Cover
Title Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Defining Social Deviance and Deviants
1. What is Deviance?
2. The Sociological Perspective
3. The Social Construction of Deviance
4. The Role of Media in Defining Deviance
5. Negative and positive results of deviance
6. Summary
7. Outcomes Assessment
8. Key Terms and Concepts
2 Deviance and Social Identity
1. Becoming Deviant
2. Deviance as a Status
3. Deviance as a Role
4. Deviance, Deviants, and Stigma
5. Managing a Spoiled Identity
6. Deviance, Identity, and The Media
7. Summary
8. Outcomes Assessment
9. Key Terms and Concepts
3 Popular Notions and Pseudoscientific Explanations for Deviance
1. Demonology: “The Devil Made Me Do It”
2. Morality, Immorality, and Deviance
3. Positivism, Pseudoscience, and the Medical Model of Deviance
4. Blame it on the Media
5. Fallacies of Popular Notions and Pseudoscientific Explanations
6. Summary
7. Outcomes Assessment
8. Key Terms and Concepts
4 Sociological Explanations for Deviance
1. A Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
2. The Conflict Perspective and Deviant Behavior
3. Interactionist Theories and the Constructionist View of Deviance
4. A Feminist Perspective on Deviance
5. The Pervasive Influence of the Media
6. Summary
7. Outcomes Assessment
8. Key Terms and Concepts
5 Deviant Occupations
1. The Sociology of Work
2. Occupation as Master Status
3. Illegal Occupations
4. “Immoral” Occupations: Working in the Adult Entertainment Industry
5. Black‐Collar Occupations: Stigmatized Occupations and “Dirty” Work
6. Deviant Occupations and the Media
7. Summary
8. Outcomes Assessment
9. Key Terms and Concepts
6 Sexual Deviance and Deviant Lifestyles
1. Sex, Gender, and Human Sexuality
2. Sexual Norms and Sexual Deviance
3. Adultery/Swinging/Mate Swapping/Co‐Marital Sex
4. Sexual Deviance and the Media
5. Summary
6. Outcomes Assessment
7. Key Terms and Concepts
7 Alcoholism and Other Drug Abuse
1. A Brief History of Alcohol in the United States
2. Alcohol Use among Social Groups in the United States
3. Becoming an Alcoholic
4. A Brief History of Drugs in the United States
5. Recreational Drug Use
6. Becoming an Addict
7. Drugs and the Media
8. Summary
9. Outcomes Assessment
10. Key Terms and Concepts
8 Physical and Mental Deviance
1. Media and the “Ideal” Body
2. Abominations of the Body
3. Mental Disorders
4. Mental Disorders and the Media
5. Summary
6. Outcomes Assessment
7. Key Terms and Concepts
9 Suicide and Self‐Harm
1. Defining Suicide
2. Durkheim’s Classic Study
3. Modern Theories of Suicide
4. Suicide in the United States
5. Physician‐Assisted Suicide
6. Suicide‐by‐Cop
7. Suicide Terrorism
8. Self‐Harm
9. Suicide and the Media
10. Summary
11. Outcomes Assessment
12. Key Terms and Concepts
10 Beyond the Range of Tolerance
1. Body Modification and Mutilation
2. Edgework, Risk‐Taking Behavior, and Extreme Sports
3. Extreme Lifestyles
4. Extreme Deviance and the Media
5. Summary
6. Outcomes Assessment
7. Key Terms and Concepts
11 Violence, Street Crime, and Delinquency
1. Measuring Crime in the United States
2. Violence
3. Property Crimes
4. Terrorism
5. Violence Against Women
6. Crime and the Media: The CSI Effect
7. Summary
8. Outcomes Assessment
9. Key Terms and Concepts
12 Corporate Crime and Elite Deviance
1. White‐Collar Crime
2. Corporate Crime
3. Political Corruption
4. Police Misconduct
5. Elite Deviance and the Media
6. Summary
7. Outcomes Assessment
8. Key Terms and Concepts
13 Cyberdeviance
1. Hacking and Online Piracy
2. Cyberwarfare
3. Cyberbullying
4. Cyberstalking
5. Cyberdeviance and the Media
6. Summary
7. Outcomes Assessment
8. Key Terms and Concepts
14 Deviance, Deviants, and Social Control
1. Informal Social Control
2. Formal Social Control
3. Social Control and Stigma
4. Media and Public Opinion
5. Summary
6. Outcomes Assessment
7. Key Terms and Concepts
References
1. Cases cited
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1 Perspectives on deviance.
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Merton’s Typology of Modes of Adaptive Behavior. (Merton, 1938:676)
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Examples of celebrity deaths caused by drugs.
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 Some types of amputations.
Chapter 09
1. Table 9.1 Durkheim’s typology of suicide.
