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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry / [edited by] Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh, Cornelius Katona, Anand Kumar. -3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-74723-0 (cloth)
I. Abou-Saleh, Mohammed T. II. Katona, C. L. E. (Cornelius L. E.), 1954- III. Kumar, Anand, 1956- [DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders-diagnosis. 2. Aged. 3. Aging-physiology. 4. Aging-psychology.
5. Mental Disorders-therapy. WT 150]
Geriatric psychiatry.
618.97’689-dc22
2010025369
Contributors
Charlene S. Aaron University of Iowa College of Nursing, 101 Nursing Building, 50Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1121, USA
Melanie Abas Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Box P060, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh Division of Mental Health, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
Marc E. Agronin University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Medical Director for Mental Health and Clinical Research, Miami Jewish Health Systems, Miami, FL 33137, USA
Howard Aizenstein University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
Olusola Ajilore Department of Psychiatry, University of IllinoisChicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
David N. Anderson Mersey Care NHS Trust, Older People’s Mental Health Services, Sir Douglas Crawford Unit, Mossley Hill Hospital, Liverpool L18 8BU, UK
David N. Anderson Mersey Care NHS Trust, Older People’s Mental Health Services, Sir Douglas Crawford Unit, Mossley Hill Hospital, Liverpool L18 8BU, UK
Toni C. Antonucci Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
Carolina Aponte Urdaneta Duke University Medical Center, Room 3059 Yellow Zone, 200 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710 2, USA
Liana G. Apostolova Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Brian S. Appleby Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Tom Arie University of Nottingham, Ageing and Disability Research Unit, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Kunle Ashaye Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Trust, Mental Health Unit, Lister Hospital, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK
Stefanie Auer MAS Alzheimerhilfe, Bad Ischl, Austria
Olusegun Baiyewu Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Robert Baldwin Manchester Mental Health & Social Care Trust, Edale House, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9BX, UK
Clive Ballard Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Sube Banerjee Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Stephen J. Bartels Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-1404, USA
Aartjan T. F. Beekman VU Medical Center and GGZ in Geest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, Amsterdam 1081 HL, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jean Beh King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
Lynn M. Bekris Departments of Medicine, Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Susan Mary Benbow Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Staffordshire University, Stafford ST18 0AD, UK
German E. Berrios Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
John L. Beyer Duke University Medical Center, Room 3059 Yellow Zone, 200 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710 2, USA
Ashok J. Bharucha University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136 USA
David Bienenfeld Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 3640, USA
Thomas D. Bird Geriatrics Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
Douglas Blackwood Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, The Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
Dan G. Blazer Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Mats Bogren Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, The Lundby Study, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
Susan Y. Bookheimer Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Walter Pierre Bouman Mental Health Services for Older People, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Ann Bowling Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Carol Brayne – Chapter 48 Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
John C. S. Breitner GRECC, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, University ofWashington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
Dawn Brooker University of Worcester Association for Dementia Studies, Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove Campus, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK.
Kathleen C. Buckwalter University of Iowa College of Nursing, 101 Nursing Building, 50Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 522421121, USA
Rob Butler Suffolk Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, St Clement’s Hospital, Foxhall Road, Ipswich, Suffolk IP3 8LS, UK
Ashley Cain Department ofPsychiatry, University of California – San Diego, MC 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680, USA
Veronica Cardenas Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Diego, MC 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680, USA
Ruoling Chen Centre for Health and Social Care Improvement, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
Nicolas Cherbuin Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, 63 Eggleston Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Carolyn Chew-Graham Primary Care Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, 5th Floor Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Ramilgan Chitramohan Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
Helen Chiu Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
Linda Clare School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, UK
Brian Clarke Department of Clinical Gerontology, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
Mary Coats Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield George Washington University Medical Center and School of Public Health, Washington DC 20037, USA Tel Aviv University Herczeg Institute on Aging and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Peter Connelly Murray Royal Hospital, Perth PH2 7BH, UK
J. E. Cooper Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, Medical Research Foundation Building, Level 3 Rear, 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
John R. M. Copeland University of Liverpool, Department of Psychiatry, Section of Old Age Psychiatry, St Catherine’s Hospital, Birkenhead, Wirral, CH42 0LQ, UK
Monica Crugel Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Memorial Hospital, Shooters Hill, London, SE18 3RZ, UK
Pim Cuijpers VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam 1081 BT, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Hugo de Waal East of England Postgraduate School of Psychiatry, Fulbourne, Cambridge CB21 5XB, UK
Colin Depp Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Diego, MC 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 920930680, USA
Davangere P. Devanand College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
Markus Donix Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Brian Draper School of Psychiatry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Stephen B. Dunnett School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue Box 911, Cardiff, CF10 3US, UK
Linda Ercoli Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 37-440, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
Mavis Evans Elderly Mental Health Directorate, Wirral and West Cheshire Community NHS Trust, Clatter bridge Hospital, Bebington, Wirral L63 4JY, UK
Lisa T. Eyler University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, # 9151-B, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Waleed Fawzi Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Memorial Hospital, Shooters Hill, London, SE18 3RZ, UK
