Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Sponsors

Gold Sponsors

About The National Kitchen & Bath Association

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Bathroom History, Research, and Trends

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BATHROOM
BATHROOM-RELATED RESEARCH
MAJOR BATHROOM TRENDS
CURRENT DEMOGRAPHIC AND POPULATION TRENDS
BATHROOM TRENDS
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 2: Infrastructure Considerations

CODES
STRUCTURAL ISSUES
DOORS AND WINDOWS
PLUMBING
NOISE
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 3: Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND BUILDING
CHOOSING SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS
GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMS
SUSTAINABLE CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS
ENERGY ISSUES AND BUILDING CODES
WATER
EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER
WATERSENSE
WATER LEAKS
GRAYWATER
AIR QUALITY
MOISTURE AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 4: Human Factors and Universal Design Foundation

ANTHROPOMETRY
ERGONOMIC AND UNIVERSAL DESIGN
ACCESS CODES, LAWS, AND STANDARDS
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 5: Assessing Needs

THE DESIGN PROCESS
INTERVIEWING THE CLIENT
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR CLIENT (FORM 1)
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR CLIENT'S HOME (FORM 2)
ACTIVITIES IN THE BATHROOM (FORM 3)
STORAGE IN THE BATHROOM (FORM 4)
YOUR CLIENT'S BATHROOM PREFERENCES (FORM 5)
THE JOBSITE
PREPARE THE CLIENT
READY FOR THE DESIGN PROGRAM?
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 6: Bathroom Planning

TYPES AND LOCATIONS OF BATHROOMS
THE CENTER CONCEPT
GENERAL BATHROOM DESIGN
GROOMING CENTER
BATHING/SHOWERING CENTER
TOILETING CENTER
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 7: Mechanical Planning

ELECTRICAL PLANNING
HEATING
COOLING
VENTILATION
WATER HEATING
LIGHTING
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 8: Accessibility in Practice

UNIVERSAL DESIGN VERSUS ACCESSIBILITY: FURTHER CLARIFICATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC USERS
ACCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 9: More Than a Bathroom

CLOTHES CLOSETS
DRESSING AREAS
LINEN CLOSETS
LAUNDRY AREAS
EXERCISE AREAS
THE HOME SPA
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter 10: Putting It All Together

THE DESIGN PROCESS
THE DESIGN PROGRAM
THE DESIGN DRAWING
ROOM OUTLINE
VISUAL DIAGRAMS
PRIORITY AREAS
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER'A SAMPLE PROJECT
THE DESIGN SOLUTION
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Appendix A: Bathroom Planning Guidelines with Access Standards

BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 1
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 2
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 3
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 4
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 5
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 7
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 8
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 9
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 10
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 11
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 12
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 13
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 14
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 15
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 16
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 17
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 18
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 19
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 20
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 21
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 22
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 23
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 24
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 25
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 26
BATHROOM PLANNING GUIDELINE 27

Appendix B: Measurement Conversions

Glossary

Resources

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Bathroom History, Research, and Trends

Figure 1.1 The Roman bath was a place frequented by Romans of all classes. The baths were often large and ornately decorated, such as the Great Bath in Bath, England.
Figure 1.2 The kitchen of early colonial homes was multifunctional, including a space for the family bathtub near the fireplace, the source of heat and hot water.
Figure 1.3 The chamber pot was used for indoor toileting and was often very decorative, especially if it was to be visible in the room.
Figure 1.4 Early flush toilets used an overhead tank to hold the water that would be used for the flush.
Figure 1.5 White was the only choice for early bathrooms, which lacked space and storage. Rectangular bathtubs included controls and spout mounted vertically on the wall.
Figure 1.6 The claw-foot tub had legs with claws on its feet to allow cleaning beneath the tub.
Figure 1.7 Rectangular tubs replaced the claw-foot tubs, and new colors, like this soft yellow, emerged on the market.
Figure 1.8 This console “boudoir” lavatory, supported by two cast metal legs, included a raised shelf and room for a dressing table bench under it.
Figure 1.9 The “lavette,” later called the powder room, was marketed by Kohler as a way to incorporate an extra bathroom by converting small spaces, such as bedroom closets and spaces under stairs, into a small bathroom.
Figure 1.10 One of the popular bathroom colors in the 1940s was pink.
Figure 1.11 A wide side on the bathtub served as a bench where parents could sit to help children during bathing.
Figure 1.12 Smaller bathrooms incorporated smaller bathtubs.
Figure 1.13 Bathrooms were now being shown with cabinets along with the lavatory, providing much needed storage.
Figure 1.14 The 1960s brought many new bold colors to the bathroom.
Figure 1.15 The pedestal lavatory reappears, especially in powder rooms.
Figure 1.16 The vessel sink with a wall-mounted faucet adds to the contemporary look of floating, straight-lined cabinets.
Figure 1.17 Closets in the bathroom area form a dressing area that is convenient to the grooming area in the bath.
Figure 1.18 A compartmentalized bathroom will more easily allow multiple users at one time.
Figure 1.19 A feel of the outdoors and nature are created with the use of stone, warm woods, and a view outdoors.
Figure 1.20 This blue bathroom with traditional styling includes double vessel sinks and a grooming area.
Figure 1.21 The popular traditional styling of this bathroom incorporates dark woods, the look of furniture in the bookcases used for storage, and the graceful lines of the vanity area.
Figure 1.22 The contemporary style with its simple lines is displayed here in the increasingly popular gray hues.
Figure 1.23 Asian influences with earthy color tones create a warm feel in this contemporary bathroom.
Figure 1.24 The luxury bathroom often includes an oversized shower without a door, shown here in this neutral-colored decor.
Figure 1.25 Larger, spacious showers may incorporate multiple showerheads.
Figure 1.26 The look of natural stone is prominent in the wall tile of this bathroom.
Figure 1.27 Larger bathrooms can turn into a spa with the inclusion of a whirlpool and deluxe shower.
Figure 1.28 No need to miss the morning news when you can have a television panel as part of your bathroom mirror.
Figure 1.29 Coffee and a quick morning breakfast can be served up as you prepare for the day with this morning kitchen located in the master bathroom.
Figure 1.30 Double-entry bathrooms make the room available from two different areas, such as two bedrooms or a bedroom and a hall.
Figure 1.31 To assist with the ever-growing need for storage in the bathroom, this large bathroom includes a wall of cabinets.