2. Table 9.2 Comparing suicide‐by‐cop incidents in movies to reality.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Applying rape myths to other crimes.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Most and least corrupt nations.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Comparing Informal and Formal Social Control.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Four major types of norms.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Status set. What are the statuses in your status set? Which are ascribed? Which are achieved?
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Illustration by Marilyn Thompson of Sheldon’s Somatotypes.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 Timeline of same‐sex marriage bans and legalizations by effective date of laws.
2. Figure 6.2 World map of slavery.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Map of dry counties in the United States.
2. Figure 7.2 Percentage of people who reported drinking in their lifetime, the past year, and the past month, by gender.
3. Figure 7.3 Percentage of people who reported drinking in their lifetime, the past year, and the past month, by race/ethnicity.
4. Figure 7.4 Percentage of people who reported binge drinking in the past month, by age.
5. Figure 7.5 Percentage of people who reported binge drinking in the past month, by race/ethnicity.
6. Figure 7.6 Percentage of people age 12 and older who reported using illicit drugs, by race/ethnicity.
7. Figure 7.7 Types of legal and illegal drugs.
8. Figure 7.8 Stages of drug addiction.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 Cases of blindness in the US by age, gender and race/ethnicity, 2010.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Trends in US unemployment rate and US suicide rate by race and gender. Do you notice suicide increasing during harsh economic times – in line with Durkheim’s theory? Does anomic suicide seem applicable to some social groups more than others? Why might this be so?
2. Figure 9.2 Percentage of 2010 US suicides by sex. Why might men commit suicide more than women?
3. Figure 9.3 Percentage of 2010 US suicides by race. Using the actual number of suicides tells us one story. How might the racial breakdown of suicide differ when we look at the rate of suicide for each group?
4. Figure 9.4 2010 US suicide rate by race and gender. Note: “Am Indian/AK Native” refers to American Indians and Alaskan Natives. “Asian/Pac Islander” refers to Asians and Pacific Islanders. In parentheses below each racial group is the male‐to‐female ratio. Notice the similarities and differences between this graph and the graphs in Figures 9.2 and 9.3. When we take into account the number of people in each group, both Black men and Black women commit suicide the least compared with their counterparts in other racial groups. Which set of statistics do you think should be used when discussing suicide trends – raw numbers or information that includes the number of people in each population?
5. Figure 9.5 2010 US suicide rate by age. Notice the trends in this graph. Why might suicide rates dip after middle age, but rise again during age 70 and beyond?
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Age of those arrested for all crimes by gender, 2013.
2. Figure 11.2 Proportion of violent crimes in the United States, 2013.
3. Figure 11.3 Trend in murder rate in the United States, 1960–2013.
4. Figure 11.4 Homicide offenders and victims by race, 2013.
5. Figure 11.5 Percent of homicides of youth ages 5–18 occurring in school, 1992–2010. Of all homicides of youth ages 5–18, less than two percent have happened at school over the past two decades (Robers et al., 2013). What might be driving fear of school shootings in America?
6. Figure 11.6 Percent of crime in the United States, 2013.
7. Figure 11.7 Comparison of the 2011 rate of female and male victims of intimate partner violence per 100,000 people.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Crimes reported to the police, 2012.
2. Figure 12.2 Number of white collar crime victimizations unreported and reported to authorities, 2010.
3. Figure 12.3 Continuum of political corruption.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Wall’s typology. What other types of cyberdeviance can you think of? Do any fall within these categories?
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Number of state and federal prison admissions by type of admission, 1978–2012. Reflecting on Chapter 11 and what you now know about street crime and delinquency, what do you think accounts for this trend in prison admissions?
2. Figure 14.2 Correctional supervision in the United States, 2012. Notice that the majority of those supervised by correctional agencies are on probation and parole instead of confined to jails and prisons. Why might this be so?

