Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Part 1 Basic Principles
Section Editor: Tony Pogrel
1 Patient Evaluation
Alan S. Herford and Wayne K. Tanaka
Obtaining a patient history
Physical examination
Comorbidities/systemic diseases
Imaging
Laboratory studies
Arriving at a diagnosis
Assessing anesthetic/surgical risk
Summary
References
2 Radiographic Imaging in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Arne Petersson
Introduction
Impacted teeth
Pathological conditions - inflammatory lesions, cysts, benign and malignant tumors
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Implant treatment
References
3 Medical Aspects - High-risk Patients
Earl G. Freymiller
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Renal system
Endocrine system
Gastrointestinal system
Hematologic system
Immunologic system
Neurologic system
Musculoskeletal system
References
4 Medical Emergency Care
Zachary S. Peacock and M. Anthony Pogrel
Syncope
Chest pain
Cardiac arrest
Asthma
Hypoglycemia
Anaphylaxis
Seizures
References
5 Local Anesthesia
John Gerard Meechan
Introduction
Mode of action of local anesthetics
Techniques of local anesthesia for oral and maxillofacial surgery
Local anesthetic drugs
Complications of local anesthesia in the orofacial region
References
6a Sedation and General Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A UK Perspective
C. Michael Hill
History
The role and scope of sedation
Inhalational sedation
Oral sedation
Intravenous sedation
General anesthesia
Conclusion
References
6b Sedation and General Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A US Perspective
Richard C. Robert
Historical perspective
Goals and objectives in the administration of anesthesia
The current status of office anesthesia in the oral and maxillofacial surgery practice
Balanced anesthetic approaches currently used in oral and maxillofacial surgery practices
Perioperative management
Conclusion
References
7 Dentofacial Infection
Ashraf Ayoub
Introduction
Dentoalveolar abscess
Osteomyelitis
Osteoradionecrosis
Osteonecrosis secondary to bisphosphonate therapy
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Actinomycosis
Mycobacterium infection of the oral mucosa and jawbones
Syphilis
References
8 Armamentarium for Basic Procedures
Ala Al-Musawi
Basic instrumentation for soft tissue procedures
Basic hard tissue instrumentation
Drills
Dental elevators
Dental forceps
Ancillary instrumentation
Sterilization of instruments
Suture materials and needles
New innovations in surgical instrumentation
References
9 Basic Surgical Principles
M. Anthony Pogrel and Fabio Kricheldorf
Aseptic technique
Principles of surgical incisions
Principles of soft tissue biopsy
Principles of suturing
References
10 Complications Associated with Dentoalveolar Surgery
Srinivas M. Susarla, Ryan J. Smart, and Thomas B. Dodson
Side-effects of dentoalveolar procedures
Postoperative complications
References
11a Normal Wound Healing
Anh Le and Vivek Shetty
Physiology
Specialized healing
Wound healing adjuncts
References
11b Compromised Wound Healing
Gösta Granström
Introduction
Compromised wounds
Microbiology of compromised wounds
Proteolytic enzymes
Growth factors and extracellular matrix
Treatment possibilities
Specific compromised wounds
References
Part 2 Dentoalveolar Surgery
Section Editor: Lars Andersson
12 Extraction of Teeth
Adel Al-Asfour and Sanjiv Kanagaraja
Medical evaluation
Indications for extraction
Contraindications for extraction
Clinical evaluation of teeth before extraction
Preoperative radiographic assessment
Control of anxiety and pain
Preparation for extraction
Surgeon’s position for extraction with forceps
Principles of simple (closed) extraction
Surgical (open) extraction of teeth or roots
Technique for surgical extraction
Postextraction care and instructions
References
13 Current Concepts and Strategies for Third Molar Removal
Leif Lysell
Introduction
Definitions, prevalence, and public health aspects
Natural history of third molar impaction
General aspects on clinical decision making
Indications for third molar removal
References
14 Surgical Management of Third Molars
Tara Renton
Introduction
Definitions and terminology
Presurgical assessment of third molars
Presurgical management
Medications commonly used in oral surgery
Surgical procedure
Alternative procedures
Outcomes of third molar surgery
Acknowledgments
References
15 Surgical Treatment of Impacted Teeth other than Third Molars
Mehran Hossaini
Introduction
Definitions
Incidence
Theories why teeth become impacted
Evaluation
Radiographic evaluation
Treatment planning
Orthodontic considerations and prognostic markers
Surgical considerations and prognostic markers
Surgical management
Surgical removal
Exposure and bonding for guided eruption
