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Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics

This outstanding multi-volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole.

Already published:

The Handbook of Child Language
Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney

The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Second Edition
Edited by John A. Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, and Alan C. L. Yu

The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory
Edited by Shalom Lappin

The Handbook of Sociolinguistics
Edited by Florian Coulmas

The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Second Edition
Edited by William J. Hardcastle and John Laver

The Handbook of Morphology
Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky

The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics
Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura

The Handbook of Linguistics
Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller

The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory
Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins

The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton

The Handbook of Language Variation and Change
Edited by J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes

The Handbook of Historical Linguistics
Edited by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda

The Handbook of Language and Gender
Edited by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff

The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and Michael H. Long

The Handbook of Bilingualism
Edited by Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie

The Handbook of Pragmatics
Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward

The Handbook of Applied Linguistics
Edited by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder

The Handbook of Speech Perception
Edited by David B. Pisoni and Robert E. Remez

The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I–V
Edited by Martin Everaert and Henk van Riemsdijk

The Handbook of the History of English
Edited by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los

The Handbook of English Linguistics
Edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon

The Handbook of World Englishes
Edited by Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru, and Cecil L. Nelson

The Handbook of Educational Linguistics
Edited by Bernard Spolsky and Francis M. Hult

The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics
Edited by Martin J. Ball, Michael R. Perkins, Nicole Müller, and Sara Howard

The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies
Edited by Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor Singler

The Handbook of Language Teaching
Edited by Michael H. Long and Catherine J. Doughty

The Handbook of Language Contact
Edited by Raymond Hickey

The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders
Edited by Jack S. Damico, Nicole Müller, Martin J. Ball

The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing
Edited by Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and Shalom Lappin

The Handbook of Language and Globalization
Edited by Nikolas Coupland

The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics
Edited by Manuel Díaz-Campos

The Handbook of Language Socialization
Edited by Alessandro Duranti, Elinor Ochs, and Bambi B. Schieffelin

The Handbook of Language Teaching

Edited by

Michael H. Long and Catherine J. Doughty

Title Page

Craig Chaudron (1946–2006)

Contributors

Kathleen M. Bailey
Kathleen M. Bailey received her PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles. She is a professor of Applied Linguistics at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, where she has taught since 1981. In 1998–99 she was the President of the international TESOL association.

Alan Beretta
Alan Beretta is Professor of Linguistics at Michigan State University. His research is in neurolinguistics and has been published in such journals as Brain and Language, Cognitive Brain Research, and Aphasiology.

David Brett
David Brett worked in Italy as an ESL teacher for 10 years before becoming a researcher in English Linguistics at the University of Sassari. He has published and presented widely on New Technologies and Second Language Learning, with particular reference to pronunciation teaching. He has also held training workshops for language teachers on various aspects of technology-enhanced teaching, both in Italy and in other countries.

James Dean Brown
James Dean (“JD”) Brown is Professor of Second Language Studies at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. He has authored or co-authored numerous articles and books on topics as diverse as second language testing and quantitative research methods, language curriculum development, using surveys in language programs, teaching connected speech, and heritage language curriculum.

Martin Bygate
Martin Bygate is Professor in Applied Linguistics and Language Education at Lancaster University, UK. He has undertaken funded research and taught courses on oral language teaching and development. Principal publications are Speaking (1987, Oxford University Press), Grammar and the Language Teacher (co-edited with A. Tonkyn and E. Williams, 1994, Prentice-Hall), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (co-edited with P. Skehan & M. Swain, 2001, Pearson Educational Ltd), and, co-authored with Virginia Samuda, Tasks in second language learning (2008, Palgrave).