This edition first published 2017
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Thompson, William E. (William Edwin), 1950– author. | Gibbs, Jennifer C., 1978– author.
Title: Deviance & deviants : a sociological approach / William E. Thompson, Jennifer C. Gibbs.
Description: Hoboken : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016007515 (print) | LCCN 2016013846 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118604595 (paperback) | ISBN 9781118604694 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118604656 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Deviant behavior. | BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Criminology.
Classification: LCC HM811 .T468 2016 (print) | LCC HM811 (ebook) | DDC 302.5/42–dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007515

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Preface

Too often, people are led to believe that society’s norms are clearly defined, rigidly enforced, and arbitrarily followed or broken. Mass media and social media often reinforce these ideas and portray those who are labeled as deviant as being individuals who are somehow inherently different from the rest of us – social misfits, perhaps mentally, or at least morally, impaired. Indeed, some people are comforted by the notion that the world is dichotomous and can be neatly divided into good and bad, right and wrong, conformity and deviance. Because many people are curious as to what makes deviants “tick,” there is a tendency for definitions of deviance and deviants to take an individualistic and pathological approach emphasizing the uniqueness of those who violate society’s folkways, mores, and laws. The first wisdom of sociology, however, and the guiding principle for this book is: things are not what they seem (Berger, 1963). While acknowledging the uniqueness of individuals, Deviance & Deviants: A Sociological Approach insists that the study of deviance is not, as has been suggested, merely the study of “nuts, sluts, and preverts” (sic) (Liazos, 1972). Instead, this book places norm violation in a much broader sociological context and explores how both deviance (norm violating behaviors) and deviants (those believed to have committed those behaviors) are socially constructed and socially defined.

Some of the special features of this book include:

Taking both a macro‐level and micro‐level approach to norm violating behavior, looking at how norms are socially constructed, socially defined, and socially sanctioned.
Exploring how deviance becomes part of a person’s social and personal identity.
Looking at some of the popular notions and pseudoscientific explanations for deviance and debunking many of the myths that surround deviance and deviants.
Providing sociological explanations for deviance based on solid social scientific research.
Exploring areas of deviance sometimes overlooked by other books on the subject, such as deviant occupations, sexual deviance, extreme deviance, elite deviance, and cyberdeviance.
Beginning each chapter with specific learning outcomes and ending with critical thinking questions designed to assess those outcomes.
A subheading in each chapter that focuses on the media and how they help construct, define, and redefine that particular topic related to deviance.
In each chapter, a box entitled “In Their Own Words” in which people who have been labeled as deviant provide their viewpoint on the particular subject of that chapter.
Key terms and concepts appear in boldface type followed by italicized definitions. These key terms are listed in alphabetical order at the end of each chapter and again in a comprehensive glossary at the end of the book.

We invite you to open your minds as you open your books and explore the fascinating world of social deviance and social deviants. Apply your critical thinking skills as you read, asking questions and questioning answers.

Deviance & Deviants

A Sociological Approach

Preface

About the Companion Website

For Instructors

For Students