Chapter 2: Infrastructure Considerations

Figure 2.1 Check for ductwork, pipes, or electrical wiring hidden between the joists before drilling through floors or ceilings.
Figure 2.2 Extra floor supports may be needed when installing heavy bathroom fixtures.
Figure 2.3 When openings are made in load-bearing walls, headers are needed in each opening for support.
Figure 2.4 One alternative to a pocket door is a sliding door with hardware that mounts on the outside of the wall, sometimes referred to as a barn-style door.
Figure 2.5 Common window styles.
Figure 2.6 A low-e coated surface or low-e coated polyester films improve the energy efficiency of a window by limiting heat gain and reflecting heat back into the home.
Figure 2.7 NFRC sample label.
Figure 2.8 (a) Traditional skylights also aid in venting of excess humidity from showers. (b) Cutaway view of tubular skylight application.
Figure 2.9 A corner lavatory or fixture may require special techniques for installing and concealing the plumbing.
Figure 2.10 Conceal water shut-off valves (as well as other mechanical systems) with removable panels for easy access.
Figure 2.11 When toilets are installed below the waste line of the house, they must be hooked up to an ejector pump that grinds the waste into slurry and pumps it up to the waste line. The device can be mounted in a pit below the floor, as shown, or set behind the toilet if the toilet is installed on a platform above the floor.
Figure 2.12 Different building techniques can be used to reduce sound transmission through walls, which is measured in sound transmission units, or STC.

Chapter 3: Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

Figure 3.1 A New Orleans example of a compact house
Figure 3.2 A house in Maine, United States, rated as LEED Platinum, the highest level of performance in LEED for Homes certification.
Figure 3.3 The NAHB Research Center certifies houses conforming to the ICC 700 National Green Building Standard™.
Figure 3.4 The Cradle to Cradle logo uses two Cs to emphasize the cyclical nature of the model.
Figure 3.5 The universal symbol for recyclable or recycled products.
Figure 3.6 The Energy Star logo is found on qualified products.
Figure 3.7 The number of gallons (liters) per flush has decreased as toilets became more efficient.
Figure 3.8 Danze's air injection technology uses a mix of air and water to provide a high-performance shower with lower flow rates (as low as 1.5 gpm).
Figure 3.9 WaterSense makes it easy to find and select water-efficient products and ensures consumer confidence in those products with a label backed by third-party, independent, testing and certification.
Figure 3.10 This simple WaterSense^® certified gray-water system is useful where space is tight. The lavatory water flows directly into the toilet tank ready to flush the bowl.
Figure 3.11 Plastic sheeting is essential for isolating the workspace from the living area.
Figure 3.12 As warm, moist air moves through a wall, condensation will occur when the air is cooled to the dew point temperature.
Figure 3.13 Growth of various types of mold on wood under flooring.
Figure 3.14 Place a vapor retarder material on the warm or interior side of the wall, to help prevent moisture condensation inside the wall, in climates with cold winters. In hot, humid climates, where air conditioning is used most of the year, the placement of the vapor retarder may be different.

