adaptation of the Road Infrastructure to Climate Change

Figure 41.1. Milestones of the BASt roadmap to the adaptation of the road infrastructure to climate change
Figure 41.2. Structure of “AdSVIS – adaptation of the road infrastructure to climate change”
Figure 41.3. The RIVA method
Figure 41.4. The “resilient road” element of forever open road (FEHRL)
Figure 41.5. Milestones of the FOR roadmap “the climate change resilient road”

42 The Impacts of Climate Change on Pavement Maintenance in Queensland, Australia

Figure 42.1. a) Trend in mean temperature 1960–2009 (°C/decade) [CSI 10]; b) Projected annual mean temperatures based on emission scenario for 2030, 2050 and 2070 [CSI 07]. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 42.2. a) Trend in annual rainfall 1960–2009 (mm/decade) [CSI 10]; b) Percentage change in annual precipitation based on emission scenario for 2030, 2050 and 2070 [CSI 07]. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 42.3. Linear rate of roughness deterioration versus Thornthwaite moisture index
Figure 42.4. Pavement deterioration at the study area in Queensland
Figure 42.5. Annual pavement maintenance cost versus Thornthwaite moisture index

43 Design Guideline for a Climate Projection Data Base and Specific Climate Indices for Roads: CliPDaR

Figure 43.1. Cause–effect tensor (CET2). Left: climatological elements, right: traffic infrastructure (example) [KOR 15]
Figure 43.2. Starting from a particular emission scenario (explained in the text), the uncertainty grows with every step that is required to derive different adaptation measures mitigating the impact of climate change (schematic diagram) after [VIN 02]. The two curves on the right are representative of all possible frequency distributions of climate change impacts
Figure 43.3. One possibility to illustrate the findings from an ensemble of projections (a multimodel ensemble for A1B). The panels show the increase in the number of hot days per year. The left two panels refer to the 15th and 85th percentiles for the n.f., the right two panels for the f.f. (source: DWD, www.dwd.de/klimaatlas). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 43.4. Boxplots of the yearly number of FTC for Praha (a detailed explanation of the plot is given in the “General comments” section). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 43.5. Boxplots for the yearly number heavy precipitation days (precipitation amount ≥ 30 mm) for Salzburg (a detailed explanation of the plot is given in the “General comments” section). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip
Figure 43.6. Boxplots for the yearly number of potential “rutting days” (T_max≥30°C and T_min≥20°C) for Frankfurt am Main (a detailed explanation of the plot is given in the “General comments” section) Low occurrences appear near zero-level. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/jacob/materials.zip

Preface

The transport sector is very much concerned about environmental adaptation and mitigation issues. Most of these are related to the objective of curbing GHG emission by 20% by 2020, alternative energy and energy savings, sustainable mobility and infrastructures, safety and security, etc. These objectives require the implementation of advanced research works, to develop new policies, and to adjust education and industrial innovations.

The theme and slogan of the Transport Research Arena held in Paris (TRA2014) were respectively: “Transport Solutions: From Research to Deployment” and “Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation”. Top researchers and engineers, as well as private and public policy and decision–makers, were mobilized to identify and take the relevant steps to implement innovative solutions in transport. All surface modes were included, including walking and cycling, as well as cross modal aspects.

Policies, technologies and behaviors must be continually adapted to new constraints, such as climate change, the diminishing supply of fossil fuels, the economic crisis, the increased demand for mobility, safety and security, i.e. all the societal issues of the 21^st Century. Transport infrastructures and materials, modal share, co-modality, urban planning, public transportation and mobility, safety and security, freight, logistics, ITS, energy and environment issues are the subject of extensive studies, research works and industrial innovations that are reported in this series of books.

This book is part of a set of six books called the Research for Innovative Transports set. This collection presents an update of the latest academic and applied research, case studies, best practices and user perspectives on transport carried out in Europe and worldwide. The presentations made during TRA2014 reflect on them. The TRAs are supported by the European Commission (DG-MOVE and DG-RTD), the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR), and the modal European platforms, ERRAC (rail), ERTRAC (road), WATERBORNE, and ALICE (freight), and also by the European Construction Technology Platform (ECTP) and the European Transport Research Alliance (ETRA).