Steven Ferris Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Cynthia D. Fields Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Jonathan Folstein Vanderbilt Universit, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Marshal Folstein University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
Susan Folstein University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
Brent Forester Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
Hans Forstl Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675Mtlnchen, Germany
Chris Fox Folkestone Health Centre, 15-25 Dover Road, Folkestone, Kent CT20 1JY, UK
Paul T. Francis King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Emile Franssen Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
D. Gallagher-Thompson Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA
Mary Ganguli Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O’Hara St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
V. Gardner Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 3950, USA
Serge Gauthier McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R2, Canada
J P Gibbons Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Room 3521 Blue Zone Duke Clinics, Box 3003, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Ben Green Department of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool 147, UK
Faith M. Gunning Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
Jeffrey T. Guptill Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
David Gwyn Seymour Medicine for the Elderly, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3EN, UK
Scott M. Hayes Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry. Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
C. Michael Hendricks Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, OH 3640, USA
Adriana P. Hermida Fuquay Center for Late Life Depression, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329-5120, USA
N. Herrmann Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
Claire Hilton Mental Health Service for Older Adults, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, Bentley House, Harrow HA3 5QX, UK
John V. Hindle School of Medical Sciences, University of Bangor, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, Conwy, LL30 1LB, UK
Juanita Hoe Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
Allan House School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Julian C. Hughes Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust and Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
Celia F. Hybels Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Room 1505 Blue Zone Duke Clinics, Box 3003, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Thomas Idiculla Mental Health Services Evaluation Dept, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
James S. Jackson Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48502, USA
S. H. D. Jackson Department of Clinical Gerontology, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
A. Jablensky Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, Medical Research Foundation Building, Level 3 Rear, 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
Imran A. Jamil Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Dilip V. Jeste University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, # 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
David Jolley Personal Social Services Research Unit, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Rob Jones Mental Health Services for Older People Directorate and Nottingham University Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Anthony Francis Jorm ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
Eileen M. Joyce UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
Andrea June University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
Barbara Kamholz Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Jason Karlawish University of Pennsylvania Institute on Aging, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Robert J. Kastenbaum Arizona State University at Tempe, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Cornelius Katona Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 7-73 Riding House Street, London WIW 7EJ, UK
Sharjeel Khan Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Zunera Khan King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
Jeanne Kim Memory and Aging Research Center, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 88-201, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
Susan Kim Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
Paul D. Kirwin Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowship Director, Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare System
Eran Klein The Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Alan Kluger Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Anthony Klugman Old Age Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
Robert Kohn The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Ave, Fain Building Suite 2B, Providence, RI 02906, USA
Maritha J. Kotze Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
Peter Knapp School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Anand Kumar Department of Psychiatry, University of IllinoisChicago, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Yookyung Kwon Stanford Geriatric Education Center, 1215 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94304-5403, USA
Helen H. Kyomen McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
Iain Lang Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
Nicole M. Lanouette University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, # 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Maria I. Lapid Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
Helen Lavretsky Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Vanessa Lawrence Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Orly Lazarov Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Barry D. Lebowitz University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Susan W. Lehmann Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 279, Baltimore, MD 21287-7279, USA
Alex D. Leow Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
James Lindesay Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
Benjamin Liptzin Department of Psychiatry, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
Gill Livingston Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
Constantine G. Lyketsos The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center 5300 Alpha Commons Drive Alpha Commons Building, 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
David Aaron Maroof Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218, USA
Renee Marquett Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA
Meghan A. Marty University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
E. Wayne Massey Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Fiona E. Matthews MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, CB2 2SR, UK
Cecilia Mattisson Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, The Lundby Study, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
Donna D. McAlpine School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
William M. McDonald Fuquay Center for Late Life Depression, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329-5120, USA
Bernadette McGuinness Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
I. G. McKeith Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute for Health of the Elderly, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
David Mechanic Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
David Melzer Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, John Bull Building, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
Mario F. Mendez Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
David A. Merrill Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