Chapter 4: Human Factors and Universal Design Foundation

Figure 4.1 These are some of the body measurements that influence interior space planning. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 30)
Figure 4.2 As a population, women are shorter than men, so we have indicated the sitting adult female vertical reach height. If a design accommodated this shorter reach, it would also include 95 percent of women and others with a taller reach. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 100.)
Figure 4.3 The vertical grip reach is useful in determining maximum height for readily accessed storage. This drawing and related measurements are based on the adult female in the 5th percentile, this time in a standing position. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 100.)
Figure 4.4 Whether seated or standing, the side arm grip reach will influence placement of stored items and controls. These numbers are based on a standing adult female in the 5th percentile. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 100.)
Figure 4.5 Using the dimension for forward grip reach based on adult females in the 5th percentile is a good basis for planning within the reach of most people. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 100.)
Figure 4.6 A person's range of motion in the spine and shoulders can impact the appropriate size of a shower and location of its fittings. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 115.)
Figure 4.7 These minimum allowances will help in planning spatial clearance. Note that in this case, using the larger dimensions of percentile of adult males provides clearances for any human of smaller dimensions as well. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 54.)
Figure 4.8 The width of a walker will determine the minimum clearance needed. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 54.)
Figure 4.9 In this case, the clearance dimensions must be based on the actual user and dog, but the given dimension of 30 inches (762 mm) could be used as an absolute minimum. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 54.)
Figure 4.10 Although these standards for a person using a chair are useful in general, it is much better to measure the person in his or her chair. The variables are impacted by the person's size and ability as well as the design and fit of the chair.
Figure 4.11 Based on a shoulder breadth of 24 inches (610 mm) and a body depth of 18 inches (457 mm), a minimum area of approximately 3 square feet (914 mm) per person is a guide in planning a space to be shared. (Based on Human Dimension & Interior Space by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, 1979, Watson-Guptill Publications, p. 41.)
Figure 4.12 A common example of universal design is the lever handle. This example does not stigmatize and appeals to all users.
Figure 4.13 A removable seat offers flexibility in use, providing for a seated or standing shower.
Figure 4.14 This single-lever shower control has arrows to indicate hot and cold for simple and intuitive use.
Figure 4.15 This semiautomatic faucet displays the water temperature through LED lighting for simple and intuitive use, perceptual information, and tolerance for error.
Figure 4.16 This image is a great example of universal design. It provides flexibility to choose to stand or sit at the lavatory and for anyone to use the lavatories; visual cuing at the toe kick for tolerance for error, visible tall storage for perceptual information and lighting, and the length of the mirror is appropriate for people of varying heights.
Figure 4.17 This automatic digital timer shuts off lights, ventilation, or whirlpools; it's an example of tolerance for error.
Figure 4.18 This programmable shower control can be paused, turned off, or diverted with one push of a button, and the exact water temperature can be set, addressing a number of universal design principles.
Figure 4.19 This toilet has a remote control for the bidet seat, used for personal hygiene, a good example of features that reduce physical effort.
Figure 4.20 The single-lever faucet handle can be used with low physical effort, centered on the lavatory for equitable, and simple and intuitive use.
Figure 4.21 An example of a knee space that provides size and space for approach and use.

Chapter 5: Assessing Needs

Figure 5.1 Use the drawings in this figure to record anthropometric information about your client.
Figure 5.2 Use the drawings in this figure to record additional antropometric information about your client, including their ability to reach.
Figure 5.3 If appropriate to your client, use the drawings in this figure to record information about your client that includes a mobility aid.
Figure 5.4 Form 7
Figure 5.5 Form 8
Figure 5.6 Form 9
Figure 5.7 Form 10