The volumes are made up of a selection of the best papers presented at TRA2014. All papers were peer reviewed before being accepted at the conference, and were then selected by the editors for the purpose of the present collection. Each volume contains complementary academic and applied inputs provided by highly qualified researchers, experts and professionals from all around the world.

Each volume of the series covers a strategic theme of TRA2014.

Volume 1, Energy and Environment, presents recent research works around the triptych “transports, energy and environment” that demonstrate that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (electro-mobility), think about new services and involve enterprises. Mitigation strategies and policies are examined under different prospective scenarios, to develop and promote alternative fuels and technologies, multi-modality and services, and optimized transport chains whilst preserving climate and the environment. Evaluation and certification methodologies are key elements for assessing air pollution, noise and vibration from road, rail and maritime transports and their impacts on the environment. Different depollution technologies and mitigation strategies are also presented.

Volume 2, Towards Innovative Freight and Logistics, analyzes how to optimize freight movements and logistics, introduces new vehicle concepts, points out the governance and organization issues, and proposes an assessment framework.

Volumes 3 and 4 are complementary books covering the topic of traffic management and safety.

Volume 3, Traffic Management, starts with a survey of data collection processes and policies and then shows how traffic modeling and simulation may resolve major problems. Traffic management, monitoring and routing tools and experience are reported and the role of traffic information is highlighted. Impact assessments are presented.

Volume 4, Traffic Safety, describes the main road safety policies, accident analysis and modeling. Special focus is placed on the safety of vulnerable road users. The roles of infrastructure and ITS on safety are analyzed. Finally railway safety is focused upon.

Volume 5, Materials and Infrastructures, split into two sub-volumes, investigating geotechnical issues, and pavement materials’ characterization, innovative materials, technologies and processes, and introducing new techniques and approaches for auscultation and monitoring. Solutions to increase the durability of infrastructures and to improve maintenance and repair are shown, for recycling as well as for ensuring the sustainability of the infrastructures. Specific railways and inland navigation issues are addressed. A focus is put on climate resilient roads.

Volume 6, Urban Mobility and Public Transport, highlights possible innovations in order to improve transports and the quality of life in urban areas. Buses and two-wheelers could be a viable alternative in cities if they are safe and reliable. New methodologies are needed to assess urban mobility through new survey protocols, a better knowledge of user behavior or taking into account the value of travel for public transport. The interactions between urban transport and land planning are a key issue. However, these interactions have to be better assessed in order to propose scenarios for new policies.

Bernard JACOB, Chair of the TRA2014 Programme Committee

Jean-Bernard KOVARIK, Chair of the TRA2014 Management Committee March 2016

Acknowledgments

The European Commission, DG MOVE and RTD, the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR), the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC), the European Rail Research Advisory Council (ERRAC) and the European technology platform WATERBORNE-TP are acknowledged for their support and active contribution to the Programme Committee of the TRA2014, in charge of reviewing and selecting the papers presented at the conference, which forms the main input of this volume.

The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) is acknowledged for having organized the TRA2014, in which 600 high-quality papers were presented, successfully.

Anne Beeldens, Pierre Marchal, Manuel Pereira, and Jon Krokeborg; coordinators of the topic on Materials and Infrastructure; all the other members of the Programme Committee; the reviewers who actively contributed to review and select the papers; and the authors who wrote them are acknowledged for their great job that produced the material for this volume.

Joëlle Labarrère, secretary of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is acknowledged for her valuable help to the editors and for her support to prepare this volume.

Francesca La Torre

Professor Francesca La Torre is a Full Professor of roads, railways and airports at the University of Florence (Italy). She has been working in the field of transportation infrastructures for over 20 years. She obtained her PhD in 1998 at the University of Rome and she served as an assistant researcher at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA). She is a member of the EC Horizon 2020 advisory group for “Smart, Green and Integrated Transport” and the infrastructures representative for academia in ERTRAC.