Postoperative management and complications
References
16 Nerve Involvement in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
M. Anthony Pogrel
Trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Microneurosurgery
References
17 Autotransplantation of Teeth
Lars Andersson, Mitsuhiro Tsukiboshi, and Jens O. Andreasen
Introduction
Donor teeth
Indications
Principles of healing after autotransplantation
Principles of surgery
Surgical techniques
Postoperative care
Long-term prognosis
Summary
References
18 Endodontic Surgery
Peter Carrotte and Colin Murray
Introduction
Apicectomy procedures
Other surgical endodontic procedures
Informed consent
Endodontic surgery vs endosseous implants
References
19 Preprosthetic and Oral Soft Tissue Surgery
Selçuk Basa, Sina Uçkan, and Reha Ki§ni§gi
Overview
History
Oral soft tissue anatomy and histology
Primary indications of surgical procedures
Implant-related indications and soft tissue interactions
Minor preprosthetic procedures
Adjunctive and supportive surgical techniques
Lasers in preprosthetic surgery
Emerging technology and the future
References
Part 3 Implant Surgery
Section Editor: Karl-Erik Kahnberg
20 Implantology
Lars Rasmusson and Lars Sennerby
Biological principles behind osseointegration
Implant components
Indications for implant treatment
Contraindications
Treatment of children and adolescents with oral implants
Treatment planning
Surgical procedure
Maintenance
Computer-guided implant treatment
References
21 Optimal Implant Placement in the Esthetic Zone by the Use of Guided Bone Regeneration
Christer Dahlin
Biological factors influencing the reconstruction of alveolar bone
The biological principles of guided bone regeneration
Membrane design criteria and material selection
Indications for GBR treatment
Basic surgical technique of GBR
Clinical results of GBR
References
22 Implant Placement in the Posterior Mandible
Bo Rosenquist
Anatomy of the posterior edentulous mandible
General considerations
Implant placement superior to the mandibular canal
The use of wider implants
Placement of implants lingual to the neurovascular bundle
Crestal split
Onlay augmentation in the posterior mandible
Distraction osteogenesis in the posterior mandible
Nerve transposition
Nerve lateralization
Nerve repair
Ethical considerations
References
23 Autogenous Bone Harvesting Techniques
George K.B. Sandor, David K. Lam, Leena P. Ylikontiola, Vesa T. Kainulainen, Kyosti S. Oikarinen, and Cameron M.L. Clokie
Introduction
Intraoral harvesting sites
Extraoral harvesting sites Ilium
References
24 Treatment of Bone-deficient Ridges in Implant Rehabilitation
Karl-Erik Kahnberg
Introduction
Aspects of bone graft behavior
Onlay grafting
Inlay grafting
Bone graft reconstruction of the jaws before implant placement
Use of platelet-rich plasma
Staging of grafting procedures
Split crest surgery
Complications
References
25 Implant Rehabilitation in the Posterior Maxilla Using Autogenous Bone Material
Karl-Erik Kahnberg
Introduction
Background
Morphologic aspects
Surgical technique
Literature review
Complications associated with sinus lift procedures
References
26 Biomaterials for Bone Replacement in Implant Surgery
Carlo Maiorana
Introduction
Biomaterials
Biomaterials currently used in osseointegration
Surgical techniques
Biomaterials in major advanced osseointegration
Developments: growth factors and BMP
References
27 The Zygoma Implant for the Totally Atrophied Maxilla
Chantal Malevez
Introduction
The zygoma
The zygoma implant
Complications
Functional rehabilitation
Guided and minimally invasive surgery
Conclusions
References
28 The Role of Implants in Maxillofacial Reconstruction
Arun B. Sharma and John Beumer III
Maxillary defects
Tongue-mandible defects
Facial defects
Implants in irradiated tissues
References
Part 4: Infections
Section Editor: Lars Andersson
29 Infections of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region
Tomoari Kuriyama, Michael A.O. Lewis, and David W. Williams
Biomedical sciences
Principles of diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial infections
Principles of management of bacterial infections
Odontogenic infections
Fascial space infections
Osteomyelitis of the jaw
Dental fistulae
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Peri-implantitis
Infection of the maxillary sinus
Oroantral communication and fistula
Peritonsillar abscess
Suppurative arthritis of the temporomandibular joint
Actinomycosis, tuberculosis, and syphilis
Complications of maxillofacial infections
Infections of oral and maxillofacial wounds
Prevention of hematogenously spreading infections
Oral fungal infections
Oral and perioral viral infections
Acknowledgments
References
Part 5: Oral Pathologic Lesions
Section Editor: Tony Pogrel