Chapter 6: Bathroom Planning

Figure 6.1 A variety of bathroom types are found in homes today.
Figure 6.2 Today we often find bathrooms as part of master suites in the privacy area of the home.
Figure 6.3 A bathroom shared between two bedrooms can provide privacy for one occupant to use a grooming area, while another can bathe or use the toilet.
Figure 6.4 Consider the circulation, convenience, and the view of the entry to the bedroom suite in relation to the bathroom. In (A), the focus when entering the bedroom suite is the bedroom and the view to outside, while the closets and bathroom are located near each other. In (B), the entrance view is the toilet in the bathroom and the number of doors crowds the entrance.
Figure 6.5 In this shared bath, each person has their own vanity area so they can get ready in the morning at the same time and have plenty of room for their grooming items.
Figure 6.6 This powder room has a wide door and enough floor space that it would meet the criteria for a visit-able bathroom. Grab bars and a clear space under the lavatory would enhance its accessibility even more.
Figure 6.7 A 32-inch (813 mm) clear opening is recommended for bathroom entry (Bathroom Planning Guideline 1).
Figure 6.8 For a door to be useable by a person with a mobility aid there should be at least 18 inches (457 mm) of clear space on the pull side of the door and 12 inches (305 mm) on the push side of the door (Bathroom Access Standard 2).
Figure 6.9 Doors and fixtures should be planned so that they do not interfere with one another (Bathroom Planning Guideline 2).
Figure 6.10 Avoid planning cabinets with drawers that would block the door when they are pulled out. If there is an emergency, a pulled-out drawer could prevent someone getting into the bathroom (Bathroom Planning Guideline 2).
Figure 6.11 Allow at least 80 inches (2032 mm) from the floor to ceiling over each fixture (Bathroom Planning Guideline 3).
Figure 6.12 A walkway of 48 inches (1219 mm) allows 18 inches (457 mm) for a person using a fixture and 30 inches (762 mm) for a person to walk behind them.
Figure 6.13 It takes about 18 inches (457 mm) of floor space for a person to stand to wash their hands, and about 20 inches (508 mm) for a person to bend to wash their face.
Figure 6.14 The space needed for a seated user at a vanity will depend on the chair and person. A wheelchair extends at least 30 inches (762 mm) beyond the vanity, while a small chair may require 18 inches (457 mm) to 24 inches (610 mm) beyond the vanity.
Figure 6.15 A clear space of 30 inches (762 mm) in front of the lavatory is recommended for comfortable use of the fixture. A minimum clearance allowed by code is 21 inches (533 mm) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 4).
Figure 6.16 Accessibility standards require 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) of clear space in front of the lavatory for a forward or parallel approach (Bathroom Access Standard 4).
Figure 6.17 Placing the center of a single lavatory 20 inches (508 mm) from a wall or tall object provides about 6 inches of counter space (A). If a wall-hung or pedestal lavatory is used, make sure there is at least 4 inches (102 mm) from the edge of the lavatory to the wall to be in compliance with codes (B). The minimum distance allowed by code is 15 inches (381 mm) on center (C). Planning the lavatory 24 inches (610 mm) on center allows for an accessible approach (D) (Bathroom Planning Guideline and Access Standard 5).
Figure 6.18 When planning a double lavatory configuration, it is recommended that the center of the fixtures be 36 inches (914 mm) apart (A). The minimum distance is 30 inches (762 mm) (B). If two pedestal or wall-hung fixtures are planned, make sure the edges are at least 4 inches (102 mm) apart (C) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 6).
Figure 6.19 The height of the lavatory should fit the user. For adults, this could range from 32 inches (813 mm) to 43 inches 1092 mm) high depending on the user's height (Bathroom Planning Guideline 7).
Figure 6.20 Lavatories at two heights can accommodate users with a wide range in their height.
Figure 6.21 A vessel lavatory sits above the counter, so add both the height of the cabinet and counter, and the height of the lavatory together, to get the total finished height.
Figure 6.22 A floating vanity can be dramatic and convenient.
Figure 6.23 A vanity near the lavatory can provide a place to apply make-up.
Figure 6.24 Counter edges should be rounded or clipped (Bathroom Planning Guideline 8).
Figure 6.25 Plan the type and placement of lavatories and faucets so that the spray is accessible and stays within the sink bowl.
Figure 6.26 Faucet types and placements vary and should be considered in conjunction with the lavatory design: (A) This undermounted lavatory has a faucet mounted in the counter; (B) A self-rimming lavatory has the faucet mounted on the rim; (C) This lavatory is integrated into the counter with the faucet on the counter; (D) The faucet for a vessel lavatory is often mounted on the wall; (E) This unique faucet delivers water from a glass dish and is mounted on the back of the console lavatory.
Figure 6.27 Cabinet storage could include tall cabinets and drawers to help make the storage convenient to reach (A). Linen cabinet with pull-out hamper close to the grooming area (B). Open shelving makes it easier to see where things are located (C). A cabinet drawer with a jewelry tray can help organize a vanity area (D). A turntable within a deep cabinet makes items in the back more accessible (E).
Figure 6.28 Many creative and convenient storage options are available to meet recommendations for adequate storage (Bathroom Planning Guideline 22). These include furniture pieces (A), baskets (B), recessed shelves and niches (C), wall hooks (D), and a pole with adjustable shelves (E).
Figure 6.29 The mirror at the vanity should be placed at the user's eye level (Bathroom Planning Guideline 23). This arrangement has counters and mirrors planned for a tall and short user with storage, including an appliance garage, separating the two areas.
Figure 6.30 Towels should be placed where needed in the bathroom (Bathroom Planning Guideline 23). Make sure the hanging and folding space accommodates the size of towels used in an area.