Carol A. Chapelle
Carol A. Chapelle, Professor of TESL/Applied Linguistics at Iowa State University, is Past President of the American Association for Applied Linguistics (2006–7), former editor of TESOL Quarterly (1999–2004), and co-editor of the Cambridge Applied Linguistics Series. Her books include Computer applications in second language acquisition: Foundations for teaching, testing, and research (2001, Cambridge University Press), English language learning and technology: Lectures on applied linguistics in the age of information and communication technology (2003, John Benjamins), Assessing language through technology (with Dan Douglas, 2006, Cambridge University Press), Building a validity argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (with Mary Enright & Joan Jamieson, 2007, Routledge) and Tips for teaching with CALL (2008, Pearson-Longman).

Teresa Chung
Mihwa Chung (Teresa) teaches at Korea University. She has published articles on technical vocabulary, the vocabulary of newspapers, and developing reading speed in a foreign language. Her PhD thesis from Victoria University of Wellington was on the methodology of developing lists of technical vocabulary and the role of technical vocabulary in technical texts.

Joseph Collentine
Joseph Collentine is Professor of Spanish at Northern Arizona University. He has published articles and research about study abroad, the acquisition of grammar, and corpus linguistics. He is currently the director of the Spanish Masters programs at NAU and the coordinator of the Spanish online program.

Graham Crookes
Graham Crookes is Professor, Department of Second Language Studies, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, where he is also Executive Director, ESL Programs. His most recent books are A Practicum in TESOL and Making a Statement: Values, Philosophies, and Professional Beliefs in TESOL (2003 and 2008, Cambridge University Press).

Jim Cummins
Jim Cummins is Professor and Canada Research Chair in the Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Department at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto. His research focuses on literacy development in multilingual school contexts, as well as on the potential roles of technology in promoting language and literacy development.

Robert DeKeyser
Robert DeKeyser (PhD, Stanford University) is Professor of Second Language Acquisition at the University of Maryland. His research is mainly on second language acquisition, with emphasis on cognitive-psychological aspects such as implicit versus explicit learning, automatization of rule knowledge, and individual differences and their interaction with instructional treatments. He has published in a variety of journals, including Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Language Testing, The Modern Language Journal, TESOL Quarterly, and AILA Review. He has contributed chapters to several highly regarded handbooks, and he recently published an edited volume with Cambridge University Press entitled Practice in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology (2007).

Catherine J. Doughty
Catherine J. Doughty is Senior Research Scientist and SLA Area Director at the Center for the Advanced Study of Language at the University of Maryland, and is an affiliate Professor of SLA at the University of Maryland.

Nick C. Ellis
Nick C. Ellis is Research Scientist at the English Language Institute and Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan. His research interests include language acquisition, cognition, reading in different languages, corpus linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and emergentist accounts of language acquisition.

John Flowerdew
John Flowerdew is Professor of Applied Linguistics, Centre for Language Education Research, School of Education, University of Leeds. For many years he worked at the City University of Hong Kong. He has also worked in South America and the Middle East. As well as writing and editing a number of books, he has published widely in the leading Applied Linguistics, Language Teaching and Discourse Analysis journals, focusing on academic discourse, corpus linguistics, and English for Specific Purposes. His most recent book (with Lindsay Miller) is Second Language Listening (2005, Cambridge University Press). His most recent edited book (with Vijay Bhatia and Rodney Jones) is Advances in Discourse Studies (2008, Routledge).

Christine Goh
Christine Goh is Associate Professor of applied linguistics in the National Institute of Education, Singapore (Nanyang Technological University). Her interests are in listening and speaking development, and the role of metacognition in L2 learning. She has authored many international journal articles and book chapters on listening research and teaching methodology for listening.

Ewa M. Golonka
Ewa M. Golonka holds a PhD in Russian Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition from Bryn Mawr College. She has taught Russian, linguistics, and SLA at various universities. Currently, she is an Assistant Research Scientist at the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language.

Marta González-Lloret
Marta González-Lloret has taught at the Spanish division of the LLEA department at the University of Hawai’i for more than a decade. She holds a PhD in Second Language Acquisition from the University of Hawai’i at Manoa and her research interests include second language acquisition, technology for language learning and teaching, and teacher training.

Kira Gor
Kira Gor is Associate Professor of Russian and Second Language Acquisition in the School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at the University of Maryland. Her research interests include psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying cross-linguistic and second-language processing of phonology and morphology.