Sujatha Merve Chasefarm Hospital, Enfield EN2 8JL, UK
Catherine Messinger University of Iowa College of Nursing, 101 Nursing Building, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1121, USA
Karen Miller Aging and Memory Research Center, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 88-201, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
Alisoun Milne School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7LZ, UK
Gary S. Moak University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA and Medical Director, Moak Center for Healthy Aging, 18 Lyman Street, Suite 285 Westborough, MA 01581, USA
Victor Molinari University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
Isabel Monteiro Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
John C. Morris Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
Pat Mottram Evidence Based Practice Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool 147, UK
Cynthia A. Munro Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218, USA
Declan G. M. Murphy Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley, King’s College London WC2R 2LS, UK
Joanna Murray Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Asim Naeem Division of Mental Health (Psychiatry of Disability), Level 6 – Hunter Wing, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
Per Nettelbladt Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, The Lundby Study, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
Ruth O’Hara Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
VA Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto, USA
John O’Hare Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
Esther Oh Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Bayview, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
Martin Orrell Department of Mental Health Sciences, 48 Riding House Street, University College London, London W1W 7EY, UK
Dana Scherr Parchi The Child and Family Institute at St. Luke’s and Roosevelt Hospitals, New York, NY 10025, USA
Laura Parisi Clinica Neurologica University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
A. Peter Passmore Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
Vikram Patel London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK) and Sangath (India); Sangath Centre, 841/1 Alto Porvorim, Goa 403521, India
Thomas L. Patterson Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Diego, MC 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680, USA
Ian Peate School of Nursing and Midwifery, Thames Valley University, London W5 5RF, UK
Renee Pepin University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
Robert Perneczky Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675Mtlnchen, Germany
Richard Perry Department of Neurosciences, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Place Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
Adolf Pfefferbaum Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Michael Philpot Mental Health of Older Adults, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK
Ben Pickard Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, UK
Felix C.V. Potocnik Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
Bevin Powers VA Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Department ofPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
Aparna Prasanna Wolverhampton Primary Care Trust, Penn Hospital, Wolverhampton WV4 5HN, UK
Neil Prentice Murray Royal Hospital, Perth PH2 7BH, UK
Martin Prince Centre for Global Mental Health, Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Patrick Rabbitt Age and Cognitive Performance Research Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Mancehster M13 9PL, UK
Peter V. Rabins Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Oyepeju Raji Division of Mental Health (Psychiatry of Disability), Level 6 – Hunter Wing, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
Barry Reisberg New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Kenneth Rockwood Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1421-5955 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E1, Canada
Joanne Rodda Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Heather R. Romero Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry. Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
Steven P. Roose College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
Paolo Maria Rossini Clinica Neurologica University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
Teresa A. Rummans Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
Marwan Sabbagh Cleo Ruberts Center, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sunita Sahu Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Memorial Hospital, Shooters Hill, London, SE18 3RZ, UK
M. Sajatovic Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
Oludamilola Salami Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Bayview, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
George M. Savva Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
Stephen M. Scheinthal New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
Martin M. Schmidt Division of Mental Health, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
Jerome J. Schulte Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, OH 3640, USA
Daniel L. Segal University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
Sati Sembhi Suffolk Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, St Clement’s Hospital, Foxhall Road, Ipswich, Suffolk IP3 8LS, UK
Andrew Moore Severn Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster LA1 4RP, UK
K.S. Shaji Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala 680596, India
Bart Sheehan Health Sciences Research Institute, Medical School Building, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Melanie B. Shulman Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
K.I. Shulman Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
Marcus Simmgen Thomas Addison Unit, St George’s Hospital NHS Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK
Ingmar Skoog Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Unit of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Gary W. Small Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Gary W. Small Parlow-Solomon
Filip Smit Professor of Public Mental Health Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction) and EMGO Institute of Health and Health Care Research, VU University Medical Centre. PO Box 725, Utrecht 3500 AS, The Netherlands
B. Joy Snider 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8111, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
Christian Sorg Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675Munchen, Germany
Reisa A. Sperling Memory Disorders Unit, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Gerontology Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
D. C. Steffens Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 3702, USA
Dan J. Stein Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Elliott M. Stein Jewish Home of San Francisco, 302 Silver Avenue San Francisco, CA 94112, USA and Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
Max L. Stek Department of Psychiatry, VUmc Medical Centre and GGZinGeest, AJ Ernst street 887, 1081HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Martin Steinberg Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5300 Alpha Commons Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
Robert Stewart King’s College London (Institute of Psychiatry), De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
Mary Ellen Stolder University of Iowa College of Nursing, 101 Nursing Building, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1121, USA
David L. Sultzer Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System 11301 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
Edith V. Sullivan Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Cindy Tam Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantin, New Territories, Hong Kong