Figure 6.31 Bathtubs are available in several styles that reflect the way the tub will be installed, including: (A) a platform with a drop-in tub; (B) a freestanding tub;(C) a corner tub; (D) an alcove tub; and (E) a platform with an undermount tub.
Figure 6.32 The buttock-to-heel measurement varies from 34 inches (864 mm) for small women to 49 inches (1245 mm) for tall men. When selecting a tub for a client, consider the interior dimension, the angle of the back, and the depth of the tub to achieve an appropriate fit.
Figure 6.33 Bathtubs for two can accommodate side-by-side seating or an arrangement where bathers face each other.
Figure 6.34 Often the bathtub is the central feature in the bathroom.
Figure 6.35 The recommended clearance in front of the tub is 30 inches (762 mm). A minimum distance would be 21 inches (533 mm) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 4).
Figure 6.36 Plan the platform tub height so that no steps are needed to get into the tub with 18 inches (457 mm) being an ideal height for transfer (Bathroom Planning Guideline 17).
Figure 6.37 The window next to this tub is diffused to provide privacy and a partial glass partition and door help keep water from showering in the tub area.
Figure 6.38 Tempered glass should be used in the bathroom wherever there is a chance that someone could fall against the glass, i.e., in tub and shower doors and surrounds. It should also be used in windows at the bathtub or shower that are below 60 inches (1524 mm), and in windows or doors below 18 inches (457 mm) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 15).
Figure 6.39 The centerline of the controls for the bathtub should be between the rim of the tub and 33 inches (838 mm) off the floor (Bathroom Planning Guideline 10). Offsetting the controls so that they are toward the front of the tub makes them accessible from both inside and outside of the tub (Bathroom Access Standard 10).
Figure 6.40 The controls on a platform tub should be to the side to allow for easy access and space to get in and out of the tub.
Figure 6.41 Providing blocking between studs or enclosing the entire tub surround with a solid plywood base will allow grab bars to be placed anywhere the user needs them (Bathroom Guideline 14).
Figure 6.42 Grab bars should be placed according to user needs. A standard placement is along the back of the bathtub 33 inches (838 mm) to 36 inches (914 mm) high and vertically at the control end of the tub, 9 inches (229 mm) above the rim (Bathroom Planning Guideline 14).
Figure 6.43 Shelving is recessed into the wall to the side of the whirlpool bathtub, creating a convenient place to store towels and bath accessories.
Figure 6.44 The recommended clearance in front of the shower is 30 inches (762 mm). The minimum clearance is 24 inches (610 mm) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 4).
Figure 6.45 Slate and limestone tiles provide texture that can reduce slipping on the shower and bathroom floor.
Figure 6.46 Plan a shower at least 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm). The minimum sized shower is 30 inches by 30 inches (762 mm by 762 mm). If an angled or round shower is used, it should be large enough for a 30-inch (762 mm) disc to fit in the interior (Bathroom Planning Guideline 9).
Figure 6.47 A shower at least 36 inches by 42 inches (914 mm by 1067 mm) allows one person to step out of the water spray (A). Showers at least 60 inches (1524 mm) wide can accommodate two shower sprays and two users comfortably (B–D).
Figure 6.48 It is recommended that a shower surround be a waterproof material that extends 3 inches (76 mm) above the showerhead rough-in. A minimum surround should extend at least 72 inches (1823 mm) above the floor (Bathroom Planning Guideline 13).
Figure 6.49 A shower door should open into the room, so that it can be opened even if the bather falls against it (Bathroom Planning Guideline 16).
Figure 6.50 Tempered glass is used for the shower door and enclosure. The no threshold shower has a bench seat and drainage at the back of the shower.
Figure 6.51 Shower controls should be placed 38 inches (965 mm) to 48 inches (1219 mm) off the floor (Bathroom Planning Guideline 10). Offsetting the controls toward the front of the shower will make them accessible both inside and outside the water spray.
Figure 6.52 Water sprays and jets create a stress-relieving showering experience.
Figure 6.53 A shower seat or bench is recommended for the convenience and safety of all users (Bathroom Planning Guideline 12).
Figure 6.54 Having at least 30 inches (762 mm) of clear floor space in front of the toilet allows for comfortable maneuverability. A minimum clearance of 21 inches (533 mm) is permitted (Bathroom Planning Guideline 4).
Figure 6.55 The toilet should be placed so that the center is 18 inches (457 mm) from a wall or other object. A minimum distance is 15 inches (381 mm) (Bathroom Planning Guideline 20).
Figure 6.56 A toilet compartment that is 36 inches (914 mm) wide by 66 inches (1676 mm) deep allows for a 32 inch (813 mm) clear opening at the doorway and comfortable clearances around the toilet. A 30 inch by 60 inch (762 mm by 1524 mm) compartment will meet minimum building code requirements (Bathroom Planning Guideline 21).
Figure 6.57 A toilet compartment that is 60 inches by 59 inches (1524 mm by 1499 mm) allows for a 30 inch by 48 inch (762 mm by 1219 mm) clear floor space beside the toilet (Bathroom Access Standard 21).
Figure 6.58 Place the toilet paper holder 8 inches (203 mm) to 12 inches (305 mm) in front of the toilet and 26 inches (660 mm) off the floor (Bathroom Planning Guideline 23).
Figure 6.59 (A) This bidet has a vertical jet for the cleansing spray in the bowl. (B) This bidet has a faucet that provides a horizontal cleansing spray.
Figure 6.60 Figure 6.60 This toilet includes a washing system and uses sensors to control the toileting and cleansing actions.
Figure 6.61 It is recommended that the bidet be placed 18 inches (457 mm) on center from a wall or other fixture and have a 30-inch (762 mm) clear floor space to the front of the fixture. Minimum clearances are 15 inches (381 mm) on center with a 21-inch (533 mm) clear floor space (Bathroom Planning Guidelines 4 and 20).