William Grabe
William Grabe is Regents Professor of English at Northern Arizona University, where he teaches in the MATESL and PhD in Applied Linguistics programs. His interests include reading, writing, written discourse analysis, and the disciplinary status of applied linguistics. His most recent book is Reading in a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice (2009, Cambridge University Press).

Rick de Graaff
Rick de Graaff is a language teaching consultant/researcher at the IVLOS Institute of Education, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. His main fields of interest include: task effectiveness in language teaching, the role of instruction in L2 pedagogy, the role of peer feedback in collaborative writing, and content and language integrated learning. Most recently he has contributed to the International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism and ITL – International Journal of Applied Linguistics.

Alex Housen
Alex Housen (MA, UCLA; PhD, University of Brussels) is Senior Lecturer in English, Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at the University of Brussels (VUB). His research interests include second/foreign language acquisition, second/foreign language teaching, and bilingualism. His recent publications include Investigations in Instructed Second Language Acquisition (with M. Pierrard, 2005, Mouton de Gruyter) and Bilingualism: Basic Principles and Beyond (with J. M. Dewaele and L. Wei, 2003, Multilingual Matters).

Ken Hyland
Ken Hyland is Professor of Education and director of the Centre for Academic and Professional Literacies at the Institute of Education, University of London. He has published over 130 articles and 13 books on language teaching and academic writing, most recently Academic Discourse (2009, Continuum). He is co-editor of the Journal of English for Academic Purposes.

Eunice Eunhee Jang
Eunice Eunhee Jang is Assistant Professor at Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto. Her research interests include validity and fairness issues in language testing and cognitive diagnostic assessment. Her research has been published in Journal of Educational Measurement, Language Testing (in press), International Journal of Testing, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, and in the book New Directions in Psychological Measurement with Model-Based Approaches (edited by S. Embretson & J. S. Roberts, American Psychological Association).

Scott Jarvis
Scott Jarvis is an Associate Professor of Linguistics at Ohio University, where he teaches courses on second language acquisition, language testing, and other areas of applied linguistics. His main research interests are cross-linguistic influence (or language transfer) and lexical diversity, and his work has appeared in journals such as Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Applied Linguistics, and Language Testing. He is also co-author with Aneta Pavlenko of Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition (2008, Routledge), and is the Associate Editor for Language Learning.

Renée Jourdenais
Renée Jourdenais is an associate professor in the MATESOL/MATFL program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, where she specializes in second language acquisition and in language teacher education. She also has extensive experience in curriculum development and in language assessment. Her recent research work explores the development of teacher knowledge.

Keiko Koda
Keiko Koda is Professor of Second Language Acquisition and Japanese in the Department of Modern Languages at Carnegie Mellon University. Her major research areas include second language reading, biliteracy development, psycho-linguistics, and foreign language pedagogy. Her recent books include Insights into Second Language Reading (2005, Cambridge University Press), Reading and Language Learning (2007, Blackwell), and Learning to Read across Languages (2008, Routledge).

Antony John Kunnan
Antony John Kunnan is Professor of TESOL and Language Education at California State University and the University of Hong Kong respectively. He has published in the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Language Testing, and Language Assessment Quarterly and in many edited volumes and handbooks. He was the President of the International Language Testing Association in 2004 and is the founding editor of Language Assessment Quarterly.

Diane Larsen-Freeman
Diane Larsen-Freeman is Professor of Education, Professor of Linguistics, and Research Scientist at the English Language Institute, University of Michigan. Her most recent book (2008) is Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics, co-authored with Lynne Cameron and published by Oxford University Press.

Michael H. Long
Michael H. Long is Professor of SLA in the School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he teaches courses and seminars in the PhD program in SLA. Mike is the author of over 100 articles and several books, and has served on the editorial boards of Studies in Second Language Acquisition, TESOL Quarterly, Language Teaching Research, and other journals. His recent publications include The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, co-edited with Catherine Doughty (2003, Blackwell), Second Language Needs Analysis (2005, Cambridge), and Problems in SLA (2007, Lawrence Erlbaum).