30 Initial Evaluation and Management of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Patient
Allen Cheng and Brian L. Schmidt
Approaching the oral and maxillofacial pathology patient
Adjunctive diagnostic tools
Management of premalignant disease
Margin assessment
Summary
Case presentations
References
31 Cystic Lesions of the Jaws
Nicholas M. Goodger and Christopher W. Hendy
Odontogenic cysts
Non-odontogenic cysts
Non-epithelially lined cysts
Soft tissue cysts
Suggested reading list
32 Odontogenic and Non-odontogenic Tumors of the Jaws
R. Bryan Bell
Introduction
Odontogenic tumors
Treatment options for benign tumors of the jaws
Surgical treatment of malignant tumors of the jaws
Benign tumors
Non-odontogenic benign tumors
Odontogenic carcinomas
Non-odontogenic malignant jaw tumors
Summary
References
33 Mucosal Lesions (Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Mucosa)
Takashi Fujibayashi
Concept and histology of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa
Potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa
Early detection and management of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa
References
34 Principles of Oral Cancer Management
Brian L. Schmidt
Epidemiology and risk factors
Histologic grading, tumor staging, and clinical behavior
Preoperative assessment, staging, and work-up
Surgical treatment of oral cancer based on subsite
Management of the neck
Postsurgical management
Non-resectable SCC or poor surgical candidates
Summary
References
35 Management of Patients Undergoing Radiation and Chemotherapy
Goran Kjeller
Radiotherapy
Brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
Side-effects
Management of oral health during radiation
Management of oral health during chemotherapy
Emotional well-being
Follow-up
Management of postradiation conditions
References
36 Salivary Gland Disorders
Mark McGurk and Jeremy Sherman
Differential diagnosis
The discrete salivary mass
The intermittently swollen gland
The diffusely enlarged gland
Obstructive salivary gland disease
Salivary gland tumors
References
37 Outcomes of Management of Oral Pathologic Lesions
Simon N. Rogers and Kalyan Voruganti
Introduction
Survival
Complications
Patient-reported outcomes
Function
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part 6 Trauma
Section Editor: Lars Andersson
38 Assessment of the Injured Patient
Brian Bast
Development of the ATLS concept of trauma care
Trauma centers and trauma systems
Initial treatment of the trauma patient
Secondary survey
Conclusion
References
39 Traumatic Dental Injuries
Lars Andersson and Jens O. Andreasen
Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries and relation to oral and somatic injuries
Examination and diagnosis of dental injuries
Classification and clinical findings
Treatment
Splinting of TDI
TDI in the primary dentition
Complications
Summary
References
40 Midfacial Fractures
Petr Schütz and Lars Andersson
Midfacial skeleton as a three-dimensional structure
Classification
Epidemiology
Assessment of patients with midface injuries
Open or closed reduction
Surgical approaches to midfacial skeleton
Treatment at the site of fracture
Biodegradable screws and plates in management of midfacial fractures
Strategy of management of complex midfacial fractures
References
41 Orbital Reconstruction and Panfacial Fractures
Marc Christian Metzger, Nils Weyer, RaifSchon, and Rainer Schmelzeisen
Orbital reconstruction
Planning and sequencing of the treatment of panfacial fractures
References
42 Mandibular Trauma - Principles of Treatment
William Chung and Bernard J, Costello
Historical background
Etiology and epidemiology
Classification of mandibular fractures
Patient evaluation
Imaging
Goals of mandibular fracture treatment
Treatment options
Surgical approaches
Basic principles of internal fixation
Complications of mandibular fracture repair
Special considerations
Conclusions
References
43 Transoral Endoscope-assisted Treatment of Displaced Condylar Mandible Fractures
RaifSchon and Rainer Schmelzeisen
Indications
Contraindications
Pre-, intra-, and postoperative evaluations
Surgical technique
Postoperative course and long-term results
Surgical vs non-surgical treatment of mandibular condyle fractures
The role of endoscope-assisted transoral techniques
Training
Summary
References
44 Soft Tissue Trauma
Bethany Serafín, Paul Koshgerian, and Richard H. Hang
Introduction
General principles of management
Specific wounds
Postoperative untoward results
References
Part 7 Dentofacial Deformities
Section Editor: Karl-Erik Kahnberg
45 Cleft Lip and Palate: An Overview
Radhika Chigurupati, Andrew Heggie, and Krishnamurthy Bonanthaya
Global burden of birth defects: cleft lip and palate
Epidemiology
Etiology and genetics
Embryology
Classification
Interdisciplinary management of the cleft individual