Chapter 7: Mechanical Planning

Figure 7.1 GFCIs are required in bathrooms by most local codes.
Figure 7.2 GFCI receptacles should be planned at each electrical point of use (Bathroom Planning Guideline 24). The correct electrical information on a mechanical plan will ensure that all electrical connections are included.
Figure 7.3 Televisions and other entertainment and communications equipment are being incorporated into today's bathrooms.
Figure 7.4 Framing over a radiator can protect occupants and be an attractive addition to the bathroom.
Figure 7.5 Small supplemental heaters located in the toe kick space can warm the feet while standing at the vanity.
Figure 7.6 Electric or hydronic towel warmers can not only warm towels but heat the room as well.
Figure 7.7 Plan a mechanical exhaust system, vented to the outside, for each enclosed area of the bathroom (Bathroom Planning Guideline 26).
Figure 7.8 A centrifugal fan can provide quieter operation.
Figure 7.9 A whole-house ventilation system provides controlled, uniform ventilation throughout the house
Figure 7.10 Use the EnergyGuide label to compare the efficiency of water heaters.
Figure 7.11 Large windows provide an abundance of natural light.
Figure 7.12 Skylights can add quality daylight to a bathroom space.
Figure 7.13 A center fixture and recessed lights provide an abundance of varied lighting.
Figure 7.14 Grooming lights placed along each side of the mirror prevent shadows from forming on the face. Floor lighting serves as a night light.
Figure 7.15 The color temperatures of various types of light.
Figure 7.16 Examples of LED, compact fluorescent, and halogen lamps.
Figure 7.17 Different styles of compact fluorescent lamps.
Figure 7.18 Bathrooms should include general and task lighting (Bathroom Planning Guideline 25). All of the bathroom's lighting needs should be illustrated on the mechanical plan.
Figure 7.19 Small lights placed under the bathroom vanity cabinet serve as a night light. Light behind the mirror is another way to light the mirror area.

Chapter 8: Accessibility in Practice

Figure 8.1 Differences between a child and even the smallest of adult females (5th percentile) require adjustments to the location of the adjustable showerhead, storage, controls, support, and more.
Figure 8.2 LED lights imbedded in the tiles guide the way for nocturnal bathroom visits.
Figure 8.3 Access Standard 1: The clear opening of a doorway should be at least 34 inches (864 mm, requiring a 36-inch (914 mm) door to allow for passage by a person using a mobility aid.
Figure 8.4 A swing-clear hinge swings the door out of the opening increasing the width of the opening by the width of the door.
Figure 8.5 Access Standard 2: Minimum clearances on either side of a standard hinged door. Further clarification for clear spaces in other door configurations, including folding, pocket, or barn doors, is available in ICC A117.1-2009, section 404).
Figure 8.6 Pocket door options have improved, including hardware that is easier for most to use.
Figure 8.7 A 90-degree turn by a person using a wheelchair requires maneuvering space. Angling the door opening eliminates the need for the 90-degree turn.
Figure 8.8 Moveable privacy wall.
Figure 8.9 Access Standard 4: Overlapping clear floor space.
Figure 8.10 Access Standard 4: Wheelchair turning radius
Figure 8.11 The clear space needed is greatest at the floor.
Figure 8.12 Knee space at lavatory.
Figure 8.13 Knee spaces that provide clear floor space for turning.
Figure 8.14 Access Standard 4: Recommended knee space dimensions.
Figure 8.15 Adjustable height sinks solve flexibility challenges and must be carefully plumbed.
Figure 8.16 Some examples of adaptable lavatories include retractable doors, bi-fold doors, removable face frame, and removing doors.
Figure 8.17 An example of two lavatories at different heights. The knee space can be storage for a step stool or waste bin, serving many purposes.
Figure 8.18 A pull-out step stool at the vanity provides flexibility in access as a child grows. The lights placed on the side of the mirror assure that children can see.
Figure 8.19 In a tight bathroom, the vanity can be pulled into the adjacent dressing area, matching task to location and freeing clear floor space.
Figure 8.20 Technology is helping in water conservation and intuitive use of faucets and fittings, shown here as an LED indicating red for hot water and blue for cold water and a faucet with touch control.
Figure 8.21 Access Standard 22: Unobstructed and obstructed forward reach.
Figure 8.22 Storage suspended off floor in the grooming center.
Figure 8.23 Consider accessories that incorporate support when possible.
Figure 8.24 Access Standard 4: Basic clear floor space at tub.
Figure 8.25 Access Standard 4: When possible, the clear floor space should extend at least 12 inches to 18 inches (305 mm to 457 mm) beyond the head wall of the tub to allow for positioning of the wheelchair in transfer. Similar clearance at the control wall improves access to the controls.
Figure 8.26 A sampling of available tub designs with door, seat, and deck.
Figure 8.27 Access Standard 9: Minimum clear floor space at transfer shower.
Figure 8.28 With the appropriate clear space beyond the control wall and the seat wall of the shower, some wheelchair users can more directly and independently transfer and use the space.
Figure 8.29 As shown with this roll-in shower, the incorporation of a wet area outside the shower can help with water containment
Figure 8.30 Trench-style drains make the no-threshold shower easier and more attractive.
Figure 8.31 Access Standard 9, clear space and opening for roll-in shower entry.
Figure 8.32 Access Standard 9: For a 60 inch (1524 mm) deep shower, a 32 inch (813 mm) opening is adequate, and for a 42 inch (1067 mm) deep shower, the opening must be at least 36 inches (914 mm) to allow for turning space.
Figure 8.33 Access Standard 10: Control locations for the bath and shower.
Figure 8.34 This single-lever faucet has arrows to indicate hot and cold for simple and intuitive use.
Figure 8.35 This showerhead displays the water temperature through LED lighting for simple and intuitive use, perceptual information, and tolerance for error.
Figure 8.36 This adjustable handheld shower is placed on a suspended column which leaves clear floor space for maneuvering.
Figure 8.37 A typical forward approach and transfer to tub
Figure 8.38 a, b. A typical parallel approach and transfer to tub with permanent seat.
Figure 8.39 Accessories for the tub and shower with integral support.
Figure 8.40 Access Standard 14: grab bars at tub.
Figure 8.41 Access Standard 14: grab bars at tub with permanent seat and at tub with fold-down seat.
Figure 8.42 These examples illustrate just a few of the of grab bar applications, including attaching a showerhead to a bar.
Figure 8.43 A typical approach and transfer to a shower
Figure 8.44 Access Standard 14: Grab bars for roll-in showers
Figure 8.45 These seats are both flexible and solid in that they either fold-up out of the way or can be removed when not in use, but are attached securely to a wall support.
Figure 8.46 A beautifully executed ceiling lift installation.
Figure 8.47 A, the thresholds have been eliminated in this shower with a double entry. B, doors and threshold have been eliminated in this serpentine shower with a trough drain at the entry.
Figure 8.48 With the appropriate grill, a trough-style drain becomes an aesthetic and functional asset.
Figure 8.49 Planning space at the toilet becomes more complex because a person needs space not just to approach, but to transfer. (A) Parallel or diagonal approach requires more space to the side of the toilet. (B) A perpendicular or forward approach requires clearance in front of the toilet.
Figure 8.50 Access Standard 4: clear floor space at toilet.
Figure 8.51 Clear floor space adjacent to the toilet.
Figure 8.52 For ease of transfer, the height of the wheelchair seat and the toilet seat should be the same.
Figure 8.53 Comfort height toilets have become both beautiful and mainstream.
Figure 8.54 LED offers gentle lighting to guide the way for nocturnal visits.
Figure 8.55 The wall-hung toilet.
Figure 8.56 Integrated child seat.
Figure 8.57 Integral washing systems.
Figure 8.58 Grab bars in the toileting center.
Figure 8.59 Access Standard 14, Standard grab bar positions at toilet center.
Figure 8.60 An option can be grab bars that drop down on either side of the toilet.
Figure 8.61 The Numi includes a touch screen control for seat heating, music, and lighting, among other features.
Figure 8.62 The entire floor is waterproof and slopes to the shower drain in this wet-room concept.
Figure 8.63 Storage next to the toilet with sliding doors in the upper section.
Figure 8.64 This toilet paper holder with integrated support should not replace a grab bar, but can support weight if needed.