Sandra Lee McKay
Sandra Lee McKay is Professor of English at San Francisco State University, where she teaches courses in sociolinguistics, as well as methods and materials for graduate students in TESOL. Her books include Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches (2002, Oxford University Press, winner of the Ben Warren International Book Award), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching (edited with Nancy Hornberger, 1996, Cambridge University Press) and Researching Second Language Classrooms (2006, Lawrence Erlbaum). Her newest book, International English in Its Sociolinguistic Contexts: Towards a Socially Sensitive Pedagogy (with Wendy Bokhorst-Heng, 2008, Routledge) is an examination of the social and sociolinguistic context of present-day English teaching and learning.

Rosamond F. Mitchell
Rosamond F. Mitchell is Professor of Education at the University of Southampton. Her research interests are in the area of Second Language Acquisition, especially of French. She is particularly interested in theories of language learning and their empirical implications, and in the interface between linguistic theory and cognitive approaches to the learning of second languages. She is co-editor of Teaching Grammar: Perspectives in Higher Education (1996) and co-author of Second Language Learning Theories (2004).

Silvina Montrul
Silvina Montrul is Associate Professor of Spanish, Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is author of The Acquisition of Spanish (2004, John Benjamins) and Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism. Re-examining the Age Factor (2008, John Benjamins). Her research focuses on linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches to adult second language acquisition and bilingualism, in particular syntax, semantics, and morphology. She is also an expert in language loss and retention in minority-language-speaking bilinguals.

Diane Musumeci
Diane Musumeci is Associate Professor and Head in the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is the author of Breaking Tradition: An Exploration of the Historical Relationship Between Theory and Practice in Second Language Teaching (1997, McGraw-Hill).

Paul Nation
Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. His specialist interests are language teaching methodology and vocabulary learning. His latest book on vocabulary is Teaching Vocabulary: Strategies and Techniques published by Cengage Learning (2008), and two books, Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking (with Jonathan Newton) and Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing, have just appeared from Routledge/Taylor and Francis.

John M. Norris
John M. Norris is associate professor in the Department of Second Language Studies at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. His work focuses on assessment, program evaluation, research methods, and task-based language teaching in foreign and second language education. His recent publications include a single-author book Validity Evaluation in Language Assessment (2008, Peter Lang) and a co-edited volume with Lourdes Ortega Synthesizing Research on Language Learning and Teaching (John Benjamins, 2006).

Lourdes Ortega
Lourdes Ortega is associate professor at the University of Hawai’i, where she teaches graduate courses in second language acquisition and foreign language education. Her most recent book is Understanding Second Language Acquisition (2009, Hodder Arnold).

Robert Phillipson
Robert Phillipson is a Professor Emeritus at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. His Linguistic Imperialism (1992, Oxford University Press) has also been published in China and India. Recent publications include English-Only Europe? Challenging Language Policy (2003, Routledge) and Linguistic Imperialism Continued (Orient Black-swan). Several articles can be downloaded from www.cbs.dk/staff/phillipson.

Charlene Polio
Charlene Polio is an associate professor at Michigan State University, where she directs the MA TESOL program. She has published research on second language writing, classroom discourse, and second language acquisition and in journals such as the Journal of Second Language Writing, the Modern Language Journal, and Studies in Second Language Acquisition. She is the incoming editor of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics and co-editor of Multiple Perspectives on Interaction: Second Language Research in Honor of Susan M. Gass to be published by Routledge.

Håkan Ringbom
Håkan Ringbom is emeritus professor of English at Åbo Akademi University, Turku/Åbo, Finland. Among his previous publications are The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language Learning (1987) and Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning (2007), both with Multilingual Matters.