Presurgical orthopedics
Cleft lip repair
Repair of cleft palate
Speech and velopharyngeal dysfunction
Correction of oronasal fistulae
Orthodontic management of the cleft individual
Alveolar cleft repair
Replacement of absent teeth in the line of the cleft
Surgical correction of maxillary hypoplasia
Surgical correction ot secondary lip and nose deformities
Summary
References
46 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery
Johan P. Rei/neke and Carlo Ferretti
Introducing the patient to orthognathic treatment concepts
Systematic patient evaluation
Diagnosis and treatment planning
Dental model analysis
Orthodontic principles in orthognathic surgery
Postsurgical orthodontics
Orthodontics without prior surgical consideration
Esthetic objectives and surgical solutions
Treatment principles for various surgical treatment scenarios
Treatment priorities and sequencing the treatment
Visual treatment objective
Model surgery
Surgical technique
References
47 Orthognathic Surgery in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Scott B. Boyd
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Patient evaluation
Surgical treatment
Acknowledgment
References
48 Distraction Osteogenesis
Lim K, Cheung, Hannah Daile P. Chun, Firdaus Hariri, John Lo, Andrew Ozv, and Li-zvu Zheng
Introduction
History and development
Development of distraction applications on cranio-maxillofacial skeleton
Biological process of distraction osteogenesis
Mandibular distraction
Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis
Alveolar distraction osteogenesis
Temporomandibular joint distraction
Bone transport distraction
Complications
Research and development in maxillofacial distraction
References
49a Craniofacial Syndrome Patients - Reconstructive Surgery
Peter Tarnoiv
Introduction
Craniosynostosis
Craniofacial dysostosis syndromes
References
49b Craniofacial Syndrome Patients - Orthognathic Surgery
Karl-Erik Kahnberg
Crouzon syndrome
Apert syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
Saetre-Chotzen syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Other syndromes
Hemifacial microsomia
References
50 Reconstruction of Maxillary Defects
Nagi Demian, Joann Marruffo, James McCaul, and Mark Eu-Kien Wong
Introduction
Classification and treatment approaches for maxillary defects
Prosthetic obturation of maxillary defects
Local and regional flaps for maxillary reconstruction
Free tissue transfer in maxillary reconstruction; soft tissue obturation
Conclusion
References
51 Mandibular Reconstruction
M. Anthony Pogrel and Brian L, Schmidt
Marginal resection
Segmental resection
Non-vascularized bone grafting for mandibular reconstruction
Bone-containing microvascular free flaps
Reconstruction involving the mandibular condyle
Radiation therapy
Bisphosphonate therapy
References
52 Tissue Engineering and Reconstruction
Henning Schliephake
Introduction
Basic principles of tissue engineering
Biomaterials
Application of growth factors
Cell-based approaches
Future perspectives
References
53 Cosmetic Facial Surgery
Joe Niamtu
Minimally invasive cosmetic facial surgery procedures
Midface implants
Cosmetic blepharoplasty
Acknowledgment
References
Part 8 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Section Editor: Tony Pogrel
54 Diagnosis and Non-surgical Management of Orofacial Pain
Charles McNeill and Patricia A. Rudd
Introduction
Head, neck, and orofacial pain classifications
Medical conditions masquerading as orofacial pain
Intraoral pain disorders
Musculoskeletal cervical and temporomandibular disorders
Classification of articular disorders
Muscular disorders
Assessment of musculoskeletal disorders
Management of musculoskeletal disorders
Conclusion
References
55 Arthroscopy and Arthroscopic Surgery
Anders Holmlund
Development of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy
Anatomic considerations
Diagnostic arthroscopy
Arthroscopy equipment
Arthroscopic procedure
Arthroscopic surgery
Postoperative care
Complications
Concluding remarks
References
56 Temporomandibular Joint Surgery
Anders Holmlund
Development of temporomandibular joint surgery
Classification of surgical TMJ disease
Surgical approaches to the TMJ
Reciprocal clicking
Mandibular dislocation
Chronic closed lock and osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
Chronic polyarthritis with TMJ involvement
TMJ trauma
TMJ abnormalities
TMJ tumors
TMJ infections
Extra-articular connective tissue diseases
References
57 Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction
Anders Westermark
Autogenous reconstruction
Prosthetic reconstruction of the TMJ
Future perspectives
References
Index
This edition first published 2010
