Table of Contents
Dedication
Title page
Copyright page
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
Introduction
How to Use This Book
Physics of Ultrasound
Ultrasound Machine
Ultrasound Machine and Transducer Selection
Patient Preparation
Ultrasound Artifacts
Doppler Imaging
Summary/Conclusion
Recommended Reading
SECTION 1: Musculoskeletal
CHAPTER ONE: Ultrasonography of the Foot and Pastern
The Foot
The Pastern
Recommended Reading
References
CHAPTER TWO: Ultrasonography of the Fetlock
The Fetlock Joint
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities of the Fetlock
The Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER THREE: Ultrasonography of the Metacarpus and Metatarsus
Preparation and Scanning Technique
Ultrasonographic Anatomy
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER FOUR: Ultrasonography of the Carpus
Introduction
Anatomy and Scanning Technique
Joints and Bone
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities
Surgery
Recommended Reading
References
CHAPTER FIVE: Ultrasonography of the Elbow and Shoulder
Introduction
Elbow
Shoulder
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER SIX: Ultrasonography of the Hock
Introduction
Tendons and Ligaments
Synovial Structures
Bony Structures
Subcutis
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER SEVEN: Ultrasonography of the Stifle
Preparation and Scanning Technique
Ultrasonographic Anatomy
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER EIGHT: Ultrasonography of the Pelvis
Equipment
Indications
The Ilium
Tubera Sacrale, Ischii, and Coxae
Third Trochanter
The Dorsal Sacroiliac Ligaments
Hip Joints
Per Rectum Evaluation
The Lumbosacral and Sacroiliac Joints
Intertransverse Joints
Sacrum
Recommended Reading
Reference
CHAPTER NINE: Ultrasonography of the Neck and Back
Indications
Equipment
Back
Neck
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER TEN: Ultrasonography of the Head
Introduction
Temporomandibular Joint
Larynx
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Assessment of Other Structures of the Head
Recommended Reading
Videos: Dynamic Ultrasonography of Musculoskeletal Regions
The Use of Ultrasonography in Assessing Acute and Chronic Wounds, Trauma, and Injury
The Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)
The Hind Limb Suspensory Apparatus
The Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath ((DFTS) and Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament
The Fetlock Joint
The Carpus
The Elbow Joint
The Shoulder Region
The Stifle
Ultrasonography of Fractures
Transrectal Ultrasonography
Ultrasonographic-Guided Injections
SECTION 2: Reproduction
Section 2a: Ultrasonography of the Stallion Reproductive Tract
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Ultrasonography of the Internal Reproductive Tract
Normal Anatomy
Palpation Per Rectum
Ultrasonography of the Normal Internal Reproductive Tract
Pathologies of the Internal Genitalia
References
CHAPTER TWELVE: Ultrasonography of the Penis
Anatomy
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Stallion Penis
Penile Pathologies
References
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Ultrasonography of the Testes
Stallion Position and Location
Probe Type
Examination
Measurement and Interpretation of Testes Volume
References
Section 2b: Ultrasonography of the Mare Reproductive Tract
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Use of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of the Non-Pregnant Mare
References
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Use of Ultrasonography in the Management of the Abnormal Broodmare
Introduction
Abnormal Follicles
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Persistent Endometrial Cups
Air in the Uterus (Pneumometra)
Endometrial Cysts
Uterine Fluid
Foreign Bodies in the Uterus
Vaginal Hematoma
Vaginal Polyp
Ovarian Cysts
Uterine Neoplasia
Unknown
References
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Transrectal Ultrasonography of Early Equine Gestation – the First 60 Days
Introduction
Transrectal Technique
Image Milestones in Embryonic, Placental, and Fetal Development
Pregnancy Failure
Distinguishing Endometrial Cysts from Developing Embryos
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Use of Ultrasonography in Twin Management
Recommended Reading
Reference
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Use of Ultrasonography in Equine Fetal Sex Determination Between 55 and 200 Days of Gestation
Stages of Gestation
Ultrasonographic Planes
Procedure at 55–90 Days
Procedure 90–150 Days
Procedure for Transabdominal Scan Post 150+ Days
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER NINETEEN: Use of Ultrasonography in Fetal Development and Monitoring
Introduction
Applications
Equipment and Technique
Ultrasonographic Database
Fetal Growth and Development
Fetal Activity and Responsive Patterns
Fetal Heart Rate
Adequate environment
Fetal Orientation: Presentation
Volume and Quality of Fetal Fluids
Combined Thickness and Continuity of the Uteroplacental Unit
Cervical Parameters
References
CHAPTER TWENTY: Ultrasonography of the Post-Foaling Mare
Introduction
Technique
Normal Anatomy
Limitations of Transabdominal Ultrasonography
Pathology, Abdominal Cavity
Pathology, Peritoneal Cavity
Pathology, Abdominal Viscera
Summary
References
SECTION 3: Internal Medicine
Section 3a: Ultrasonography of the Thoracic Cavity
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: Ultrasonography of the Pleural Cavity, Lung, and Diaphragm
Thoracic Ultrasonography
Normal Anatomy
Pathology
Limitations of Thoracic Ultrasonography
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: Ultrasonography of the Heart
Technical Considerations
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Normal Equine Heart
Indications and Clinical Use of Echocardiography in Horses
References
Section 3b: Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Cavity
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: Ultrasonography of the Liver, Spleen, Kidney, Bladder, and Peritoneal Cavity
Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Bladder
Peritoneal Cavity
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: Ultrasonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Neonatal Ultrasonography
Recommended Reading
Section 3c: Ultrasonography of Small Structures
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: Ultrasonography of the Eye and Orbit
Ultrasonographic Technique in the Normal Eye
Ultrasonographic Changes in the Abnormal Eye
Artifacts
References
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: Ultrasonography of the Soft Tissue Structures of the Neck
Preparation and Scanning Technique
Jugular Vein
Carotid Artery
Guttural Pouches
Parotid Salivary Glands
Thyroid Gland
Lymph Nodes
Esophagus
Trachea
Muscles
References
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: Ultrasonography of Vascular Structures
Jugular Vein
Distal Limb Vasculature
Lateral Thoracic Vein
Iliac Arteries and Aorta
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: Ultrasonography of Umbilical Structures
Preparation and Scanning Technique
External Umbilical Remnant
Umbilical Vein
Umbilical Arteries
Urachus
Umbilical Hernia
Recommended Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Table I.1 Approximate acoustic impedance in commonly encountered tissues. (Source: Adapted from Curry, TS III
et al
., 1990. Reproduced with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)