William P. Rivers
William P. Rivers is Chief Linguist at Integrated Training Solutions, Arlington, VA. His publications include Language and National Security in the 21st Century (with Richard D. Brecht, 2001) and Language and Critical Area Studies after September 11 (with Richard D. Brecht, Ewa Golonka, and Mary E. Hart). His research interests include third language acquisition, computational sociolinguistics, and language policy.

Peter Robinson
Peter Robinson is Professor of Linguistics and SLA in the Department of English, Aoyama Gakuin University, Shibuya, Tokyo, where he teaches and supervises research on second language acquisition, cognitive abilities for language learning, and effects of instruction. Recent publications include Task Complexity, the Cognition Hypothesis and Second Language Instruction, special issue of the International Review of Applied Linguistics (co-edited with Roger Gilabert, 2007), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition (co-edited with Nick Ellis, 2008, Routledge), and Second Language Task Complexity: Researching the Cognition Hypothesis of Learning and Performance (in press, John Benjamins).

Carsten Roever
Carsten Roever is a Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne. His research interests include second language acquisition, interlanguage pragmatics, and second language assessment. He has written several book chapters, journal articles, and the book Testing ESL Pragmatics (2005, Peter Lang) and has co-authored Language Testing: The Social Dimension with Tim McNamara (2006, Blackwell).

Steven J. Ross
Steve Ross teaches at the School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University. His research has appeared in Language Learning, Applied Linguistics, International Journal of Testing, Language Testing, Journal of Pragmatics, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Second Language Research, System, International Review of Applied Linguistic, TESOL Quarterly, and in several edited volumes.

Rani Rubdy
Dr Rani Rubdy is Senior Fellow at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. She is co-editor of two recently published books, English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles (Continuum, 2006) and Language as Commodity: Global Structures, Local Marketplaces (Continuum, 2008). Her other recent publications include the book chapters, ‘Remaking Singapore for the new age: Official ideology and the realities of practice’ in Decolonization, Globalization: Language-in-education Policy and Practice (edited by Angel M. Y. Lin & Peter W. Martin, 2005, Multilingual Matters) and ‘Language planning ideologies, communicative practices an their consequences’ in Springer’s Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2008).

Tove Skutnabb-Kangas
Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, emerita (University of Roskilde, Denmark and Åbo Akademi University, Finland), bilingual from birth in Finnish and Swedish, has written or edited around 50 monographs and almost 400 articles and book chapters, in 32 languages, about minority education, linguistic human rights, linguistic genocide, subtractive spread of English and the relationship between biodiversity and linguistic diversity. She lives on an ecological farm with husband Robert Phillipson. For publications, see http://akira.ruc.dk/∼tovesk/.

Kris Van den Branden
Kris Van den Branden is a professor of linguistics at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. He is one of the current directors of the Centre for Language and Education at the same university. His main research interests are in task-based language teaching, the role of interaction in instructed language learning, and the diffusion of innovations in the educational field. He has published in many international journals, and has edited a volume on task-based language teaching in the Cambridge University Press Applied Linguistics Series.

Larry Vandergrift
Larry Vandergrift is Professor at the Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute (OLBI) at the University of Ottawa. His research in the teaching of second/foreign language listening has been published in Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Canadian Modern Language Review, Language Learning, Language Teaching, Modern Language Journal, and more. He is currently a co-editor of the Canadian Modern Language Review and director of the research centre at OLBI.

Karen Vatz
Karen Vatz is a graduate student in the Second Language Acquisition PhD program at the University of Maryland. She is currently working on her dissertation on the representation and processing of grammatical gender in advanced L2 learners. Other areas of interest include bilingual lexical representation and critical period effects.

Alan Waters
Alan Waters is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, UK. He has taught EFL and trained teachers in the UK and several other parts of the world. He has published a number of books and articles on a range of ELT topics.

Jessica Williams
Jessica Williams is a Professor of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she also directs the TESOL program. She has published on variety of topics, including second language writing, lexical acquisition, and the effect of focus on form. Her latest publications include an edited volume (with Bill VanPatten, 2006, Routledge), Theories in Second Language Acquisition and the student text, Academic Encounters: American Studies (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Part I
Overview