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oral and maxillofacial surgery / edited by Lars Andersson, Karl-Erik Kahnberg, M. Anthony (Tony) Pogrel.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the comprehensive reference for all trainees and specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral surgery and surgical dentistry, including the current research, practice and developments in the field as expressed by world authorities. The Editors are joined by over 50 international experts, offering a truly global perspective on the full spectrum of issues in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The book's coverage extends from basic principles such as patient evaluation, dental anesthesia, would healing, infection control and surgical instruments to coverage of the complex areas of dentoalveolar surgery, oral pathologic lesions, trauma, implant surgery, dentofacial deformities, temporomandibular joint disorders and salivary gland disorders." —Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-4051-7119-9 (hardback)
1. Mouth--Surgery. 2. Maxilla--Surgery. 3. Face--Surgery. I. Andersson, L. (Lars), 1950—
II. Kahnberg, Karl-Erik. III. Pogrel, M. Anthony.
[DNLM: 1. Oral Surgical Procedures—methods. 2. Face—surgery. 3. Stomatognathic System—surgery.
WU 600 O634 2010]
RK529.O6624 2010
617.5'22—dc22
2010016813
List of Contributors
Adel Al-Asfour BDS, BA
Associate Professor
Department of Surgical Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center
Kuwait University
Kuwait
Ala Al-Musawi DDS, BA
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgical Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center
Kuwait University
Kuwait
Lars Andersson DDS, PhD, DrOdont
Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Chairman, Department of Surgical Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center
Kuwait University
Kuwait
Jens O. Andreasen DDS, Odont. Dr.h.c.
Consultant
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Section for Rare Oral Diseases
Rigshospitalet
Copenhagen, Denmark
Ashraf Ayoub PhD, FDS RCS, FDS RCPS, BDS, MDS
Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
Glasgow University Dental Hospital & School
Glasgow, UK
Selçuk Basa DDS, PhD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Marmara University
Istanbul, Turkey
Brian Bast DMD, MD
Associate Clinical Professor
Residency Program Director
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
R. Bryan Bell DDS, MD, FACS
Attending Surgeon and Director of Resident Education,
OMFS Service
ACS Cancer Liaison Physician
Legacy Emanuel Hospital and Health Center
Clinical Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
Oregon Health and Science University
Head and Neck Surgical Associates
Portland, Oregon, USA
John Beumer III DDS, MS
Professor and Chair
Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials,
and Hospital Dentistry
University of California, Los Angeles – School of
Dentistry
Los Angeles, California, USA
Krishnamurthy Bonanthaya MBBS, MDS, FDSRCS, FFDRCS
Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences
and
Consultant surgeon
Bhagwan Mahavir Jain Hospital
Bangalore, India
Scott B. Boyd DDS, PhD
Research Professor
Vanderbilt School of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Peter Carrotte BDS, MDS, LDS.RCS(Eng), MEd, MHEA
Senior Clinical Teacher and Honorary Associate
Specialist
Department of Restorative Dentistry
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK
Allen Cheng DDS, MD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Lim K. Cheung BDS, PhD, FFDRCS, FDSRCPS, FRACDS, FDSRCS
(Edin), FRACDS(OMS), FHKAM(DS), FCDSHK(OMS), FFGDP(UK)
Chair Professor
Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Faculty of Dentistry University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, SAR, China
Radhika Chigurupati DMD, MS
Associate Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Hannah Daile P. Chua DMD, MA, MDS (OMS), MOSRCS, PhD
Assistant Professor
Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, SAR, China
William Chung DDS, MD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Cameron M.L. Clokie DDS, PhD, FRCDC
Professor and Director of Graduate Program in Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anaesthesia
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Bernard J. Costello DMD, MD, FACS
Chief, Division of Craniofacial and Cleft Surgery
Associate Professor and Program Director
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Christer Dahlin DDS, PhD, Dr Odont
Associate Professor
Department of Biomaterials
Institute for Clinical Sciences
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
and
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
NÄL Medical Centre
Hospital Trollhättan, Sweden
Nagi Demian DDS, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston
Houston, Texas, USA
Thomas B. Dodson DMD, MPH
