Table of Contents
Cover
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Iron Oxides: From Nature to Applications
1.2 A Very Brief Overview of the Iron Oxides and How They Found Names
References
Part I: Formation, Transformation
Chapter 2: Geological Occurrences and Relevance of Iron Oxides
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Elemental Iron: From the Universe to the Earth
2.3 Residency of Elemental Iron on Earth
2.4 Mineral Forms of Iron Oxides
2.5 Occurrence and Geological Relevance of Iron Oxides
2.6 Iron Oxides in Continental Dust Deposits
2.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Reductive Dissolution and Reactivity of Ferric (Hydr)oxides: New Insights and Implications for Environmental Redox Processes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Classical Perspective on Reductive Dissolution
3.3 Electron Transfer at Ferric (Hydr)oxides Surfaces: The Role of Fe(II)
3.4 Energetics at the Ferric (Hydr)oxide Interface
3.5 Rate Control: Surface versus Structural Properties
3.6 Interaction between Dissolved Sulfide and Ferric Hydroxides
3.7 Implications
References
Chapter 4: Formation and Transformation of Iron-Bearing Minerals by Iron(II)-Oxidizing and Iron(III)-Reducing Bacteria
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biomineralization of Iron through Microbial Fe(II) Oxidation
4.3 Iron(III) Minerals: Electron Acceptors for Iron-Reducing Bacteria
4.4 Specific Properties of Iron Biominerals
4.5 Microbial Fe Redox Cycling: Past, Present, and Future
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Controlled Biomineralization of Magnetite in Bacteria
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Magnetotactic Bacteria
5.3 Organization and Role of Magnetosomes
5.4 Biomineralization of Magnetosomes
5.5 Mineral Phase of Magnetosomes
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Ferritin Iron Mineralization and Storage: From Structure to Function
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Structure of Ferritins
6.3 Iron Storage and Mineralization
6.4 NMR and MRI Studies of the Ferritin Iron Core
6.5 Magnetoferritin
6.6 Ferritin as a Biotechnological Tool
6.7 Protocol Annexes
References
Chapter 7: Iron Oxides in the Human Brain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Iron Oxides Observed in the Human Brain
7.3 Properties of Iron Oxides in the Brain
7.4 Stored and Sequestered Iron Oxide in the Human Brain
7.5 Methods to Detect Iron Oxides in the Brain
7.6 Tools and Treatments: Manipulating Iron Oxides in the Brain
7.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: The Chiton Radula: A Model System for Versatile Use of Iron Oxides*
8.1 Functional Anatomy of the Mollusk Radula
8.2 Development of the Radula: Organic Matrix
8.3 The Discovery of Biominerals in the Radula
8.4 The Microarchitecture of Chiton Radula Teeth
8.5 Development of the Chiton Radula: Stages of Biomineralization
8.6 Development of the Radula: Biological Control
8.7 Role of Acidic Macromolecules in the Insoluble Organic Matrix
8.8 Soluble Organic Matrix Composition
8.9 Selective Deposition of Ferrihydrite in Stage II
8.10 Conversion of Ferrihydrite to Magnetite in Stage III
8.11 Phase Transformations in Stage IV
8.12 Final Functional Architecture
8.13 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Mineralization of Goethite in Limpet Radular Teeth
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Structure, Properties, and Function of the Limpet Radula
9.3 Goethite Produced in the Laboratory
9.4 Goethite Produced in Limpets
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Synthetic Formation of Iron Oxides
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide from Aqueous Ferric Solution
10.3 Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide from Aqueous Ferrous Solution
10.4 Iron Oxide Synthesis Using Microfluidic Process
References
Chapter 11: Oriented Attachment and Nonclassical Formation in Iron Oxides
11.1 Introduction
11.2 OA in Iron Oxides in the Literature
11.3 OA and Phase Transformation
11.4 Detection and Characterization of Growth by OA
11.5 Kinetics of Growth by OA
11.6 Thermodynamics
11.7 Morphology and Surface Chemistry
11.8 Forces Governing Assembly
11.9 Future Work
References
Chapter 12: Thermodynamics of Iron Oxides and Oxyhydroxides in Different Environments
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Magnetic Transformations
12.3 Polymorphic Transformations
12.4 Summary
References
Part II: Characterization Techniques
Chapter 13: Introduction to Standard Spectroscopic Methods: XRD, IR/Raman, and Mössbauer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
13.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy
13.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: TEM and Associated Techniques
Common Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanoscale Analysis of Iron Oxides
14.3 Electron Holography
14.4 The Near
In Situ
Approach
14.5
In Situ
Analysis with a Liquid Cell
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Magnetic Measurements and Characterization
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Summary of Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxides and Iron Hydroxides
15.4 Remanent Magnetization
15.5 Usage of Magnetic Properties
15.6 Summary
References
Chapter 16: Total X-Ray Scattering and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for Determining the Structures, Sizes, Shapes, and Aggregation Extents of Iron (Hydr)oxide Nanoparticles
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Determination of Particle Structures: Total X-Ray Scattering with PDF Analysis
16.3 Determination of Particle Sizes, Shapes, and Aggregation Extents: SAXS and GISAXS
16.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17: X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy in Fe Oxides and Oxyhydroxides
17.1 Brief Introduction to XAFS
17.2 XANES spectroscopy
17.3 EXAFS Spectroscopy
17.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Part III: Applications
Chapter 18: Medical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
18.1 Introduction
18.2 IONPs for Imaging
18.3 Magnetic Drug Targeting
18.4 IONPs and Tissue Engineering
18.5 Activation of IONPs with Time-Dependent Magnetic Fields
18.6 Life Cycle of IONPs
18.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Iron Nanoparticles for Water Treatment: Is the Future Free or Fixed?
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Why Iron?
19.3 INPs: A Versatile Material for Water Treatment
19.4 Operational Drivers for Water Treatment
19.5 Static Nanocomposites
19.6 What Is Holding Back Static Nanocomposites?
19.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Actuation of Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures by External Magnetic Fields
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nanomachines
20.3 Guided Self-Assembly
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Iron Oxide-Based Pigments and Their Use in History
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Chemical Composition and Properties of Iron Oxide-Based Pigments
21.3 Use of Iron Oxide-Based Pigments in History
21.4 Case Studies
References
Chapter 22: Magnetoreception and Magnetotaxis
22.1 Magnetoreception
22.2 Magnetotaxis
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Pages
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
xxi
xxii
xxiii
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Begin Reading