Giles MY Tan Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley, King’s College London WC2R 2LS, UK
Rawan Tarawneh Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
John-Paul Taylor Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute for Health of the Elderly, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
Alexander M. Thomson Department of Elderly Care, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Stott La, Salford M68HD, UK
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA
Paul M. Thompson Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Stephen Todd Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
Carol Torossian Aging and Dementia Clinical Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Center of Excellence on Aging, New York, NY 10016, USA
Adrian Treloar Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Memorial Hospital, Shooters Hill, London, SE18 3RZ, UK
JoAnn T. Tschanz Department of Psychology and Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Joshua Tsoh Associate Consultant in Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
Debby Tsuang Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
H. W. J. van Marwijk Department of General Practice, VUmc Medical Centre and GGZinGeest, AJ Ernst street 887, 1081HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Susan J. van Rensburg Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Cape Town, South Africa
Vijay Venkatraman University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
Martin J. Vernon Department of Elderly Medicine, Burton House, Withington Hospital, Nell LAne, West Didsbury, Manchester M20 8LR, UK
Ottavio V. Vitolo Memory Disorders Unit, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Zuzana Walker Department of Mental Health Sciences, St Margaret’s Hospital, Epping, Essex, CM16 6TN UK
John P. Wattis Professor of Old Age Psychiatry, Centre for Health and Social Care Research, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
Jerzy Wegiel New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10306, USA
Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry. Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
Eric Wexler Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Kirsten M. Wilkins Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine-Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
David G. Wilkinson Moorgreen Hospital, Botley Road, West End, Southampton SO30 3JB, UK
Philip Wilkinson Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
Kenneth C. M. Wilson St Catherine’s Hospital, Church Road, Birkenhead, Wirral L42 OLQ, UK
Anders Wimo KI Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Philip Wong Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Bayview, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
Matthew R. Woodward Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
Graeme A. Yorston StAndrew’s Hospital, Northampton NN1 5DG, UK
Chang-En-Yu Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
Natalie M. Zahr Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
L. McKenzie Zeiss University of California, Irvine, CA 926972800, USA
Richard A. Zweig Ferkauf Graduate School of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
Preface
It has been eight years since the second edition of Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry was published. During this time there has been substantial progress in the science and practice of geriatric psychiatry. This third edition attempts to capture these advances and provide an up-to-date summary for trainees and practitioners.
Two of the Editors of the previous editions, John R M Copeland and Dan G Blazer, decided to withdraw and two new Editors (one from the UK and one from the US) have been recruited. We wish first of all to express our grateful thanks to John and Dan for their remarkable stewardship over the production of the two previous editions. We would also like to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of the six Associate Editors in bringing this third edition to completion.
The previous edition received good reviews as well as some helpful criticisms. We therefore decided to maintain the textbook's overall scope, structure, headings, list of contents and international authorship. The majority of the textbook's chapters have been updated by the original authors. We have, however, recruited several new authors who are internationally recognized experts in their fields and commissioned substantial completely new material.
We believe that the value and the strengths of this textbook rest in its comprehensive coverage of the basic and clinical sciences of normal and abnormal ageing, of the full range of psychiatric disorders in the elderly, and of the organization of psychogeriatric services in the UK and the US as well as chapters on prevention, training and education.
We hope that this third edition is well received by its readers and that it proves to be a useful and readable way for them to update their knowledge of the science and practice of geriatric psychiatry.
Preface to Second Edition
The editors were very gratified that the first edition of this textbook was generally well received and that a second edition has been called for. It is now seven years since the original book appeared, and there have been many more advances in the subject. In spite of new sections and some wholesale rewriting, it has been possible once again, to contain the information in one volume. Very sadly some of our original contributors have died. New authors have replaced them while others have been added in an endeavour to keep the text authoritative and up-to-date. The helpful criticisms of the first edition have been carefully considered in the preparation of this one. Having so many distinguished authors with such a breadth of interest, while greatly enhancing the book, has led to a long gestation period, but we believe that it has been worthwhile. Much of the original format has been retained in order to continue to stimulate lively debate and exchange of views. If the book contributes to the growing strength of Geriatric Psychiatry internationally, it will have done its work.
Preface to First Edition
The discipline of the psychiatry of old age has moved rapidly in recent years and the number of practitioners has expanded worldwide. An authoritative text is required which draws on the knowledge of these experts and which reflects both new scientific advances and innovations in service development.
In a comparatively new subject many of the issues are still contentious and on some of these we have tried to provide the opportunity for the expression of different points of view. Readers are asked to judge the issues for themselves from the evidence set out.
Here and there short, special articles have been commissioned which present research findings in more detail and describe new aspects of care.
They are intended to enliven the text and their choice has been dependent on timing and opportunity.
We have also tried to give a “feel“ for what is happening in developing countries and the scope of the problems experienced by local practitioners.
Even a book of this size can never be complete and no doubt gaps in the coverage of subjects will be identified. We would be glad to have them pointed out. The more comprehensive a book aims to be the longer it takes to come to publication and in a fast-moving area of knowledge this can be a problem. Many of our authors have been kind enough to update their contributions at a late stage, which we hope has overcome this difficulty to some extent.
In the early stages of the development of a subject there is insufficient corpus of knowledge to assemble in book form. This situation has changed dramatically for geriatric psychiatry in recent years. We hope that the knowledge gathered here from our distinguished international panel of authors bears this out.
Part A
Historical Background