Visiting Surgeon and Director
Center for Applied Clinical Investigation
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
and
Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Carlo Ferretti BDS, MDent (MFOS), FCD (SA), MFOS
Senior Specialist
Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery
and
Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
Earl G. Freymiller DMD, MD
Clinical Professor
Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
UCLA School of Dentistry
Los Angeles, California, USA
Takashi Fujibayashi DDS, PhD
Visiting Professor
Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery Kanagawa
Dental College Yokosuka, Japan
Nicholas M. Goodger BSc, BDS, MBBS, PhD, FDSRCS(Eng),
FFDRCSI, FRCSEd, DLORCS(Eng)
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust
Kent and Canterbury Hospital
Canterbury, UK
Gösta Granström MD, DDS, PhD
Professor of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck
Surgery
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
Firdaus Hariri BDS, MDS (OMS)
Consultant and Lecturer
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Richard H. Haug DDS
Carolinas Center for Oral Health
Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Andrew Heggie MBBS, MDSC, BDSC, FRACDS(OMS)
Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery
Royal Children’s Hospital of Melbourne
Parkville, Australia
Christopher W. Hendy BDS, FDSRCS(Eng), LRCP, MRCS, FRCSEd
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust
Kent and Canterbury Hospital
Canterbury, UK
Alan S. Herford DDS, MD, FACS
Chairman
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Loma Linda University
Loma Linda, California, USA
C. Michael Hill MDSC, FDSRCS, MSc, BDS
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery
Cardiff Dental Hospital
Cardiff, UK
Anders Holmlund DDS, PhD
Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Institution of Odontology
Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital
Huddinge, Sweden
Mehran Hossaini DMD
Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Karl-Erik Kahnberg DDS, PhD, DrOdont
Professor Emeritus, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Institute of Odontology
The Sahlgrenska Academy
University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
Vesa T. Kainulainen DDS, PhD
Assistant Professor
Institute of Dentistry
University of Oulu
Oulu, Finland
Sanjiv Kanagaraja DDS, PhD
Consultant/Assistant Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Göteborg
Göteborg, Sweden
Reha Ki
niçi DDS, PhD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Ankara University
Ankara, Turkey
Göran Kjeller PhD
Associate Professor
Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Institute of Odontology
Sahlgren’s Academy
Gothenburg University
Göteborg, Sweden
Paul Koshgerian DMD
University of Louisville School of Dentistry
Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry
Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Fabio Kricheldorf DDS, MSc
Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
and Chairman
Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry
University of Joinville
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Tomoari Kuriyama DDS, PhD
Honorary Clinical Instructor and Research Fellow
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Graduate School of Medical Science
Kanazawa University
Kanazawa, Japan and
Private practice
Toyama, Japan
David K. Lam DDS, PhD, FRCDC Former Chief Resident
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and
Anaesthesia, Harron Scholar, Collaborative Program in
Neuroscience; Centre for the Study of Pain
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
Anh Le DDS, PhD
Associate Professor
Division of Surgical, Therapeutic and Bioengineering
Sciences
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, USA
Michael A.O. Lewis PhD, BDS, FDSRCPSG, FRCPath, FDSRCS(Eng), FDSRCS(Ed), FFGDP(UK) Professor of Oral Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
John Lo BDS, MDS (OMS), MOSRCS, FHKAM (DS), FCDSHK (OMS)
Assistant Professor
Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, SAR, China
Leif Lysell DDS, Odont Dr
Associate Professor
Faculty of Odontology
Malmö University
Malmö, Sweden and
Private practice
Kristianstad, Sweden
Carlo Maiorana MD, DDS
Professor and Chairman
Oral Surgery and Implantology
Dental Clinic Fondazione Cà Granda
University of Milan
Milan, Italy
Chantal Malevez MD, DDS
Specialist in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Professor Emeritus
Free University of Brussels (ULB)
and
Consultant Department of Maxillofacial Surgery
Children’s Hospital
Brussels, Belgium
and
Consultant at the EOIC
Brussels, Belgium
Joann Marruffo DDS, MS
Maxillofacial Prosthodontist
Private practice