Chapter 9: More Than a Bathroom

Figure 9.1 A generous depth of closet rod storage will allow clothes to hang perpendicular to the rod, maximizing storage space, and will prevent wrinkling of clothing.
Figure 9.2 Women's clothes average about 2 inches (51 mm) of rod length per item and men's clothes need about 2 1/2 inches (64 mm). Bulkier items, such as overcoats, will require more rod space.
Figure 9.3 Most hanging clothing can be grouped into four rod heights.
Figure 9.4 Adequate clearance space allows access to hangers.
Figure 9.5 Minimum dimensions are shown for different closet layouts, but more generous clearances are recommended. (A) is a reach-in closet. (B) is an edge-in closet. (C) is a walk-in closet. (D) is an alternative design for a walk-in closet, which has been adapted to work as a roll-in closet.
Figure 9.6 The typical maximum reach for a 12-inch (305 mm) shelf is illustrated here. A deeper shelf or obstruction (such as hanging clothes) will decrease the maximum shelf height.
Figure 9.7 Minimum space allowances to bend or kneel, as if accessing a lower closet shelf, are shown.
Figure 9.8 Bending or kneeling at an angle to the drawer will reduce the space needed for drawer access, but larger or deeper drawers will require more space.
Figure 9.9 A built-in ironing board is convenient for quick touch-ups when dressing.
Figure 9.10 These are examples of closet storage accessories available today.
Figure 9.11 Both bath and bedroom items may need to be located in a linen closet
Figure 9.12 Raising a front-loading washer or dryer, as much as 15 inches (381 mm), reduces bending and makes access easier, but still allows most people to reach the controls.
Figure 9.13 A stacked washer and dryer can save floor space, and be a good choice for a laundry area in a bathroom.
Figure 9.14 a, b, c, d. Clearance in front of laundry equipment provides space for bending and kneeling, as well as door swings and space for a laundry basket or cart.
Figure 9.15 This laundry area includes many features, such as counter space for folding and sorting laundry, bins for sorting laundry, a sink, and generous storage
Figure 9.16 A typical ironing area would require a space that is 60 inches by 52 inches (1524 mm by 1231 mm).
Figure 9.17 The luxury shower is conveniently located adjacent to this exercise area with punching bag.
Figure 9.18 Consider the space needed to stretch out on the floor and to conduct exercise while standing. The range of measurements given is for small women to tall men.
Figure 9.19 This large master spa bathroom includes an elegant soaking tub.
Figure 9.20 This 60-inch (1524 mm) whirlpool tub will fit in many smaller bathrooms.
Figure 9.21 A calming view and natural light add to the enjoyment of a bath.
Figure 9.22 Hydrotherapy tubs can use jets, air, or a combination.
Figure 9.23 Colored lighting in a bathtub can enhance the bathing experience.
Figure 9.24 Whirlpool jets can be placed in different locations to create different patterns of water movement.
Figure 9.25 Consider the user's view when planning a whirlpool. Some users may want a view out a window; others may prefer a TV or other focal point, such as a fireplace.
Figure 9.26 Built-in or freestanding soaking tubs are deep, allowing the user to submerge into deep warm water.
Figure 9.27 A steam shower should have good shower design features, such as a seat, storage, and a grab bar. It should be completely enclosed to seal in the steam.
Figure 9.28 Controls are placed within the steam room.
Figure 9.29 Prefabricated saunas can fit into the home spa area.
Figure 9.30 A sauna layout should consider bench height and depth, ceiling height, and floor clearance.
Figure 9.31 A fireplace adds warmth and ambience to a spa area.