Jean-Michel Torrenti

Jean Michel Torrenti is the R&D director of the Materials and Structures Department of IFSTTAR. He is also professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. His research concerns mechanics of concrete and its coupling with durability aspects: behavior of concrete at early age, creep, leaching. It is applied to model the behavior of structures such as bridges, nuclear power plants and nuclear waste storage. He is the co-author of several books concerning concrete and concrete structures.

Bernard Jacob

Bernard Jacob, chair of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is deputy scientific director for transport, infrastructures and safety with IFSTTAR. His research works are in bridge and road safety, traffic loads on bridges, heavy vehicles and weigh-in-motion. He has coordinated a number of European and International research projects. He is an active member in several scientific and technical committees (OECD/ITF, PIARC, TRB, etc.) and provided expertise to the European Commission. He is professor at Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat and the president of the International Society for WIM (ISWIM). He has published more than 100 scientific papers and edited 10 published volumes of international projects and conference proceedings.

Introduction

The infrastructures of the future will have to be sustainable, seamless, resilient and durable, will respect the principles of circular economy and will have to be easy to monitor and manage. New technologies are currently available or under development to reduce the carbon footprint of infrastructures and to increase the overall sustainability and recyclability of transport while maintaining the utility and value of the infrastructures. However, the impact of these new solutions will only be effective once these are thoroughly disseminated and extensively deployed.

This volume presents a series of the most promising solutions and aims at disseminating them to improve the performances and efficiency of materials and infrastructures, through a choice of updated papers from the TRA2014 Conference. Selection is primarily based on a quality criterion, also taking into account the geographical diversity of papers in order to restore the originality and richness of current research.

I.1. Main findings

The papers contained in this volume demonstrate how technological solutions and new design and management methodologies can be implemented in different surface transport modes (roads, railways and waterways) to increase transport sustainability by improving infrastructures design, maintenance, recyclability and management. Both theoretical research and practical case studies explore topics such as characterization of pavements, bridges and soils, use of recycled and warm mix asphalts as well as high-performance materials to increase durability or to reduce the noise impact.

New management techniques for improving infrastructure resilience both roads and railways is a very timely topic that has been selected by the European Commission and the U.S. Department of Transportation as the subject of further Euro-American cooperation. This topic is extensively covered in this volume for a number of different transport modes.

Road infrastructures are typically “low technology” structures but timely, cost-effective and seamless monitoring is essential for the implementation of effective maintenance and management concepts. New solutions for pavement and soil characterization are being developed by implementing seamless technologies. These range from well-established techniques, such as ground penetrating radars (GPR) and weigh-in-motion (WIM) techniques, to innovative radar remote sensing techniques.

The development of new pavement materials is always a key topic for road and airport engineers and the implementation of recycled materials and warm mix asphalt will be the standard solution of the future. However, there is still a strong need for understanding the long-term performance of these materials in situ and for developing performance models that the designers can implement for adopting these technologies. This volume will help the designers and road managers interested in implementing these solutions and presents different case studies that will make the potential users feel more confident.

It is interesting to observe that infrastructure performances often conflict and therefore solutions such as porous asphalt, that can be very effective for noise reduction, is more sensitive to climatic changes due to the effect of freeze-thaw cycles.

Durability and maintenance are core issues for road researchers with the final aim in mind that the road of the future will have to be “Forever Open”. However, local authorities are often faced with the issue of effective day to day maintenance. Infrastructure research too often focuses on highly trafficked motorways or primary road networks; therefore, it is extremely important that a research effort be specifically devoted to develop guidelines for the maintenance and repair of low volume roads, which represent a large portion of the whole road networks.