Houston, Texas, USA
James McCaul PhD, FRCS(OMFS), FRCS(Glasg), FDSRCPS
Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck
Surgeon
Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Bradford, UK
Mark McGurk BDS, MD, FDS RCSEng, FRCS Ed, DLO RCS
Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
King’s College
London, UK
Charles McNeill DDS
Professor Emeritus and Director
UCSF Center for Orofacial Pain
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
John Gerard Meechan BSc, BDS, PhD, FDSRCS, FDSRCPS
Senior Lecturer in Oral Surgery
School of Dental Sciences
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Marc Christian Metzger MD, DMD, PhD
Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
University Hospital
Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
Colin Murray
PhD, FDS RCS(Edin), BDS, FDS(Rest Dent) RCS(Edin), FDS RCPS(Glas)
Professor in Restorative Dentistry/Honorary
Consultant
Head of Clinical Dentistry Section and Head of
Restorative Group University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK
Joe Niamtu
Private practice
Cosmetic Facial Surgery
Richmond, Virginia, USA
Kyösti S. Oikarinen DDS, PhD
Professor and Head of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Institute of Dentistry
University of Oulu
Oulu, Finland
Andrew Ow BDS, MDS(OMS), FRACDS, MOSRCS, AdvDip(OMS)
Assistant Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
National University of Singapore
Singapore
Zachary S. Peacock DMD, MD
Resident
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Arne Petersson DDS, Odont Dr
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
Faculty of Odontology
Malmö University
Malmö, Sweden
M. Anthony (Tony) Pogrel DDS, MD, FRCS, FACS
Associate Dean for Hospital Affairs
Professor and Chairman
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Lars Rasmusson DDS, PhD
Professor of Maxillofacial Surgery
Head of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surger
The Sahlgrenska Academy
University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
Tara Renton BDS, MDSC, PhD, FDS, RCS, FRACDS (OMS), ILTM Professor in Oral Surgery
King’s College London Dental
Institute London, UK
Johan P. Reyneke B Ch D, M Ch D, FCMFOS (SA), PhD Honorary Professor
Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg
South Africa
and
Clinical Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Oklahoma
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA and
Clinical Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, USA
and
Private practice, Sunninghill Hospital
Sunninghill, Johannesburg, South Africa
Richard C. Robert DDS, MS
Clinical Professor
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California Medical Center
San Francisco, California, USA
and
Private practice, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery South San Francisco, California, USA
Simon N. Rogers BDS, MBChB, FDSRCS, FRCS
Professor, Regional Maxillofacial Unit
University Hospital Aintree
Liverpool, UK
and
Evidence-based Practice Research Centre (EPRC)
Faculty of Health
Edge Hill University
Ormskirk, UK
Bo Rosenquist BSc, DDS, PhD
Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
Head of the Head and Neck Division
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University Hospital of Lund
Lund, Sweden
Patricia A. Rudd PT, DPT, CCTT
Assistant Clinical Professor
UCSF Center for Orofacial Pain
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
George K.B. Sändor MD, DDS, PhD, Dr. Habil, FRCDC, FRCSC, FACS
Professor and Head of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
University of Toronto, Coordinator of Pediatric Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Hospital for Sick
Children and Bloorview Kids Rehab
Toronto, Canada and
Professor of Tissue Engineering
Regea Institute for Regenerative Medicine
University of Tampere
Tampere, Finland
and
Dosent in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Oulu
Oulu, Finland
Henning Schliephake MD, DDS, PhD
Professor and Chair
Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
George Augusta University
Göttingen, Germany
Rainer Schmelzeisen MD, DMD
Professor and Chairman
Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
University Hospital Freiburg
Freiburg, Germany
Brian L. Schmidt DDS, MD, PhD, FACS Professor
Residency Program Director
Oncology Fellowship Director
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Ralf Schön MD, DMD
Associate Professor
Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
University Hospital
Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
Petr Schütz MD
Consultant
Head of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit
Dental Center, Al-Adan Hospital
Ministry of Health
Kuwait
Lars Sennerby DDS, PhD
Professor of Clinical and Experimental Oral