Chapter 10: Putting It All Together

Figure 10.1 A bubble diagram is a simple sketch to show how different activity areas can be arranged in the bathroom space. Each “bubble” is an activity area. This bubble diagram is an example of one bathroom arrangement designed for clients Adia and Leroy. The same bathroom design will be carried through in Figures 10.4 to 10.11.
Figure 10.2 This drawing is a plan view design template with a standard size toilet, using recommended side (Planning Guideline 20) and front (Planning Guideline 4) clearances. Note that a 6-inch (152 mm) wet wall for plumbing is included in the template.
Figure 10.3 This elevation design template is a front elevation of a standard toilet with a grab bar on the back wall.
Figure 10.4 This illustration is a simplified design template in plan view, drawn to scale with clearance areas marked.
Figure 10.5 (A) The existing bathroom space with project parameters for our clients Adia and Leroy. (B) The room outline as altered. Nonfixed features are removed, the exterior wall is bumped out, fixed features are included, and dimensions are shown. This room outline will be used to develop the visual diagram shown in Figure 10.6.
Figure 10.6 The visual diagram, for Adia's and Leroy's project, uses the room outline from Figure 10.5, and bubble diagram from Figure 10.1. Using design templates, the only area of overlap is in clearances in front of the lavatory, shower, and tub. However, this layout has adequate clear floor space to meet Planning Guideline 4.
Figure 10.7 A rough elevation sketch, taken from the visual diagram in Figure 10.6
Figure 10.8 In this example, based on the visual diagram in Figure 10.6 for clients Adia and Leroy, the toilet compartment is placed first as this location is preferred by the client.
Figure 10.9 Continuing the drawing begun in Figure 10.8 for Adia's and Leroy's bathroom design, a 48-inch (1219 mm) custom shower is placed on the same wall as the toilet.
Figure 10.10 After adjustments, the drawing of the wall begun in Figure 10.8 is complete.
Figure 10.11 Using the wall drawn in Figure 10.10, the elevation is started with the priority area of the toilet compartment. This continues the development of Adia's and Leroy's bathroom design project.
Figure 10.12 The custom shower and jetted tub are added to the elevation drawing started in Figure 10.11
Figure 10.13 Lily's and Chen's existing bathroom is spacious but not planned to meet their current or future needs.
Figure 10.14 This visual diagram proposes a design solution for Lily and Chen that will meet their needs.
Figure 10.15 A large shower, adequate clear space in front of all fixtures, generous storage, a turning circle, and convenient traffic flow are included in the final design.
Figure 10.16 This elevation shows the vanity wall. Additional elevations should be developed to finalize the design.
Figure 10.17 A perspective drawing gives the viewer a nice sense of the space.

List of Tables

Chapter 3: Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

Table 3.1 Common Types of Water Treatment Methods

Chapter 4: Human Factors and Universal Design Foundation

Table 4.1 Working with the Functional Dimensions and Reach Ranges of a Variety of People, Universal Design Proponents Use the Universal Reach Range to Accommodate Most People
Table 4.2 the Height and Breadth of Children, Both Standing and Seated, Can Be Useful Dimensions When Planning a Bathroom That Must Accommodate Them as They Grow

Chapter 7: Mechanical Planning

Table 7.1 Phase-Out Dates for the Current Standard Incandescent Lamps
Table 7.2 A Comparison of Lamp Types

Chapter 10: Putting It All Together

Table 10.1 Sample User Analysis Chart
Table 10.2 This is an example of a matrix showing visual access. Similar matrices could be developed for physical access or auditory access. This matrix was used in developing the visual diagram shown in Figure 10.5.
Table 10.3 Bathroom Planning Checklist—Guidelines
Use this check sheet to determine that a bathroom design meets all code requirements and incorporates the recommended Planning Guidelines.
Table 10.4 Bathroom Planning Checklist—Access Standards. Use this check sheet to determine that a bathroom design meets all code requirements and incorporates the Access Standard appropriate to meet the client's needs.
Table 10.5 User analysis for Lily’s and Chen’s Bathroom Design. Information for preparing the user analysis would come from the needs assessment forms. More information about sustainability, materials, color, and style could be added.

Bath Planning

Guidelines, Codes, Standards

Second Edition

Kathleen Parrott Ph.D., CKE

Julia Beamish Ph.D, CKE

JoAnn Emmel Ph.D.

Mary Jo Peterson, CKD, CBD, CAPS, CAASH