Contents

Cover

Half Title Page

Title Page

Copyright

Note on the Author

Introduction

Franco: Biography and Political Practice

Francoism: A Form of Dictatorship

Victors and Vanquished: The Disasters of the Civil War and Repression

Exile and the Start of the Postwar Period in Spain

Bibliography

Notes

Chapter 1: The Temptation of Fascism and the Will to Survive (1939–51)

A Failed Attempt to Make Spain Fascist

The Temptation to Intervene and Internal Conflict (1940–2)

Stumbling Progress towards Neutrality (1942–5)

Cosmetic Change: Regime Politics between 1945 and 1951

Opposition from Survivors: The Spanish Left from 1939 to 1951

The Monarchist Alternative

Franco in Isolation

The “Dark Night”: Autarchy and Rationing in the 1940s

Culture: Penance and Survival

Bibliography

Notes

Chapter 2: The Years of Consensus: The High Point of the Regime (1951–65)

The End of International Isolation: The Concordat and Pacts with the United States

Spain and Europe: Colonization of Morocco Ends

The Regime and the Opposition up to 1956

A New Political Opposition

For or against Falange: Political Life under the Regime between 1956 and 1965

The Easing of Autarchy and the Change in Economic Policy

From Political Opposition to Social Opposition

Culture in the Francoist Middle Period: The End of the Penitential Years

Daily Life and Leisure Activities

Bibliography

Notes

Chapter 3: Economic Development, Apertura, and the Late Franco Years (1966–75)

Economic Development in the 1960s and 1970s

The Modernization of Spanish Society

The Change in Spanish Catholicism

Apertura (1965–9)

The Succession. Matesa and Internal Splits in the Regime

Worker Protest. Terrorism

Late Francoism: Carrero Blanco as President

Late Francoism: Arias Navarro’s Government

Opposition Activity: The Road to Unity

Spain and the Western World

Late Decolonization: Guinea and the Sahara

A Politically Committed Culture?

Spain at the Time of Franco’s Death

Bibliography

Chapter 4: The Transition to Democracy (1975–82)

The Monarchy: King Juan Carlos I

The Death-throes of the Past

Adolfo Suárez: The Road from Liberalization to Democracy

Facing Difficulties: Terrorism and the Military Coup

Parties and Elections

The Long Road towards a Constitution

An Unresolved Issue: Nationalism and Terrorism

The Triumph and Fall of Adolfo Suárez

The Army and the Transition: February 23

Calvo Sotelo’s Government and the Crisis in Center Politics

Foreign Policy

Economic Policy and Social Change

October 1982: The End of the Transition

Bibliography

Chapter 5: Consolidating Democracy: The Socialist Government (1982–96)

Felipe González and the Two Souls of Spanish Socialism

The Socialists’ First Term in Office. Reform of the Armed Services, an Economic Update and Foreign Policy

A Means of Consolidating Democracy. The GAL

Elections and Public Opinion in the Second Half of the 1980s

The Second Term in Office: Social Policies and Union Protests. Spain and the World

Policy on the Autonomous Communities: A New Vertebrate Structure for the Spanish State

The Loss of an Absolute Majority

A Tense Term of Office (1993–6)

The 1996 General Election. Drawing up the Balance on the Socialists’ Time in Government

Culture in the Post-Franco Period

From of Rediscovery to a State Culture

Fields of Creativity

Bibliography

Chapter 6: The Turn of the Right (1996–2004)

The Popular Party in Power: José María Aznar

Success in Economic and Social Policies

The Dark Side of the Right

A Pluralistic Spain: Nationalities and Terrorism

Government and Opposition. The Elections in March 2000

The Style of Government with an Absolute Majority

The Limits of PSOE Renewal

Dramatic Basque Elections

The Policy of Making Pacts and Breaking with Consensus

The PP: Idyllic Peace and Neo-conservatism

From More to Less: Government Policy in the Second Four-year Term

The Final Straight

Bibliography

Notes

Index

Spain, from Dictatorship to Democracy: 1939 to the Present

A HISTORY OF SPAIN

Published

Iberia in Prehistory*

María Cruz Fernández Castro

The Romans in Spain†

John S. Richardson

Visigothic Spain 409–711 Roger Collins

The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 Roger Collins

The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157†

Bernard F. Reilly

Spain’s Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474 Teofilo Ruiz

The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520 John Edwards

Spain 1516–1598: From Nation State to World Empire* John Lynch

The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1598–1700*

John Lynch

Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808* John Lynch

Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939 Charles J. Esdaile

Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy. 1939 to the Present

Javier Tusell

Forthcoming

Caliphs and Kings 798–1033 Roger Collins

Spain 1157–1312

Peter Linehan

* Out of print

† Print on demand

© 2007 by Javier Tusell
Translation © 2007 by Rosemary Clark
First published in Spanish as Dictadura franquista y democracia, 1939–2004 by Crítica, 2005

BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
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The right of Javier Tusell to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

1    2007

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tusell, Javier, 1945–2005
[Dictadura franquista y democracia, 1939–2004. English]
Spain, from dictatorship to democracy : 1939 to the present / Javier Tusell ; translated by Rosemary Clark.
p. cm. – (History of Spain)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-631-20615-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Spain–Politics and government–1939–1975. 2. Spain–Politics and government–1975– 3. Francoism. I. Title.

DP270.T835 2007
946.08–dc22
2006036157

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.

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Note on the Author

Javier Tusell (1945–2005) was Professor of Contemporary History in the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Spain’s Open University) and a leading figure among the intellectuals of post-Franco Spain. The author of many books on the history of modern Spain, he was held in high esteem for his scholarship and judgment and recognized as supreme in his access to contemporary sources. By the time he came to write the present work he had reached his prime, but was then cruelly cut down by terminal illness which afflicted him for the last years of his life. He completed the research and writing, and bequeathed the results in this masterly account of a people in transition from dictatorship to democracy, a book which is evidence too of his personal triumph over adversity.

John Lynch, Series Editor