Implantology
Department of Biomaterials
Institute for Clinical Sciences
Sahlgrenska Academy
University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
and
Clinica Feltre
Feltre, Italy
Bethany Serafin DMD
Valley Village Oral Surgery Associates
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Arun B. Sharma BDS, MSc
Health Sciences Clinical Professor
Division of Prosthodontics
University of California, San Francisco – School of
Dentistry
San Francisco, California, USA
Jeremy Sherman BDS, MBChB, FRCS, FDRCS, FRCS Ed
Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Queen Elizabeth II Hospital
Welwyn Garden City, UK
Vivek Shetty DDS, Dr Med Dent Professor
Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, USA
Ryan J. Smart DMD, MD
Resident
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Srinivas M. Susarla DMD, MD, MPH
Resident
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Wayne K. Tanaka DDS, FACD, FICD
Associate Professor, Predoctoral Program Director
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Loma Linda University
Loma Linda, California, USA
Peter Tarnow MD, PhD
Chairman, The Craniofacial Unit
Department of Plastic Surgery
Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Gothenburg, Sweden
Mitsuhiro Tsukiboshi DDS, PhD
Private practice, general dentistry
Aichi, Japan
Sina Uçkan DDS, PhD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Bakent University
Ankara, Turkey
Kalyan Voruganti BDS
Senior House Officer
Regional Maxillofacial Unit
University Hospital Aintree
Liverpool, UK
Anders Westermark DDS PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery
Karolinska University Hospital
Stockholm, Sweden
Nils Weyer MD, DMD
Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
University Hospital
Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
David W. Williams BSc(Hons), PhD
Reader in Oral Microbiology
School of Dentistry
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
Mark Eu-Kien Wong DDS
Chairman and Program Director
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston
Houston, Texas, USA
Leena P. Ylikontiola DDS, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Institute of Dentistry
University of Oulu
and
Co-ordinator of Cleft Lip and Palate Program
Oulu University Hospital
Oulu, Finland
Li-wu Zheng DDS, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, SAR, China
Preface
We had the idea of writing a quality textbook on oral and maxillofacial surgery with an international appeal. As editors we have personal links with the Americas, Europe, and Asia, and we were very fortunate to be able to recruit an international cast of authors; by utilizing electronic means of communication, we have been able to assure a high level of coordination and standardization. In this way, we have attempted to cover the full scope of the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. We have incorporated recent technical and biological developments within the specialty. We have all been part of a most exciting development within our surgical field including both surgical techniques and instrumentation. We have been involved in innovative medical and dental research guiding us in our effort to give optimal care to our patients.
We hope that this textbook will have wide appeal among specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery and residents in training and will be available as a resource for students, residents, and specialists in allied professions.
This book is dedicated to our teachers and mentors (we stand on the shoulders of giants) as well as the dedication and sacrifices of our wives Karin, Ingrid, and Ann.
The above photograph (left to right: Karl-Erik Kahnberg, Lars Andersson, Tony Pogrel) was taken at the 18th International Conference in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Bangalore, India in November 2007.
Part 1:Basic Principles
1 Patient Evaluation
Alan S. Herford and Wayne K. Tanaka
2 Radiographic Imaging in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Arne Petersson
3 Medical Aspects - High-risk Patients
Earl G. Freymiller
4 Medical Emergency Care
Zachary S. Peacock and M. Anthony Pogrel
5 Local Anesthesia
John Gerard Meechan
6a Sedation and General Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A UK Perspective
C. Michael Hill
6b Sedation and General Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A US Perspective
Richard C. Robert
7 Dentofacial Infection
Ashraf Ayoub
8 Armamentarium for Basic Procedures
Ala Al-Musawi
9 Basic Surgical Principles
M. Anthony Pogrel and Fabio Kricheldorf
10 Complications Associated with Dentoalveolar Surgery
Srinivas M. Susarla, Ryan J. Smart, and Thomas B. Dodson
11a Normal Wound Healing
Anh Le and Vivek Shetty
11b Compromised Wound Healing
Gösta Granström