Railway and road infrastructures issues are usually tackled as separate but the recent work conducted by the joint roadmap for cross-modal transport infrastructure innovation toward a performing infrastructure has recently shown that a number of infrastructure research issues are cross-modal and therefore lessons can be learned across modes. This is clearly shown in this volume in which resilience to climatic changes covers both roads and railways and integrated modes are needed to achieve a truly resilient transport system.

This volume will be of interest not only for the research community and in higher education but also for professionals in the area of infrastructure design and management as well as economic and institutional decision makers. They will find state-of-the-art studies of key research issues, new advanced methods and illustrative case studies.

Volume 5 of the Research for Innovative Transports set is divided into two sub-volumes containing three parts each: five parts focus on roads but cover potentially cross-modal topics dealing with materials for infrastructures, auscultation and monitoring, durability and maintenance repair, recycling and sustainability issues and climate resilient roads. One part is specifically devoted to railways and inland navigation.

Sub-volume 1 contains parts 1–3. Part 1 deals with geotechnical issues and pavement materials’ characterization. In this part researchers and practitioners can find new test methods and materials characterization techniques for non-conventional materials including recycled asphalt mixtures, warm mix asphalts but also fiber reinforced concrete materials.

Part 2 presents novel and high-tech solutions to monitor and assess pavement conditions to assist road authorities in this key management activity. These techniques include 3D mapping, remote sensing, GPR evaluation of pavement structural capacity and WIM monitoring solutions. The reader will also find a highly specialized study on integrating the electrical supply cables for public transport, for creating an electromagnetic induction field, in a prefabricated concrete slab.

Part 3 deals with the key road management issues of durability and maintenance repair. The recurrent theme of noise reduction has been tackled and designers and road authorities will be able to consider and compare the effectiveness of different solutions including non-conventional materials. Attention is also paid to noise issues in non-conventional analysis locations as level intersections in urban and rural areas. A very important issue for road managers is pothole repair. The guidelines developed in the POTHOLE project will be extremely helpful for local authorities looking for effective maintenance solutions.

Sub-volume 2 contains parts 4–6. Part 4 addresses recycling and sustainability issues, presenting case studies and full-scale tests. Asphalt recycling is a core issue for reducing the carbon footprint of transportation infrastructure. Road administrations and designers will find a very interesting overview of three transnational research projects on this topic as well as a case study from Slovenia.

Part 5 analyzes railways and inland navigation issues. New concepts for low maintenance and resilient infrastructure as well as optimizing operation and intermodal integration within the global transport system are proposed for technicians dealing with resilient infrastructure in any transport mode. Highly specialized railway experts will find studies on clip stiffness and on new innovative solutions for transition zones between the “normal” open tracks and “rigid” track sections. Waterways researchers will find an interesting new management approach to deal with suspended sediments.

Part 6 focuses on a key infrastructure issue of the future: resilience to extreme climatic conditions. Input from three continents (Australia, Europe and North America) highlight that this global issue needs trans-national solutions. An interesting overview of two transnational projects (RIMAROCC and SWAMP) introduces the topic followed by specific solutions adopted by single countries. The effect of climatic changes on pavements is assessed to answer questions of specialized pavement engineers.

I.2. Conclusions

This volume provides an insight on research, best practices and transport policies with a focus on state-of the-art advances in the fields of infrastructures and materials. The progress made in the implementation of new materials in pavement design as well as the evolution in the process of data collection and assessment, modeling and management, assisting academics, transport professionals, practitioners and decision makers to a better understanding of the current and future trends are demonstrated.

Future infrastructure monitoring techniques will be seamless, and this volume shows that there is a significant shift of the research world in this direction. These solutions now need to become current practices to really improve the transport system.

Reducing the infrastructure carbon footprint and increasing its resilience is possible but road managers and designers need to have design and management tools as well as case studies that will allow them to gain more confidence in the adoption of new and less impacting solutions.

Materials and Infrastructures 2

Preface

Acknowledgments

Francesca La Torre

Jean-Michel Torrenti

Bernard Jacob

Introduction

I.1. Main findings

I.2. Conclusions

PART 4
Recycling and Sustainability Issues